Abstract— Performing jar test method is used for finding out optimum conditions (coagulant type, coagulant dose, pH etc.)for treatment of domestic wastewater before physicochemical process, or coagulation process. In this study, Response Surface Method (RSM) is applied to determine optimum combinations of coagulant dose and pH value in jar test. Alum, FeCl3 and FeSO4 are used as coagulant and compared with highest removal efficiency of their two responses which turbidity and chemical oxygen demand (COD).Finding equations from RSM are also evaluated with Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) method by using Matlab Program. Alum and Ferric Chloridedose500 mg/lat pH7 found as optimum conditions for domestic wastewater treatment. COD removal for Alum and Ferric Chloride are 90% and 70%,respectively.In addition, Because of becoming low COD removal (maximum 50%) and ineffectively color removal, Ferric Sulfate coagulant found as inconvenient for treating domestic wastewater.
The current investigation presents the role of gooseberry (Phyllanthus acidus) seeds as an effective biosorbent for remediating chromium (VI)), a toxic heavy metal pollutant commonly found in effluents from tanneries and relevant industries. Biosorption was affected by pH, temperature and initial metal concentration. Furthermore, there is a need to understand the holistic effect of all variables to ascertain the best possible conditions for adsorption, therefore, these factors were considered and a total of 17 trials were run according to the Box Behnken design. Quadratic model had maximum R2 value (0.9984) and larger F value (1109.92). From the Analysis Of Variance table and R2 value, quadratic model was predicted to be the significant model with the best fit to the generated experimental data. The optimal parameters obtained from the contour plot for the maximum removal of chromium(VI) were initial metal concentration of 60 mg/L, pH value of 2, and temperature of 27°C. Under these conditions, maximum removal of 92% was obtained. Thus this biosorbent substantially eliminates chromium(VI) under optimized conditions, enabling its use in larger scale.
Comparison of treatment methods for the assessment of environmental impacts o...Premier Publishers
The mud causes considerable pollution impacting several sectors, especially the groundwater system and the staff working on Drilling wells ,so as to mitigate the environmental effects of the sludge on the environment we propose two treatment processes(scenarios 1 and scenario 2) like :Thermal desorption, Stabilization/Solidification off line),these treatments are very privileged and used in the field of treatment of oil muds, in (Hassi-Messaoud) Algeria. We use the "life cycle analysis" to evaluate the environmental impacts of each process (the two scenarios), the environmental impacts of each scenario are compared. Which are performed by the use of models of eco-indicator 99 by software “SIMAPRO7”. This evaluation allowed us to identify and quantify the contributions of emissions on human toxicity, the depletion of resources and the ecosystem quality, which are the main categories of impact in this specific Saharian context. The main substances of the assignment of the environment seem to be the chemicals added to the mud. As regards the comparison of the two treatment scenarios, the thermal desorption could be considered as the best method; it has the lowest impact in the three dominant categories scores, aside from the very large consumption of fossil energy causing from atmospheric emission.
1 a chemometric approach for the distribution and source identification of he...BIOLOGICAL FORUM
ABSTRACT: Heavy metals in the environment may reach to toxic levels to humans and animals due to tannery effluents, but there is insufficient information about heavy metals pollution and distribution by tanneries. The distribution and sources of heavy metals in soils of Challawa industrial estate area were evaluated using multivariate statistical analysis after determining metals concentrations by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The results of the Principal Component Analysis and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis suggested that variation in heavy metals concentrations are largely related to tannery operations. The Linear Discriminant Analysis revealed that soils around the tanneries and dumpsites are having high contents of Cr, Pb, and Zn. The metal concentrations showed significant difference (P < 0.05) between tannery and control soil samples. This confirmed the contamination of soils with toxic heavy metals at specific sites of the tanneries, and indicated the need to monitor and remediate to safeguard the environment.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
The current investigation presents the role of gooseberry (Phyllanthus acidus) seeds as an effective biosorbent for remediating chromium (VI)), a toxic heavy metal pollutant commonly found in effluents from tanneries and relevant industries. Biosorption was affected by pH, temperature and initial metal concentration. Furthermore, there is a need to understand the holistic effect of all variables to ascertain the best possible conditions for adsorption, therefore, these factors were considered and a total of 17 trials were run according to the Box Behnken design. Quadratic model had maximum R2 value (0.9984) and larger F value (1109.92). From the Analysis Of Variance table and R2 value, quadratic model was predicted to be the significant model with the best fit to the generated experimental data. The optimal parameters obtained from the contour plot for the maximum removal of chromium(VI) were initial metal concentration of 60 mg/L, pH value of 2, and temperature of 27°C. Under these conditions, maximum removal of 92% was obtained. Thus this biosorbent substantially eliminates chromium(VI) under optimized conditions, enabling its use in larger scale.
Comparison of treatment methods for the assessment of environmental impacts o...Premier Publishers
The mud causes considerable pollution impacting several sectors, especially the groundwater system and the staff working on Drilling wells ,so as to mitigate the environmental effects of the sludge on the environment we propose two treatment processes(scenarios 1 and scenario 2) like :Thermal desorption, Stabilization/Solidification off line),these treatments are very privileged and used in the field of treatment of oil muds, in (Hassi-Messaoud) Algeria. We use the "life cycle analysis" to evaluate the environmental impacts of each process (the two scenarios), the environmental impacts of each scenario are compared. Which are performed by the use of models of eco-indicator 99 by software “SIMAPRO7”. This evaluation allowed us to identify and quantify the contributions of emissions on human toxicity, the depletion of resources and the ecosystem quality, which are the main categories of impact in this specific Saharian context. The main substances of the assignment of the environment seem to be the chemicals added to the mud. As regards the comparison of the two treatment scenarios, the thermal desorption could be considered as the best method; it has the lowest impact in the three dominant categories scores, aside from the very large consumption of fossil energy causing from atmospheric emission.
