Presented by Danilo Pezo, Emily OUma, Michel Dione and Brian Kawuma at the Smallholder Pig Value Chain Development Project (SPVCD, CRP 3.7 SPAC and PPMC) Meeting, ILRI Uganda, 7 December 2014
Assessing ex-ante impact of the complementary dairy improvement interventions...ILRI
Presented by Sirak Bahta, Kidus Nigussie, Getachew Gebru, Solomon Desta and Barry Shapiro at the Annual Conference of Association of Agricultural Economists of South Africa (AEASA), South Africa, 8-10 October 2019
Livestock marketing and supply chain management of livestock products ILRI
Presented by Steven J. Staal as a keynote address at the 74th Annual Conference of the Indian Society of Agricultural Economics, Maharashtra, India, 18-20 December 2014
Regular Programmed budget is funded by its members, through contributions set at the FAO Conference. This budget covers core technical work, cooperation and partnerships including the Technical Cooperation Programmed, knowledge exchange, policy and advocacy, direction and administration, governance and security in Gujarat.
Gujarat State ranks first with respect to risk covered (Sum Insured), premium income, subsidies paid, farmers covered and claims paid under NAIS among the implementing States.
National Horticulture Mission (in effect till XI plan) with main thrust on augmenting production of all horticultural products (Fruits, Vegetables, Flowers, Plantation crops, Spices, Medicinal Aromatic plants) in the states
The challenges faced by our country in securing the food as well as nutritional security to fast growing population need an integrated approach in livestock farming. Among the various livestock species, piggery is most potential source for meat production and pigs are more efficient feed converters after the broiler. Apart from providing meat, it is also a source of bristles and manure. Pig farming will provide employment opportunities to seasonally employed rural farmers and supplementary income to improve their living standards.
Apart from providing meat, it is also a source of bristles and manure. Pig farming will provide employment opportunities to seasonally employed rural farmers and
supplementary income to improve their living standards. The advantages of the pig farming are:
a. Pig has got highest feed conversion efficiency i.e. they produce more live weight gain from a given weight of feed than any other class of meat producing animals except broilers.
b. Pig can utilise wide variety of feed stuffs viz. grains, forages, damaged feeds and garbage and convert them into valuable nutritious meat. However, feeding of damaged grains, garbage and other unbalanced rations may result in lower feed efficiency.
c. They are prolific with shorter generation interval. A sow can be bred as early as 8-9 months of age and can farrow twice in a year. They produce 6-12 piglets in each farrowing.
d. Pig farming requires small investment on buildings and equipment.
e. Pigs are known for their meat yield, which in terms of dressing percentage ranges from 65 - 80 in comparison to other livestock species whose dressing yields may not exceed 65%.
f. Pork is most nutritious with high fat and low water content and has got better energy value than that of other meats. It is rich in vitamins like thiamin, Niacin and riboflavin.
g. Pigs manure is widely used as fertilizer for agriculture farms and fish ponds.
h. Pigs store fat rapidly for which there is an increasing demand from poultry feed, soap, paints and other chemical industries.
i. Pig farming provides quick returns since the marketable weight of fatteners can be achieved with in a period of 6-8 months.
j. There is good demand from domestic as well as export market for pig products such as pork,To know more please visit us at www.growelagrovet.com
Assessing ex-ante impact of the complementary dairy improvement interventions...ILRI
Presented by Sirak Bahta, Kidus Nigussie, Getachew Gebru, Solomon Desta and Barry Shapiro at the Annual Conference of Association of Agricultural Economists of South Africa (AEASA), South Africa, 8-10 October 2019
Livestock marketing and supply chain management of livestock products ILRI
Presented by Steven J. Staal as a keynote address at the 74th Annual Conference of the Indian Society of Agricultural Economics, Maharashtra, India, 18-20 December 2014
Regular Programmed budget is funded by its members, through contributions set at the FAO Conference. This budget covers core technical work, cooperation and partnerships including the Technical Cooperation Programmed, knowledge exchange, policy and advocacy, direction and administration, governance and security in Gujarat.
Gujarat State ranks first with respect to risk covered (Sum Insured), premium income, subsidies paid, farmers covered and claims paid under NAIS among the implementing States.
National Horticulture Mission (in effect till XI plan) with main thrust on augmenting production of all horticultural products (Fruits, Vegetables, Flowers, Plantation crops, Spices, Medicinal Aromatic plants) in the states
The challenges faced by our country in securing the food as well as nutritional security to fast growing population need an integrated approach in livestock farming. Among the various livestock species, piggery is most potential source for meat production and pigs are more efficient feed converters after the broiler. Apart from providing meat, it is also a source of bristles and manure. Pig farming will provide employment opportunities to seasonally employed rural farmers and supplementary income to improve their living standards.
Apart from providing meat, it is also a source of bristles and manure. Pig farming will provide employment opportunities to seasonally employed rural farmers and
supplementary income to improve their living standards. The advantages of the pig farming are:
a. Pig has got highest feed conversion efficiency i.e. they produce more live weight gain from a given weight of feed than any other class of meat producing animals except broilers.
b. Pig can utilise wide variety of feed stuffs viz. grains, forages, damaged feeds and garbage and convert them into valuable nutritious meat. However, feeding of damaged grains, garbage and other unbalanced rations may result in lower feed efficiency.
c. They are prolific with shorter generation interval. A sow can be bred as early as 8-9 months of age and can farrow twice in a year. They produce 6-12 piglets in each farrowing.
d. Pig farming requires small investment on buildings and equipment.
e. Pigs are known for their meat yield, which in terms of dressing percentage ranges from 65 - 80 in comparison to other livestock species whose dressing yields may not exceed 65%.
f. Pork is most nutritious with high fat and low water content and has got better energy value than that of other meats. It is rich in vitamins like thiamin, Niacin and riboflavin.
g. Pigs manure is widely used as fertilizer for agriculture farms and fish ponds.
h. Pigs store fat rapidly for which there is an increasing demand from poultry feed, soap, paints and other chemical industries.
i. Pig farming provides quick returns since the marketable weight of fatteners can be achieved with in a period of 6-8 months.
j. There is good demand from domestic as well as export market for pig products such as pork,To know more please visit us at www.growelagrovet.com
Floating Garden Agricultural Practices in BangladeshExternalEvents
http://www.fao.org/giahs/en/
This presentation was presented during the Joint Meeting of Steering and Scientific Commitee that took place at FAO headquarters 14-15 December 2016. The presentation was made by. Mr. Md. Nazmul Alam, Senior Assistant Chief, Ministry of Agriculture, Bangladesh
Bringing Technology Innovation in Dairy Animal Husbandry sector. Objective of Animal Husbandry services:-
Breed Improvement
Standardize tagging system to tag cattle, record cattle vaccines, medical history, father and mother. This system will also make sure mothers and daughters are not inseminated by same Bull.
Feed Improvement
70% of animal productivity depends on Nutrition/Feed. Use scientific methods to feed cattle during life cycle. I.e. Calf, During Lactation 1, 2.., during dry period and so on.
Farm Management
Suggest standard housing design for farm and much more.
More than 70% rural population keeping one or other type of livestock species to supplement the family income and support the livelihood. Indian livestock are robust and able to withstand harsh tropical climate with minimal or no external input. Milk, Meat, Egg, Manure, Draught Power etc are the major output derived from livestock sector which are helping to achieve the nutritional security, improving the soil health, supplementing the household income, export earning, generating the employment opportunities round the year.
FAO regional meeting on the regional initiative “sustainable small scale agri...Nena Agri
FAO regional meeting on the regional initiative “sustainable small scale agriculture for inclusive development”, Prof. Rashad Aboelenein FCRI, ARC – Egypt
Role of Poultry in alleviating the poverty and malnutrition in IndiaBalaraj BL
The backyard poultry birds like nondescript chicken, indigenous chicken and improved birds providing high quality protein diet in the form of Egg and Poultry meat. Backyard poultry industry also helping to supplement the family income and demands zero input. The large scale commercial poultry farms (both layer and broiler) farms helping meet the meat and egg demand of the urban population.
The fisheries and livestock sectors are two major pillars of Bangladesh’s economy, and more than 10 million people directly depend on these sectors for their livelihoods. These sectors are also important for food, nutrition, income, export earning, draft power, biofertilizer, and transport. The fisheries
sector is vibrant, contributing to about 20 percent of the agri- cultural GDP, while the livestock sector contribution is around 12 percent. These two sectors provide the major dietary protein. During 1994−2005 the food from animal origin increased from 76 to 113 gm per capita per day. About 63 percent of animal protein supply in the diet of the people of Bangladesh is obtained from fish.