1 a chemometric approach for the distribution and source identification of he...BIOLOGICAL FORUM
ABSTRACT: Heavy metals in the environment may reach to toxic levels to humans and animals due to tannery effluents, but there is insufficient information about heavy metals pollution and distribution by tanneries. The distribution and sources of heavy metals in soils of Challawa industrial estate area were evaluated using multivariate statistical analysis after determining metals concentrations by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The results of the Principal Component Analysis and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis suggested that variation in heavy metals concentrations are largely related to tannery operations. The Linear Discriminant Analysis revealed that soils around the tanneries and dumpsites are having high contents of Cr, Pb, and Zn. The metal concentrations showed significant difference (P < 0.05) between tannery and control soil samples. This confirmed the contamination of soils with toxic heavy metals at specific sites of the tanneries, and indicated the need to monitor and remediate to safeguard the environment.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
Hierarchical Evaluation of Geologic Carbon Storage Resource Estimates: Cambri...Cristian Medina
The Midwest Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership (MRCSP) aims to study the regional distribution and geologic storage suitability of units within the Cambrian-Ordovician sequences, including the Knox Supergroup, St. Peter Sandstone, Trenton and Lexington Limestones, and equivalent units across the MRCSP region.
To date, we have compiled a comprehensive data set of wireline logs and petrophysical information that include core analysis for porosity and permeability and mercury injection capillary pressure (MICP) analyses. Using these data, carbon storage resource estimates (SRE) are evaluated using a hierarchical approach that addresses uncertainty in the estimates by incorporating different models of formation porosity based on a series of increasingly complex portrayals of the pore system. The simplest analysis follows the USDOE methodology whereby a SRE is calculated using a single value for porosity in the assessed formation. Additional estimates follow the same general methodology but employ increasingly precise spatially variable porosity models based on formation diagenesis (depth-dependent function), reservoir suitability (effective porosity), distinct petrofacies (advanced reservoir characterization), and multiple realizations of porosity using data-driven geostatistical methods.
Results from this hierarchical approach help illuminate the magnitude of uncertainty that should be expected in SREs as a function of data availability and the level of reservoir characterization that is achievable for a given formation. A semi-probabilistic SRE calculation methodology using Monte Carlo simulations to create models for porosity generally tends to underestimate the range of uncertainty in storage resource. Conceivably, the higher the order model, the lower the uncertainty in the SRE. Ongoing research is investigating whether improved precision implicit in higher orders of the hierarchy are generating more accurate estimates of storage volumes.
Classification of storm water and sea water samples by zero-, first- and seco...IJERA Editor
This paper deals with the quality of storm water and its recipient sea water. For this purpose, UV spectroscopy
and pattern recognition methods were used. The treatment of the zero-order spectral data showed that almost all
storm water samples were classified into two groups. The treatment of the first-order derivative spectral data
showed that each of these groups can be divided into two subgroups, with few samples common, while the
second-order derivatization has highlighted the final group of the common samples. Finally, sea water samples
were classified into two groups after processing of the spectral data. The majority of the samples was classified
to the first group and the rest of them to the second group.
Chemical and microbial treatment of toxic wastes from Fertilizers industryOmar Ali
Thesis: “Chemical and microbial treatment of toxic wastes from Fertilizers industry“
Biological Treatment of Waste and Bio remediation)
Environmental Biotechnology Department,
Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research institute,
University of Sadat City, Egypt
Use of Fuzzy Set Theory in Environmental Engineering Applications: A ReviewIJERA Editor
Methods of solving the identified environmental problems, considering mathematical rigorous alternative assessment of environmental component process using fuzzy logic and approximate reasoning, are described by various researchers. To illustrate how such a computational intelligence approach would work in performing an assessment, various artificial techniques have been described. Fuzzy system technique for analysis of environmental components differentiates the approach from those techniques used in the past. It takes advantage of advanced computational intelligence techniques such as fuzzy sets and logic, for quantifying and manipulating in a mathematically rigorous way, subjective, inherently uncertain or imprecise values and concepts. This paper put forth the use of fuzzy sets in field of environmental engineering.
Insights on Porosity and Pore Size Distribution Using Multiple Analytical Too...Cristian Medina
The geologic description and quantification of the physical properties that define a viable reservoir are fundamental for assessing the feasibility of a reservoir to receive and store injected CO2 in the deep subsurface. Two petrophysical properties, porosity and permeability, constrain the reservoir in terms of its storage potential and injectivity. The analytical tools that are useful for measuring these properties vary and are optimally employed at various scales.
We analyzed 52 rock samples from the Cambrian-Ordovician Knox Supergroup spanning a significant area of the midwestern United States. These samples represent a wide range in both the scale and magnitude of the porosity present in this prospective storage reservoir. The samples were analyzed for total porosity and pore size distribution, using petrographic image analysis, helium porosimetry, gas adsorption, mercury porosimetry, and (ultra) small-angle neutron scattering. These analytical techniques were collectively used to understand the relationship between porosity, permeability, and pore size distribution; they offer a unique opportunity to study a wide range of pore sizes and to understand the validity of employing these techniques collaboratively.
Results from nitrogen and carbon dioxide adsorption and from mercury injection capillary pressure are important in that they provide insights on small pore size that otherwise cannot be resolved by standard low-pressure helium porosimetry or by image analysis software. Additionally, results from analyses of these carbonate reservoir rocks suggest that microporosity does not have a considerable impact on permeability, but larger pores control this key petrophysical parameter for constraining fluid flow through the pore system.