Testing and delivering tropically-adapted chickens for productivity growth i...ILRI
Testing and delivering tropically-adapted chickens for productivity growth in sub-Saharan Africa
Presented by Wondmeneh Esatu and Tadelle Dessie at the FAO-ILRI Regional Training Workshop on Proven Livestock Technologies, ILRI, Addis Ababa, 3-5 December 2018
IFPRI organized a two day workshop on “Agricultural Extension Reforms in South Asia – Status, Challenges, and Policy Options” to be organized at Committee Room 3, NASC, Pusa, New Delhi on February 17-18, 2015. IFPRI has been conducting research related to agricultural extension reforms in India and collaborating with researchers in other south Asian countries for the past five years through various projects. For understanding extension reforms in India, a major consultation was held in NAARM in 2009 during which policy makers called for development of evidence for spreading extension reform process in India. Since then several research papers have been produced on various aspects of Indian extension system. While they are presented in various forms including several discussion papers, there is a need to pull all the research result together to present it in form that could be used by the policy makers to further guide them in the reform process. South Asian countries such as Bangladesh, Nepal, and Sri Lanka are going through similar challenges in getting knowledge to farmers. Several experiment shave been conducted to test new approaches to extension by the public, private and NGO sectors. Learning from each country experiences will bring collective understanding and knowledge for the policy makers who are attempting to bring changes in the reform process. The purpose of this workshop is to bring together a groups of researchers, analysts and policy makers to present the issues, constraints and challenges facing agricultural extension reforms that are being implemented in South Asian countries.
The smallholder pig value chains development in Uganda (SPVCD) project: Where...ILRI
Presented by Danilo Pezo, Michel Dione and Emily Ouma at the Planning workshop on 'assessing the impact of African Swine Fever in smallholder pig systems and the feasibility of potential interventions, Kampala, Uganda, 13 May 2013
Floating Garden Agricultural Practices in BangladeshExternalEvents
http://www.fao.org/giahs/en/
This presentation was presented during the Joint Meeting of Steering and Scientific Commitee that took place at FAO headquarters 14-15 December 2016. The presentation was made by. Mr. Md. Nazmul Alam, Senior Assistant Chief, Ministry of Agriculture, Bangladesh
Bringing Technology Innovation in Dairy Animal Husbandry sector. Objective of Animal Husbandry services:-
Breed Improvement
Standardize tagging system to tag cattle, record cattle vaccines, medical history, father and mother. This system will also make sure mothers and daughters are not inseminated by same Bull.
Feed Improvement
70% of animal productivity depends on Nutrition/Feed. Use scientific methods to feed cattle during life cycle. I.e. Calf, During Lactation 1, 2.., during dry period and so on.
Farm Management
Suggest standard housing design for farm and much more.
More than 70% rural population keeping one or other type of livestock species to supplement the family income and support the livelihood. Indian livestock are robust and able to withstand harsh tropical climate with minimal or no external input. Milk, Meat, Egg, Manure, Draught Power etc are the major output derived from livestock sector which are helping to achieve the nutritional security, improving the soil health, supplementing the household income, export earning, generating the employment opportunities round the year.
FAO regional meeting on the regional initiative “sustainable small scale agri...Nena Agri
FAO regional meeting on the regional initiative “sustainable small scale agriculture for inclusive development”, Prof. Rashad Aboelenein FCRI, ARC – Egypt
Role of Poultry in alleviating the poverty and malnutrition in IndiaBalaraj BL
The backyard poultry birds like nondescript chicken, indigenous chicken and improved birds providing high quality protein diet in the form of Egg and Poultry meat. Backyard poultry industry also helping to supplement the family income and demands zero input. The large scale commercial poultry farms (both layer and broiler) farms helping meet the meat and egg demand of the urban population.
The fisheries and livestock sectors are two major pillars of Bangladesh’s economy, and more than 10 million people directly depend on these sectors for their livelihoods. These sectors are also important for food, nutrition, income, export earning, draft power, biofertilizer, and transport. The fisheries
sector is vibrant, contributing to about 20 percent of the agri- cultural GDP, while the livestock sector contribution is around 12 percent. These two sectors provide the major dietary protein. During 1994−2005 the food from animal origin increased from 76 to 113 gm per capita per day. About 63 percent of animal protein supply in the diet of the people of Bangladesh is obtained from fish.