Strategic In-stream Systems (STRAINS) is a small-scale, low-tech, in-stream decontamination strategy deployed to overcome these problems. STRAINS use the insights of the Sowl Kere studies to develop a series of larger interventions which can be placed directly with nallahs to prevent the contamination and eutrophication of urban lakes.
Kinetic, thermodynamic and equilibrium studies on removal of hexavalent chrom...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Removal of Cr(VI) by biosorption on two agro waste materials, casuarinas fruit powder (CFP) and sorghum
stem powder (SSP), has been investigated. The prepared adsorbent materials were characterized by SEM, EDX,
FTIR and BET. These biomaterials effectively removed Cr(VI) with a maximum removal of 93.35% and 63.75% using
15 gL−1 and 5 gL−1 of CFP and SSP, respectively, at 60 oC with 20mgL−1 initial Cr(VI) concentration in solution. In both
cases of adsorbents, kinetic data of adsorption fitted well in pseudo-second-order in terms of correlation coefficient
(R2). This helps in proposing the process of adsorption as chemical coordination, which is correlated with the thermodynamic
study results conducted at different values of temperature. Langmuir, Freundlich and D-R models were evaluated
for description of metal sorption isotherms. Values of coefficients of intra-particle diffusion and mass transfer have
also been determined at different values of temperature.
Utilization of agro-waste for removal of toxic hexavalent chromium: surface i...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Abundantly available agricultural waste materials
(banana bunch, sorghum stem and casuarinas fruit) are
processed with negligible cost and are found to be highly
suitable as biosorbents for chromium(VI) removal from
aqueous environment due to high surface area and functional
groups of adsorbents. The equilibrium data have
been analyzed for the adsorbate–adsorbate/adsorbent
interactions and found to be fitted to the data in the order,
Hill–de Boer C Fowler–Guggenheim % Frumkin[Kiselev.
To determine the characteristic parameters for process
design, mass transfer studies have been carried out using
two-parameter isotherm models (Harkins–Jura, Halsey,
Smith, El-Awady and Flory–Huggins) and three-parameter
isotherm models (Redlich–Peterson and Sips) which are
applied to the experimental data. The fitness of the isotherms
describes that both mono- and multilayer adsorptions
occur in the present studied three biosorbents in
preference to the latter. The mechanism of adsorption has
been studied using diffusion kinetic models (viz. liquid film
diffusion, Dunwald–Wagner intra-particle diffusion model
and moving boundary model) and described the possibility
of diffusion in the order of banana bunch–stem powder[
sorghum stem powder[casuarinas fruit powder in
terms of diffusion coefficients. In essence of all the results,
the selected adsorbents can be used as a potential adsorbent
for the removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions.
Groundwater quality of south India is depending on climate condition and bedrock geology but may also be impacted by pollution, particularly from industrial sources and agricultural activity. In the current study, 15 groundwater samples were collected from different locations in the Kinathukkadavu Taluk, Coimbatore to assess water quality for drinking as well as for irrigation purpose by analyzing the major cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ and K+) and anions (Cl-, NO3-, SO42- and F-) besides some physical and chemical parameters (pH, total hardness, electrical conductivity and total alkalinity). Statistical analysis like correlation, R- mode factor and cluster analysis were performed for demarcate the association of hydro geochemical parameters. Also groundwater quality mapping was developed using geographic information system.
Soil quality in the vicinity of palm oil mills in Umuahia, NigeriaPremier Publishers
The study focused on the effect of the palm oil mill effluent (POME) on the physico-chemical parameters of agricultural soil within Umuahia. The soil samples were collected from the areas where the POME was discharged. The following parameters were analyzed: particle size, organic carbon, organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, available phosphorus, exchangeable cations (Na, K, Ca, Mg), electrical conductivity. Digested samples were also analyzed for heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Ni, Cu) using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Results of the physico-chemical analysis showed that the discharge of POME onto the soil causes the degradation of soil physico-chemical properties and increase heavy metal contamination.
The purpose of this study was to obtain a relationship between the ratio of
BOD/COD and partition coefficient octanol/water (Pow) for glucose, lactose, sucrose,
formaldehyde, acetic acid and oxalic acid. This relationship was supported by the
toxicity test of each organic material on fish. The results show that the lower the
BOD/COD ratio, the higher the Pow coefficient, which means more organic matter
leads to biomass. Among the organic materials studied, formaldehyde has the lowest
BOD/COD ratio (<0.1) and highest Pow (>4) and was supported by the results of its
toxicity in fish having the lowest LC-50 (24 mg/L). Whereas lactose has the highest
BOD/COD ratio (>0.9) and lowest Pow (<0.7) with the highest LC-50 (851 mg/L). The
rest of the organic substances have characteristics in the range of lactose and
formaldehyde.
Hierarchical Evaluation of Geologic Carbon Storage Resource Estimates: Cambri...Cristian Medina
The Midwest Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership (MRCSP) aims to study the regional distribution and geologic storage suitability of units within the Cambrian-Ordovician sequences, including the Knox Supergroup, St. Peter Sandstone, Trenton and Lexington Limestones, and equivalent units across the MRCSP region.
To date, we have compiled a comprehensive data set of wireline logs and petrophysical information that include core analysis for porosity and permeability and mercury injection capillary pressure (MICP) analyses. Using these data, carbon storage resource estimates (SRE) are evaluated using a hierarchical approach that addresses uncertainty in the estimates by incorporating different models of formation porosity based on a series of increasingly complex portrayals of the pore system. The simplest analysis follows the USDOE methodology whereby a SRE is calculated using a single value for porosity in the assessed formation. Additional estimates follow the same general methodology but employ increasingly precise spatially variable porosity models based on formation diagenesis (depth-dependent function), reservoir suitability (effective porosity), distinct petrofacies (advanced reservoir characterization), and multiple realizations of porosity using data-driven geostatistical methods.
Results from this hierarchical approach help illuminate the magnitude of uncertainty that should be expected in SREs as a function of data availability and the level of reservoir characterization that is achievable for a given formation. A semi-probabilistic SRE calculation methodology using Monte Carlo simulations to create models for porosity generally tends to underestimate the range of uncertainty in storage resource. Conceivably, the higher the order model, the lower the uncertainty in the SRE. Ongoing research is investigating whether improved precision implicit in higher orders of the hierarchy are generating more accurate estimates of storage volumes.
Classification of storm water and sea water samples by zero-, first- and seco...IJERA Editor
This paper deals with the quality of storm water and its recipient sea water. For this purpose, UV spectroscopy
and pattern recognition methods were used. The treatment of the zero-order spectral data showed that almost all
storm water samples were classified into two groups. The treatment of the first-order derivative spectral data
showed that each of these groups can be divided into two subgroups, with few samples common, while the
second-order derivatization has highlighted the final group of the common samples. Finally, sea water samples
were classified into two groups after processing of the spectral data. The majority of the samples was classified
to the first group and the rest of them to the second group.
Chemical and microbial treatment of toxic wastes from Fertilizers industryOmar Ali
Thesis: “Chemical and microbial treatment of toxic wastes from Fertilizers industry“
Biological Treatment of Waste and Bio remediation)
Environmental Biotechnology Department,
Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research institute,
University of Sadat City, Egypt
Use of Fuzzy Set Theory in Environmental Engineering Applications: A ReviewIJERA Editor
Methods of solving the identified environmental problems, considering mathematical rigorous alternative assessment of environmental component process using fuzzy logic and approximate reasoning, are described by various researchers. To illustrate how such a computational intelligence approach would work in performing an assessment, various artificial techniques have been described. Fuzzy system technique for analysis of environmental components differentiates the approach from those techniques used in the past. It takes advantage of advanced computational intelligence techniques such as fuzzy sets and logic, for quantifying and manipulating in a mathematically rigorous way, subjective, inherently uncertain or imprecise values and concepts. This paper put forth the use of fuzzy sets in field of environmental engineering.
Insights on Porosity and Pore Size Distribution Using Multiple Analytical Too...Cristian Medina
The geologic description and quantification of the physical properties that define a viable reservoir are fundamental for assessing the feasibility of a reservoir to receive and store injected CO2 in the deep subsurface. Two petrophysical properties, porosity and permeability, constrain the reservoir in terms of its storage potential and injectivity. The analytical tools that are useful for measuring these properties vary and are optimally employed at various scales.
We analyzed 52 rock samples from the Cambrian-Ordovician Knox Supergroup spanning a significant area of the midwestern United States. These samples represent a wide range in both the scale and magnitude of the porosity present in this prospective storage reservoir. The samples were analyzed for total porosity and pore size distribution, using petrographic image analysis, helium porosimetry, gas adsorption, mercury porosimetry, and (ultra) small-angle neutron scattering. These analytical techniques were collectively used to understand the relationship between porosity, permeability, and pore size distribution; they offer a unique opportunity to study a wide range of pore sizes and to understand the validity of employing these techniques collaboratively.
Results from nitrogen and carbon dioxide adsorption and from mercury injection capillary pressure are important in that they provide insights on small pore size that otherwise cannot be resolved by standard low-pressure helium porosimetry or by image analysis software. Additionally, results from analyses of these carbonate reservoir rocks suggest that microporosity does not have a considerable impact on permeability, but larger pores control this key petrophysical parameter for constraining fluid flow through the pore system.
Strategic In-stream Systems (STRAINS) is a small-scale, low-tech, in-stream decontamination strategy deployed to overcome these problems. STRAINS use the insights of the Sowl Kere studies to develop a series of larger interventions which can be placed directly with nallahs to prevent the contamination and eutrophication of urban lakes.
Kinetic, thermodynamic and equilibrium studies on removal of hexavalent chrom...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Removal of Cr(VI) by biosorption on two agro waste materials, casuarinas fruit powder (CFP) and sorghum
stem powder (SSP), has been investigated. The prepared adsorbent materials were characterized by SEM, EDX,
FTIR and BET. These biomaterials effectively removed Cr(VI) with a maximum removal of 93.35% and 63.75% using
15 gL−1 and 5 gL−1 of CFP and SSP, respectively, at 60 oC with 20mgL−1 initial Cr(VI) concentration in solution. In both
cases of adsorbents, kinetic data of adsorption fitted well in pseudo-second-order in terms of correlation coefficient
(R2). This helps in proposing the process of adsorption as chemical coordination, which is correlated with the thermodynamic
study results conducted at different values of temperature. Langmuir, Freundlich and D-R models were evaluated
for description of metal sorption isotherms. Values of coefficients of intra-particle diffusion and mass transfer have
also been determined at different values of temperature.
Utilization of agro-waste for removal of toxic hexavalent chromium: surface i...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Abundantly available agricultural waste materials
(banana bunch, sorghum stem and casuarinas fruit) are
processed with negligible cost and are found to be highly
suitable as biosorbents for chromium(VI) removal from
aqueous environment due to high surface area and functional
groups of adsorbents. The equilibrium data have
been analyzed for the adsorbate–adsorbate/adsorbent
interactions and found to be fitted to the data in the order,
Hill–de Boer C Fowler–Guggenheim % Frumkin[Kiselev.