Testing and delivering tropically-adapted chickens for productivity growth i...ILRI
Testing and delivering tropically-adapted chickens for productivity growth in sub-Saharan Africa
Presented by Wondmeneh Esatu and Tadelle Dessie at the FAO-ILRI Regional Training Workshop on Proven Livestock Technologies, ILRI, Addis Ababa, 3-5 December 2018
IFPRI organized a two day workshop on “Agricultural Extension Reforms in South Asia – Status, Challenges, and Policy Options” to be organized at Committee Room 3, NASC, Pusa, New Delhi on February 17-18, 2015. IFPRI has been conducting research related to agricultural extension reforms in India and collaborating with researchers in other south Asian countries for the past five years through various projects. For understanding extension reforms in India, a major consultation was held in NAARM in 2009 during which policy makers called for development of evidence for spreading extension reform process in India. Since then several research papers have been produced on various aspects of Indian extension system. While they are presented in various forms including several discussion papers, there is a need to pull all the research result together to present it in form that could be used by the policy makers to further guide them in the reform process. South Asian countries such as Bangladesh, Nepal, and Sri Lanka are going through similar challenges in getting knowledge to farmers. Several experiment shave been conducted to test new approaches to extension by the public, private and NGO sectors. Learning from each country experiences will bring collective understanding and knowledge for the policy makers who are attempting to bring changes in the reform process. The purpose of this workshop is to bring together a groups of researchers, analysts and policy makers to present the issues, constraints and challenges facing agricultural extension reforms that are being implemented in South Asian countries.
The smallholder pig value chains development in Uganda (SPVCD) project: Where...ILRI
Presented by Danilo Pezo, Michel Dione and Emily Ouma at the Planning workshop on 'assessing the impact of African Swine Fever in smallholder pig systems and the feasibility of potential interventions, Kampala, Uganda, 13 May 2013
Smallholder pig value chains transformation in Uganda: Results, lessons and i...ILRI
Presented by Emily Ouma, Michel Dione, Kristina Roesel, Peter Lule, Brian Kawuma, Rosemirta Birungi, Grace Asiimwe, Felix Opio and Ben Lukuyu at the Uganda Livestock Sector Consultative Meeting, Kampala, 14 March 2017
Agriculture is the main stay of the Uganda’s economy employing 65.6 per cent (UBOS 2009) of the labour force and contributing 21 percent to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP).
Agricultural production in Uganda is dominated by smallholder farmers engaged in crop farming, livestock keeping, forestry, horticulture and fishing.
Livestock production - the livestock sector in Uganda contributes about 17% of the national Agriculture Gross Domestic Product in the form of milk and meat.
Cattle population at 11.4 million with ~ 10.6% improved cattle.
Boosting Uganda’s Investments in Livestock Development (2019-2023): Introduci...ILRI
Presented by Paul Lumu (MAAIF), Henry Kiara (ILRI), Harry Oyas (DVS Kenya), Klaas Dietze (FLI), Martin Barasa (VSF-G), Karl Rich (ILRI) and Peter Lule (ILRI) at the #BuildUganda Stakeholder Meeting, Kampala, Uganda, 7 June 2019
Training on management of endemic diseases for pig value chains in UgandaILRI
Presented by Dione, M.M., Pezo, D., Ouma, E.A., Roesel, K., Brandes D. and Kawuma, B. at the 4th International Conference on Sustainable Livelihoods and Health in Africa, Kampala, Uganda, 18-19 June 2015.
Livestock research for Africa’s food security and poverty reductionILRI
Presented by Jimmy Smith, Shirley Tarawali, Iain Wright, Suzanne Bertrand, Polly Ericksen, Delia Grace and Ethel Makila at a side event at the 6th Africa Agriculture Science Week, Accra, Ghana, 15-20 July 2013
Presented by Barbara Wieland at the First Joint International Conference of the Association of Institutions for Tropical Veterinary Medicine (AITVM) and the Society of Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Berlin, 4-8 September 2016
More pork and less parasites: A farm to fork approach for assessment and mana...ILRI
Presentation by Kristina Roesel, Peter-Henning Clausen, Reinhard Fries, Maximilian Baumann, Karsten Noeckler and Delia Grace at a parasitological colloquium held at Free University Berlin, Germany, 18 October 2013.
Food safety along informal pork market chains in Vietnam: Experience from an ...ILRI
Presented by Fred Unger, Hung Nguyen-Viet, Lucy Lapar, Karen Marshall and Delia Grace at the Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTD) Asia 2016 conference, Khon Kaen, Thailand, 14–15 January 2016.
Small ruminant keepers’ knowledge, attitudes and practices towards peste des ...ILRI
Presentation by Guy Ilboudo, Abel Sènabgè Biguezoton, Cheick Abou Kounta Sidibé, Modou Moustapha Lo, Zoë Campbell and Michel Dione at the 6th Peste des Petits Ruminants Global Research and Expertise Networks (PPR-GREN) annual meeting, Bengaluru, India, 28–30 November 2023.
Small ruminant keepers’ knowledge, attitudes and practices towards peste des ...ILRI
Poster by Guy Ilboudo, Abel Sènabgè Biguezoton, Cheick Abou Kounta Sidibé, Modou Moustapha Lo, Zoë Campbell and Michel Dione presented at the 6th Peste des Petits Ruminants Global Research and Expertise Networks (PPR-GREN) annual meeting, Bengaluru, India, 29 November 2023.