To determine the characteristic parameters for process
design, mass transfer studies have been carried out using
two-parameter isotherm models (Harkins–Jura, Halsey,
Smith, El-Awady and Flory–Huggins) and three-parameter
isotherm models (Redlich–Peterson and Sips) which are
applied to the experimental data. The fitness of the isotherms
describes that both mono- and multilayer adsorptions
occur in the present studied three biosorbents in
preference to the latter. The mechanism of adsorption has
been studied using diffusion kinetic models (viz. liquid film
diffusion, Dunwald–Wagner intra-particle diffusion model
and moving boundary model) and described the possibility
of diffusion in the order of banana bunch–stem powder[
sorghum stem powder[casuarinas fruit powder in
terms of diffusion coefficients. In essence of all the results,
the selected adsorbents can be used as a potential adsorbent
for the removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions.
Groundwater quality of south India is depending on climate condition and bedrock geology but may also be impacted by pollution, particularly from industrial sources and agricultural activity. In the current study, 15 groundwater samples were collected from different locations in the Kinathukkadavu Taluk, Coimbatore to assess water quality for drinking as well as for irrigation purpose by analyzing the major cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ and K+) and anions (Cl-, NO3-, SO42- and F-) besides some physical and chemical parameters (pH, total hardness, electrical conductivity and total alkalinity). Statistical analysis like correlation, R- mode factor and cluster analysis were performed for demarcate the association of hydro geochemical parameters. Also groundwater quality mapping was developed using geographic information system.
Soil quality in the vicinity of palm oil mills in Umuahia, NigeriaPremier Publishers
The study focused on the effect of the palm oil mill effluent (POME) on the physico-chemical parameters of agricultural soil within Umuahia. The soil samples were collected from the areas where the POME was discharged. The following parameters were analyzed: particle size, organic carbon, organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, available phosphorus, exchangeable cations (Na, K, Ca, Mg), electrical conductivity. Digested samples were also analyzed for heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Ni, Cu) using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Results of the physico-chemical analysis showed that the discharge of POME onto the soil causes the degradation of soil physico-chemical properties and increase heavy metal contamination.
The purpose of this study was to obtain a relationship between the ratio of
BOD/COD and partition coefficient octanol/water (Pow) for glucose, lactose, sucrose,
formaldehyde, acetic acid and oxalic acid. This relationship was supported by the
toxicity test of each organic material on fish. The results show that the lower the
BOD/COD ratio, the higher the Pow coefficient, which means more organic matter
leads to biomass. Among the organic materials studied, formaldehyde has the lowest
BOD/COD ratio (<0.1) and highest Pow (>4) and was supported by the results of its
toxicity in fish having the lowest LC-50 (24 mg/L). Whereas lactose has the highest
BOD/COD ratio (>0.9) and lowest Pow (<0.7) with the highest LC-50 (851 mg/L). The
rest of the organic substances have characteristics in the range of lactose and
formaldehyde.
Desarrollar los modelos lógicos conceptuales según los requerimientos del negocio. Diagrame y defina la multiplicidad para la relación (identificando los verbos idóneos)
Parameter Estimation of Pollutant Removal for Subsurface Horizontal Flow Cons...mkbsbs
Treatment efficiencies of a pilot scale constructed wetland treating greywater
from a staff canteen of the University of Moratuwa was studied to estimate the
temperature dependent reaction rate constants of specific pollutant removal
mechanisms.
Treatability study of cetp wastewater using physico chemical process-a case s...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Treatability study of cetp wastewater using physico chemical process-a case s...eSAT Journals
Abstract The present study is focused on a Common Effluent Treatment Plant (CETP) located at Umaraya, District Baroda. Waste water from about thirty five small and medium scale industries majorly comprising of chemical manufacturing and pharmaceutical industries are treated in this CETP. The incoming wastewater was collected and mixed to prepare samples. They were then oxidized by Fenton’s reagent (Fe2+/H2O2) reduction in COD and BOD were observed at different H2O2 and FeSO4 doses to determine the optimum values. Thereafter pretreated wastewater was subjected to filtration with ordinary charcoal and COD and BOD reductions were noted.COD and BOD reduction of 64.35% and 68.57% respectively was achieved by Fenton’s reagent and after filtration the values were well within the disposal standards. The results clearly indicate that conventional system should be replaced by physicochemical process like oxidation and filtration. Index Terms: CETP, COD and BOD reduction, Fenton’s Reagent, Charcoal Filtration
37.8 MGD Activated Sludge Wastewater Treatment Plant Field and Model Capacity...njcnews777
This paper presents results from the model capacity evaluation of an activated sludge plant at a large 37.8 MGD regional municipal wastewater treatment plant with reuse potential. The plant capacity evaluation (stress test) was performed to evaluate treatment process capacity and efficiencies as a part of the continuous improvement of the treatment plant for process optimization and maximization of flow through the plant.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Effect of temperature on biodegradation of textile dyeing effluent using pilo...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— This study deals with the effect of temperature on treatment of real textile dyeing effluent using pilot scale two-phase Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor with sago effluent as co-substrate under recycle mode. The temperature of the reactor was varied viz. 35, 40, 45 and 50 0C. The feed of the reactor was 30% of methanogenic outlet recycled and 70% of 70/30 (sago/textile dyeing effluent) mixing ratio were given at the bottom of the reactor. The reactor was operated at 24 h of HRT. The performance of the bioreactor was evaluated by monitoring the removal of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), removal of color, Volatile Fatty Acid (VFA) and biogas production. The overall COD and color removal were achieved maximum of 98.4% and 99.3% respectively. Based on temperature, the biogas production (0.512 m3/d) was maximum at 450C. From the VFA and alkalinity ratio values obtained indicate that the reactors were operated under steady state. The results shows, that the sago and textile dyeing effluent have wide variation in their characteristics were treated on combination, whereas the recycle ratios maintain the stability of reactor. This new technology supports the effective utilization of sago effluent in destruction of dyeing effluent; the optimum temperature for efficient reactor operation was 450C.