A training, certification and marketing scheme for informal dairy vendors in ...ILRI
Presentation by Silvia Alonso, Jef L. Leroy, Emmanuel Muunda, Moira Donahue Angel, Emily Kilonzi, Giordano Palloni, Gideon Kiarie, Paula Dominguez-Salas and Delia Grace at the Micronutrient Forum 6th Global Conference, The Hague, Netherlands, 16 October 2023.
Milk safety and child nutrition impacts of the MoreMilk training, certificati...ILRI
Poster by Silvia Alonso, Emmanuel Muunda, Moira Donahue Angel, Emily Kilonzi, Giordano Palloni, Gideon Kiarie, Paula Dominguez-Salas, Delia Grace and Jef L. Leroy presented at the Micronutrient Forum 6th Global Conference, The Hague, Netherlands, 16 October 2023.
Food safety research in low- and middle-income countriesILRI
Presentation by Hung Nguyen-Viet at the first technical meeting to launch the Food Safety Working Group under the One Health Partnership framework, Hanoi, Vietnam, 28 September 2023
Presentation by Hung Nguyen-Viet at the first technical meeting to launch the Food Safety Working Group under the One Health Partnership framework, Hanoi, Vietnam, 28 September 2023
Reservoirs of pathogenic Leptospira species in UgandaILRI
Presentation by Lordrick Alinaitwe, Martin Wainaina, Salome Dürr, Clovice Kankya, Velma Kivali, James Bugeza, Martin Richter, Kristina Roesel, Annie Cook and Anne Mayer-Scholl at the University of Bern Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences Symposium, Bern, Switzerland, 29 June 2023.
Assessing meat microbiological safety and associated handling practices in bu...ILRI
Presentation by Patricia Koech, Winnie Ogutu, Linnet Ochieng, Delia Grace, George Gitao, Lily Bebora, Max Korir, Florence Mutua and Arshnee Moodley at the 8th All Africa Conference on Animal Agriculture, Gaborone, Botswana, 26–29 September 2023.
Ecological factors associated with abundance and distribution of mosquito vec...ILRI
Poster by Max Korir, Joel Lutomiah and Bernard Bett presented the 8th All Africa Conference on Animal Agriculture, Gaborone, Botswana, 26–29 September 2023.
Practices and drivers of antibiotic use in Kenyan smallholder dairy farmsILRI
Poster by Lydiah Kisoo, Dishon M. Muloi, Walter Oguta, Daisy Ronoh, Lynn Kirwa, James Akoko, Eric Fèvre, Arshnee Moodley and Lillian Wambua presented at Tropentag 2023, Berlin, Germany, 20–22 September 2023.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Smallholder pig value chains development in Uganda
1. Smallholder Pig Value Chains Development in
Uganda
Danilo Pezo, Emily Ouma, Michel Dione, and Brian Kawuma
Meeting of the CRP 3.7 SPAC and PPMC
Kampala, 7th December 2014
2.
3. Background
• Pig production in Uganda on the rise
– Pig population risen from 0.19 to 3.2 m in the
last 30 years
– Uganda has the highest per capita pork
consumption in East Africa
• 1.1 m households produce pigs as backyard
activity
• Gender disaggregation of task – women and
children manage pigs, while men market
them
• Contributes to livelihoods and income to
meet emergency needs and school fees
4. Challenges for the SPVCD in Uganda
• The pig sector is underdeveloped, and dominated by informality and
lack of organization in the different nodes.
• Processing is limited, and value addition almost non-existent.
• Pigs are not a priority for the government (not considered in the
Agricultural Sector Development Strategy & Investment Plan, and the
National Development Plan).
• Research on pig production, health, food safety & marketing is very
limited.
• Few development agencies have piggery in the agenda (NAADS,
VEDCO, BRAC, few local governments).
• Smallholder pig farmers struggle to get fair prices, and all VC actors
have limited access to financial and technical assistance services.
• Inappropriate handling of waste, contributes to pollution and
associated social conflicts, and gives rise to health risks & diseases.
5. Partnerships
• Public sector: MAAIF, NAADS, local governments
of Kamuli, Masaka, Mukono, Hoima & Lira, KCCA.
• Research/education institutions: NARO / NaLIRRI,
Makerere University (COVAB, CAES, CNS), SLU,
Iowa State Univ.
• NGOs: VEDCO, SNV, Veterinaries Without Borders.
• Private sector: BRAC, PPM, Agro-Empowerment
Center, UPO, Union of Pig Coops of Greater
Masaka, Wambizzi Coop., Greenfields Uganda
Ltd., OrgaFarms (promotes IMO system).