Low Cost Anaerobic Treatment of Municipal Solid Waste Leachateiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Altered Terrain: Colonial Encroachment and Environmental Changes in Cachar, A...PriyankaKilaniya
The beginning of colonial policy in the area was signaled by the British annexation of the Cachar district in southern Assam in 1832. The region became an alluring investment opportunity for Europeans after British rule over Cachar, especially after the accidental discovery of wild tea in 1855. Within this historical context, this study explores three major stages that characterize the evolution of nature. First, it examines the distribution and growth of tea plantations, examining their size and rate of expansion. The second aspect of the study examines the consequences of land concessions, which led to the initial loss of native forests. Finally, the study investigates the increased strain on forests caused by migrant workers' demands. It also highlights the crucial role that the Forest Department plays in protecting these natural habitats from the invasion of tea planters. This study aims to analyze the intricate relationship between colonialism and the altered landscape of Cachar, Assam, by means of a thorough investigation, shedding light on the environmental, economic, and societal aspects of this historical transformation.
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
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For Domestic Wastewater Treatment, Finding Optimum Conditions by Particle Swarm Optimization and Experimental Design
1. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN [2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-1, January- 2016]
Page | 56
For Domestic Wastewater Treatment, Finding Optimum
Conditions by Particle Swarm Optimization and Experimental
Design
Ayşe Taşkın1
, Zehra Zeybek2
, Barış Satar3
, Süleyman Taşkın4
1,2
Ankara University, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, 06100 Anadolu, Ankara, TURKEY
3,4
Ankara University, Dept. of Electronic Engineering, Ankara, TURKEY
Abstract— Performing jar test method is used for finding out optimum conditions (coagulant type, coagulant dose, pH
etc.)for treatment of domestic wastewater before physicochemical process, or coagulation process. In this study, Response
Surface Method (RSM) is applied to determine optimum combinations of coagulant dose and pH value in jar test. Alum,
FeCl3 and FeSO4 are used as coagulant and compared with highest removal efficiency of their two responses which turbidity
and chemical oxygen demand (COD).Finding equations from RSM are also evaluated with Particle Swarm Optimization
(PSO) method by using Matlab Program. Alum and Ferric Chloridedose500 mg/lat pH7 found as optimum conditions for
domestic wastewater treatment. COD removal for Alum and Ferric Chloride are 90% and 70%,respectively.In addition,
Because of becoming low COD removal (maximum 50%) and ineffectively color removal, Ferric Sulfate coagulant found as
inconvenient for treating domestic wastewater.
Keywords— Optimization, Domestic Wastewater Treatment, pH, COD, Turbidity, PSO, RSM.
I. INTRODUCTION
Development of industry and rising of population in urban areas increase the amount of domestic wastewater day by day.
Releasing of untreated waste water pollute fresh water sources. Therefore, treatment of wastewater is important to meet the
growing freshwater demand.
Inappropriate usage of water can only be decreased with developing water techniques (JSackson et al., 2001; Bixio et al.,
2006; Karr et al., 1991; Saurer et al., 2008; Shiva et al., 2002, S.Sarıoglu 2005). One of the water controlling policies is
separating into gray water and black water. In addition, gray water is treated easier instead of fixed wastewater (Mülleger et
al., 2003; Scheumann et al., 2007 S.Sarıoglu 2005).
Gray water comes from bathing, wash basins or sinks, washing machines, dish washing, kitchen etc. Gray water doesn‟t
include urine and faces, so it contains less organic matter and nutrients than black water (Sarıoglu 2005; Schafer et al., 2006;
Ramon et al., Eriksson et al., 2002; Jefferson et al., 2004; March et al., 2004).
Gray water can be separated into low-load and high-load. High-load wastewater has more concentration of detergent than the
other one. Kitchen, washing machine and dishwashing machine waters are high-load type. On the other hand, low-load
wastewater which comes from bathing, wash basins or sinks wastewater has low concentration of detergent.
Gray water has less polluted, so treatment of it is more easy and economic than black one (Sarıoglu, 2011; Ramon et al.,
2004; Nolde, 1999; Eriksson ve ark., 2002; Sandec, 2006). Treated gray water can be reused for toilet flushing, irrigation of
lawns, parks, washing of vehicles, fire protection and concrete production water etc(Anderson et al., 2003; Angelakis et.
al.2001; Friedler et al., 2001, Sarıoglu, 2011).
Mixing of black and gray wastewater can be treated with difficulty and not a good way of urban wastewater usage. Figure
1.gives conventional and alternative methods for urban water usage and treatment. In conventional one, black wastewater and
gray wastewater are mixed. But, in alternative method, gray waste water is treated easy and then reused (March et al., 2004).
In this study, gray wastewater coming from washing machines was treated with coagulation method by using Alum, FeCl3
and FeSO4 coagulant and found proper concentration of them for treatment with statistical optimization approach.
2. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN [2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-1, January- 2016]
Page | 57
FIGURE 1: CONVENTIONAL AND ALTERNATIVE SCHEMES FOR URBAN WATER USE AND TREATMENT (MARCH ET AL., 2004)
II. MATERIAL AND METHOD
2.1. Characteristic of Wastewater
In this study, waste water samples are taken from washing machine. The measured characteristics of wastewater are given in
Table 1.