6. Projects contributing to the Uganda SPVCD
• Catalysing emerging smallholder pig VCs (ILRI / IFAD-EU)
• Safe Food Fair Food (ILRI - GIZ / A4HN CRP)
• Epidemiology of African Swine Fever (ILRI-BeCA-CSIRO /
AusAID)
• Assessing the impact of ASF in smallholder pig systems and
feasibility for potential interventions (SLU–ILRI / SIDA)
• More pork by and for the poor: Catalyzing emerging pig VCs
for food security & poverty reduction (ILRI / IrishAid)
• mPig: Mobile SMS learning for pigs – An innovative
information sharing platform for smallholder pig value chain
actors (ILRI /GIZ)
• Ebola & other emerging infectious diseases at the wildlife-
pig interface (ILRI / A4HN CRP)
7. Goal
To improve livelihoods, incomes and assets of smallholder pig
producers -particularly women- and other VC actors, in a
sustainable manner, through increased productivity, reduced
risk, and improved market access in pig value chains
8. Project Approach
• A Value Chain Approach to transform subsistence level pig
keeping into a more competitive business offering superior
and safe pork to consumers. It will help to reduce poverty
and enhance food security for poor households, while
preserving community natural resources.
9. Target
• Smallholder pig production and marketing systems.
• Specific activities to address gender disparities in access to
resources, markets and technologies, and their effects on
livestock production.
• Some opportunities and
constraints are site
specific.
• Best-bet technological
and institutional options
designed to respond to
those conditions.
10. Objectives
• To develop and pilot test a set of integrated packages for
improving productivity in a sustainable manner in smallholder
farms, as well as organisational marketing mechanisms and
waste management practices to strengthen the pig value chain
through enhanced pork safety and better access to inputs,
services and output markets.
• To identify market opportunities for pork in Uganda, and the
multiple factors preventing smallholder pig producers from
exploiting those opportunities.
• •
11. Objectives
• To develop, test and evaluate best-bet options to increase
utilisation of edible pig parts and increase consumer
awareness about the benefits of consumption of animal
source foods.
• To document, communicate and promote appropriate
evidence-based models for the development of sustainable
pro-poor pig value chains in Uganda
12. Activities carried out
• Stakeholder Consultation
• Situational Analysis of the Pig Sector in Uganda
• GIS Study on Targeting Smallholder Pig Value Chains in
Uganda
• Participatory Outcome Mapping and Site Selection
• Value Chain Assessment (VCA)
• Benchmarking surveys
13. Activities carried out
• Animal health and food safety assessments in pig VCs
• Analyses of successes and failures on the implementation of
innovations in pig VCs
• Preliminary identification of potential best-bet interventions
(BBIs) – stakeholder workshops and EXTRAPOLATE
• Characterisation of local feed resources
• Evaluation of diets based on the use of local feed resources
for growing pigs
• Prediction of live weight using body measurements in pigs
14. Activities carried out
• Role of forages in pig production systems
• Development of training modules
• Assessment of knowledge, practices and perception of pig VC actors
and stakeholders and recommendations for ASF biosecurity protocols
• Study on the demand, availability, actual access to and control over
adequate food (including animal source foods) by household members
• Waste management at the pig farm and slaughter nodes
• Feasibility assessments of pig business hubs and a model pig abattoir
• Establishment of Multi-stakeholders Pig Platforms
15. Few examples of activities
carried out for the
transformation of smallholder
pig value chains in Uganda
16. Animal Health
Rapid value chain assessment (FGDs with farmers and keys
informant interviews)
- African swine fever the most important production disease
(endemic, high mortality, and frequent outbreaks, especially
during the dry season).
- Worms and ectoparasites (lice, mange, jiggers, flies and ticks)
are also endemic and lead to economic losses (lower LWG, and
reduced market prices).
- Low efficacy of drugs, especially dewormers and antibiotics.
Farmers attribute it to poor quality (“fake”) drugs.
- Poor biosecurity measures along the value chain a major
constraint for controlling ASF outbreaks.
- Lack of knowledge on best management practices and
biosecurity measures pointed out by farmers.
- Poor regulation and enforcement on disease control and drug
quality.
17. Cross sectional surveys and laboratory investigations for
diseases and zoonoses (in collaboration with SFFF)
- Samples collected: blood, serum, fecal and ecto-parasites from 1300
animals, including 90 village boars in three districts (Masaka, Mukono
and Kamuli)
- 1300 farms surveyed to analyze risk factors associated with main
diseases and zoonoses affecting pigs in Uganda.
Worms prevalence using microscopy (%) Serology (%)
Strongylus
spp.
Ascaris
spp.
Metastrongylus
spp.
Strongyloides
ransoni
Trichuris suis
Coccidia
oocysts
Brucella ASF Cysticercosis
55 6 8 4 4 39 <1 <1
0 - 55
(average: 13)
Microscopy Serology
Tryps Swine erysipelas Toxoplasma Trichinella
<1%
(apparently high prevalence,
but data not available yet)
detected
(data not available yet)
detected
(data not available yet)
On-going analysis with FLI (Germany) and ILRI/BeCA
Classical swine fever
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV)
Circovirus type 2 (PCV2)
Foot and mouth disease (FMD)
Aujetzkty disease (SHV1)
Metagenomics
18. Feeding
Rapid Value Chain assessment and Benchmarking Surveys
• Feeding 60-75% of total variable costs.
• Crop residues, forages and kitchen leftovers
represent 70-75% of the diet along the year.
Grasses and weeds replace crop residues
during crop growing periods and dry season.
• Sweet potato vines the most preferred fodder
for pigs, regardless of VC domain; the 2nd most
preferred cassava leaves in rural, while yam
leaves in peri-urban VCs.
• Feed collection and feeding mainly done by
women and children, however men and hired
labor participate more in peri-urban farms.
• Main constraints as identified by farmers:
fodder shortages in the dry season, high cost
of commercial feeds, price fluctuations of feed
ingredients and poor quality of purchased
feeds.
19. Seasonal Availability and Quality of Pigs Feeds
(part of a Univ. of Guelph PhD Dissertation)
• 211 samples representing 52 locally available
feeds, collected in Masaka and Mukono.
– Fruits (leaves, fruits, peels)
– Vegetable and root crops residues (fodder, non-
marketable tubers)
– Forages (grasses, legumes, weeds, foliage of
fodder trees)
– Agricultural by-products (i.e., brewers’ waste,
maize bran, cottonseed meal)
– Concentrates (commercial, home-mixed)
– Others (i.e. kitchen leftovers, chicken manure)
Findings
• Limited availability of feeds in the dry season.
• Farmers need to purchase feeds for strategic
supplementation of on-farm produced feeds.
• High variability in quality of feeds (i.e., 37-58%
CP in silverfish meal; 10-16% CP in
concentrates).
20. LWG (g day-1) in local and crossbred pigs fed on
concentrates, SP silage- and fresh local feeds-based diets 1
(part of a Univ. of Guelph PhD Dissertation)
a Pigs weighing > ±20 kg at beginning of the trial
1 Results have been shared with female and male farmers in Masaka, to assess
acceptability of these technology innovations.
Diet Crossbred pigs a Local pigs a
Commercial concentrate 660 ± 105 530 ± 93
Local feeds formulated 310 ± 92 210 ± 72
Sweet potato silage 470 ± 92 390 ± 64
21. Forages in Smallholder Pig Systems
(component led by a CIAT scientist)
• Forages (grasses, legumes, “weeds”) are
important components in smallholder pig
feeding systems, but have not been studied by
the few researchers working on pigs in Uganda.
• Forage interventions will play a more prominent
role in farms with higher land availability (mostly
in rural settings), but always in multiple cropping
with food crops.
• 120 pig farmers have started planting improved
forage legumes (Cannavalia brasiliensis, Clitoria
ternatea, Lablab purpureus) and the Brachiaria
“Mulato” hybrid.
22. Training Modules for Facilitators of Learning
Processes in Pig Value Chains
(in collaboration with ILRI Cap Dev)
• Training modules cover key constraints identified in
the VCA: Animal health & management, Biosecurity,
Village boars’ management, Strategic use of local
feed resources, Business planning and financial
management, and Improved access to markets.
• Local experts developed the modules with support of
ILRI team (technical, instructional design, etc.).
• Training of trainers on how to deliver innovative
interventions to service providers, farmers and other
actors.
• Testing of training modules with facilitators and
partners.
• Development of learning materials and radio
programs for farmers & other actors (potential
collaboration with INSEAD).
23. Role of pork and animal source food in household
diets
• Consumer surveys adapted from
A4NH toolkit covering 600
households in 4 districts (Sept-
Nov 2014).
– demand for pork and animal
source foods
– intra-household dietary survey
for children, men and women
– nutritional related interventions
at household and community
levels
24. Poor waste management at the pig slaughter node
• Slaughter at the urban pig slaughterhouse (Wambizzi Coop.)
– Bulk waste (blood, pig feces) not disposed systematically, could
lead to public health risks, direct exposure of workers to waste.