TABLE 1
THE MEASURED CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DOMESTIC WASTEWATER
Pollutant Parameters Quantity
Turbidity (FTU) 295
COD (mg/L) 1680
PH 7.6
2.2. Jar Test
Three different coagulants were used in the jar test: aluminum sulfate [Al2(SO4)3.18H2O] (or Alum), Ferric Chloride [FeCl3],
ferric sulfate [Fe(SO4)3]purchased from Merck. The coagulation pH was adjusted according to pH levels in Table 2. These
pH levels achieved by adding %20 HCl solution or %20 NaOH solution just before dosing of the coagulant. The coagulation
process using the jar test was carried out using 250 ml jars. pH of the solution were measured using pH meter (Mettler
Toledo). The pH adjustments were also done respectively by adding HCl and NaOH. All experiments were carried out at
room temperature.
3. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN [2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-1, January- 2016]
Page | 58
The turbidity and chemical oxygen demand (COD) of wastewater was measured using a water analysis system (Orbeco-
Hellige, Model 975-MP).The chemicals of Bioscience Inc. are used for COD analysis also. The experimental conditions for
each run are given in the design matrix in Table 2.
TABLE 2
THE LEVELS OF THE FACTORS IN THE DESIGN MATRIX
Actual Variable, Unit
LEVELS
Symbols
Lowest
-α
(-1,414)
Low
-1
Center
0
High
+1
Highest +α
(+1,414)
Aluminum
Sulfate
Dose (mg/L) X1 292 500 1000 1500 1700
pH X2 6.17 7 9 11 11.8
Ferrous Sulfate
Dose (mg/L) X1 292 500 1000 1500 1700
pH X2 6.17 7 9 11 11.8
Ferric
Sulfate
Dose (mg/L) X1 292 500 1000 1500 1700
pH X2 6.17 7 9 11 11.8
2.3. Response Surface Method (RSM)
Experimental design involves what is known as a universe of prediction, because it deals with combinatorial relationship
between independent variables. Then, the functional relationships between parameters are treated with regression methods.
The mass fraction of coagulant (X1), pH values (X2) are considered to be the main variables affecting the turbidity in
domestic wastewater treatment. The pH of wastewater is 7-11 and experiment is performed under room temperatures. The
experimental design adopted had two factors (coagulant concentration and pH value). The coded values of the independent
variables (-1 = lowest level, 0 = medium level, 1 = highest level) were calculated. The dependence of the turbidity on these
parameters was determined with first and second-degree polynomials. Linear model and non-linear models are given below.
Linear model (Raymond, 1971):
(1)
Non-linear Model:
(2)
Where b0, bi, bii and bij linear, interaction and quadratic term, respectively are constant and regression coefficients of the
model, and Xi are the independent variables in coded values.
In the experimental design method, model parameters are estimated by forming and optimal plan matrix. Generally, the
coded values of the parameters are used in the plan matrix.
(3)
Here, Xi is the coded value of the variables; i the real values of the variables, Uio the average values of the variables, and △Ui
the step interval of the variables.
4. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN [2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-1, January- 2016]
Page | 59
The plan matrices are formed in the following sequential order. Firstly, the area to be searched and a central plan are selected.
The initial coordinate is applied to central plan. Next, the step interval of the change for each parameter is determined. The
selection of the center of the plan and of the step interval is due to the definition of the model, 2n experiments must be
carried out. The number of experiments for a nonlinear model is 2n
+ 2n +1. Here, '2' indicates two levels, the highest and
lowest, of the selected operating parameters Xi and n is the number of parameters (Zeybek et al., 2007).
The optimization was done using numerical approach. The goal of the optimization was set to finding the operating
conditions that would give the maximum COD and turbidity removal efficiency in order to determine relationships between
the factors and responses.
The experimental design, the statistical analysis and optimization were accomplished with the Response Surface Method in
Design-Expert 9.0 programme, which wasshowed the result of 3D surface and 2D contour plots.
2.4. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
In many optimization problems, the size of the search space rapidly increases with number of variables and domain of the
values they can take. Finding an optimization in these search space quickly becomes an interactable problem, due to find
sufficiently good solution in polynomial time (Babuska and Schutter, 2008).
Particle Swarm Optimization (or PSO) (Kenedy and Eberhart, 1995) has been developed to solve nonlinear multidimensional
optimization problems. The best position everwas succeed in achieving by each individual, also called its experience, is
retained in memory. Then, the information of this experience is transfer onto part or the whole population. In anology to
flocks of birds, PSO casts the optimization problem in a parameter space, through which a set of particles flies.
The basic flow for the PSO algorithm is shown in figure 2. A population of random vectors and velocities are created as the
swarm of particles. These particles are randomly placed, and each move in random directions, but as the algorithm is
performed, swarming behavior emerges as the particles probe the multi-dimensional surface.
FIGURE 2: BASIC PSO ALGORITHM.
Evaluate Fitness of Particle
İf particle fitness >global best
fitness, update global best
İf particle fitness >global best
fitness, update global best
Update particle velocity
Update particle position
Exit Criteria (global best
satisfactory?)
Randomly İnitialize Population
Locations and Velocities.
5. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN [2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-1, January- 2016]
Page | 60
In PSO, the particles update their state in each iteration of the algorithm is given with the following Equations (4)-(5);
vi(t+1) = w(t)vi(t) + c1r1(t) [xi,pbest(t) - xi(t)]+ c2r2(t) [xi,gbest(t)- xi(t)] (4)
xi(t+1)= xi(t)+ vi(t+1) (5)
Where t is the current time step, xi (t), the position of a particle, vi (t) its velocity, xi,pbest(t) the personal best position,
xi,gbest(t) the global best position at time t. In addition, w(t) is the inertia weight, r1,2(t), random variables, and c1,2 acceleration
constants.