– Blood and GIT contents disposed into public water bodies -
environmental and public health problems.
– Poor pork handling practices.
25. Intervention on waste management (A4NH/L&F)
• Site: Wambizzi Coop. Slaughterhouse (Kampala).
• Intervention: A biogas digester system for sustainable use of
abattoir waste, to reduce risk of pork contamination and meet
energy needs.
• Research question: How will a biogas system reduce cross
transmission of pathogens and public health risks?
• Impact on pork safety monitored using biological indicators –
burden of a defined set of pathogens (Salmonella, E. coli,
Cryptosporidium, Giardia, Ascaris). With additional funding
from SFFF project – A4NH, in partnership with Makerere
University/COVAB).
26. Value chain performance issues
• Production node: expensive & poor quality veterinary products,
poor quality feeds and services, lack of lucrative markets – low
prices.
• Input suppliers (commercial feeds): adulterated/sub-standard
raw materials, lack of knowledge on feed formulation.
• Pig traders: high transactions costs (transactions ), bad debts,
lack of capital, etc.
• Intervention: Business models for improving efficiency and
effectiveness of value chain linkages - improve access to inputs
and services - to improve productivity and income.
• Pig business hub models.
27. Feasibility assessment of pig business hubs and a
model pig abattoir
• Identified constructs for piloting pig business hub models with
emphasis on improving access to inputs and services include:
(i) hubs revolving around check-offs for inputs and services;
Pig Collection
Centre
(pig inspection)
Kabonera-Kyanamukaaka
pig farmer cooperative
BDS
Check-off
arrangement
(MoU)
Pig traders /group
(local within Masaka or
outside)
Live pigs
Pig
traders
Pig farmers
Direct
Coop
funds
28. (ii) Hubs revolving around slaughterhouse in Masaka Municipality
(centralised slaughtering)
Feasibility assessment of pig business hubs
and a model pig abattoir
Slaughter slab
in Municipality
Pig Union – greater Masaka
Pig union own
slaughterhouse/or
lease to traders
BDS
- Transport
Live pigs/
pork
Pig traders /group
(local within Masaka or
outside)
Households
Pork
Pig collection
Centres-coops
Live pigs
Check-off
arrangement
Processors
e.g., Fresh
Cuts
Cooperatives
Live pigs Pork
29. MSP Processes in Uganda
• An initiative resulting from the Impact Pathway Workshop
(June 2013).
• ILRI partnered with SNV to catalyze the establishment of the
MSPs.
• Three regional (Greater Masaka, Central, Eastern) and one
national already operating since August 2014. Two more
(Western and Northern region) will start in 2015.
30. Pig producers
Pig & pork
tradersConsumers
Input
suppliers
Transporters
Interconnectedness of the VC nodes
31. Aspirations by Region
Affordable high quality
feeds
Pig farmers association
Standard centralized
abattoir
Affordable credit facilities
Pig industry recognized
High quality pig stock
A pig information system in
place
Promotion of utilization of
pig by products
Effective disease control
mechanism
Greater
Masaka
Specialized pig- related
Extension Services
Controlled spread of ASF
Centralized slaughter
facilities
Certified breeding centres
Collective marketing of pig
products
Value addition on pig
products
Farmer–based pig support
centres
Documented and
specialized actors within
the value chain
Functional MSPs
Central
Quality Certified pig feeds
Genetic Resource Centre to
ensure Quality
At least 200 Commercial Pig
Farmers organized in the
Region
Organized marketing of pigs
and pig products
Effective disease control
mechanism
Eastern
33. Milestones
19/08/2014 – Inaugural regional MSP held in Kamuli. Two
regional MSPs held in Masaka and Mukono later that month.
2/09/2014 – First national MSP held in Kampala
– 9 person Interim Steering Committee appointed
– ToRs included lobbying MAAIF on Feeds Policy and finding
solutions to the top three priority constraints
5/11/2014 – Second set of regional MSP meetings began
20/11/2014 – Second National MSP meeting held
34. Way forward
• Regional steering committees to coordinate MSPs as
part of the sustainability plan
• Organisation into Associations of Farmers and Value
Chain Actors
• Collective production planning, marketing and policy
engagement
• Periodic newsletter for news updates and knowledge
sharing across regions
35.
36. CGIAR is a global partnership that unites organizations engaged in research for a food secure future. The CGIAR
Research Program on Livestock and Fish aims to increase the productivity of small-scale livestock and fish systems
in sustainable ways, making meat, milk and fish more available and affordable across the developing world.
CGIAR Research Program on Livestock and Fish
livestockfish.cgiar.org