In each iteration, a fitness function F : X → R is evaluated for the values of xi(t) and compared to the personal best values
xi, pbest(t). If a better value, corresponding to a higher fitness, has been found for a particle i, its personal best value is replaced
by xi(t). If the maximum of xi (t) over all i in some neighborhood is higher than the current xi,gbest(t), the latter value is
replaced by that value. Sometimes, the neighborhood is considered to cover the complete swarm. Therefore, the local best is
called the global best position of a particle. Each particle in the swarm is attracted towards its personal best solution and its
global best solution. In this way, it learns to find the optimum of the fitness function, not only by its own experience, but
from other members of the swarm as well. The values of the inertia weight w(t) and the range of the random variables r1,2(t)
influence the convergence of the particle swarm. The positive acceleration constants c1,2 trade off exploration and
exploitation.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1. Response Surface Methodology
The turbidity and COD removal efficiency were investigated to the minimum amounts of coagulants and optimum the value
of pH. The main features of response surface methods lend themselves well to study of multiple response situations.
Diagrams showing the fitted surface in the form of contours of constant response often indicate more than one region where
the predicted response is at a level which is considered to be satisfactory. The researcher can then use this information, in
addition to similar contours for a second response, to arrive at a setting (X1, X2,…Xt) that represents approximately the
“best” operating conditions. The turbidity and COD removal of the treated wastewater was chosen as the dependent variable
to be studied.
In these experiments, two independent variables investigated were coagulant concentration (X1) and pH value (X2). Initially,
a simple 22
factorial experiments was planned in order that yield studied. The levels of the factors are given in Table 2. The
following equations show coded variables.
, (6)
The results apply to the Central Composite Design (CCD) of RSM to observe the effects of the concentration of coagulant
and the value of pH. Therefore, these program supplies to us compare of the single, the linear and the interactive effects of
coagulant dose and pH value.
The CCD application of results of alum, ferric chloride and ferric sulfate coagulants are given Equations (7)-(12). Y1 and Y2
show us the COD and turbidity removal efficiency for all coagulants. For the COD removal, the terms of this model were
found to be X1, X2, X1X2, X1
2
and X2
2
.
COD removal Y1 (%) :
Y1 (Alum) =+86.79-8.13*X1-16.82*X2-8.25*X1X2-3.66*X1
2
-10.86*X2
2
(7)
Y1 (FeCl3) = 75.10-3.06*X1-10.48*X2-10.75*X1X2-10.42*X1
2
-14.67* X2
2
(8)
Y1 (FeSO4) = 74.50-2.60*X1+10.55*X2-8.00*X1X2-4.75*X1
2
-20.75* X2
2
(9)
6. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN [2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-1, January- 2016]
Page | 61
Turbidity removal Y2 (%) :
Y2 (Alum) = +91.40-0.10*X1-4.57*X2-0.50*X1X2+1.86*X1
2
+0.12* X2
2
(10)
Y2 (FeCl3) = +81.11-3.26*X1+2.1*X2+3.25*X1X2-1.12*X1
2
-4.62* X2
2
(11)
Y2 (FeSO4) = +74.50-10.23*X1+21.70*X2-18.91*X1X2-9.73*X1
2
-24.73* X2
2
(12)
From the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA),p-values of regression, lack of fit R-square values are tested. According to
analysis variance Table (3)-(4), the values of lack of fit are smaller than 0.05 and R-square values are obtained range from
0.89 to 0.98. In addition, normal probability plot can be seen in figure (3)-(5). Therefore the model residuals' distribution is
normal and also this model fits the Response Surface Methodology.
FIGURE 3: NORMAL PROBABILITY PLOTS OF RESIDUALS USING ALUM FOR (A) TURBIDITY (B) COD REMOVAL.
FIGURE 4: NORMAL PROBABILITY PLOTS OF RESIDUALS USING FeCl3 FOR (A) TURBIDITY (B) COD REMOVAL
7. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN [2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-1, January- 2016]
Page | 62
FIGURE 5: NORMAL PROBABILITY PLOTS OF RESIDUALS USING FeSO4 FOR (A) TURBIDITY (B) COD REMOVAL
3.2. The COD removal efficiency
The significance of the parameters is decided to using Fisher‟s „F‟test which gives the linear, quadratic and interaction effects
of the factors. If p-value is less than 0.05, the effect of the factors is significant. In addition, the smaller p-value indicates the
more significant effect (Trinh T. Vd 2011).Moreover, the high R-square values of the models confirm their agreements with
the experimental data.
The linear (dose, pH), interaction (dose×pH) and quadratic effects (dose×dose, pH×pH) are given in Table 3. The results of
Alum and FeCl3coagulants are significant with all p-values˂0.05. The linear and the interaction of the pH factor are more
significant than the dose factor. So pH factor could be defined as the major determining condition for all of the coagulants.
TABLE 3
RESULTS OF ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (ANOVA) FOR COD REMOVAL MODEL
ALUM FeCl3 FeSO4
Source
Degree
of
Freedom
Mean
Square
F-
Value
P-Value
Degree
of
Freedom
Mean
Square
F-
Value
P-Value
Degree
of
Freedom
Mean
Square
F-
Value
P-Value
Model 5 775.17 58.31
˂0.0001
significant
5 763.42 11.74
0.0036
significant
3 775.54 4.01 0.0022
Dose 1 528.8 39.78 0.0004 1 797.42 12.26 0.03166 1 234.01 1.21 0.3348
PH 1 2240.18 168.51 ˂0.0001 1 1801.37 27.72 0.0077 1 5.95 0.031 0.0028
Dose×PH 1 272.25 20.48 0.0027 1 382.79 5.89 0.0315 1 2086.66 10.80 0.6675
Dose × Dose 1 93.14 7.01 0.0331 1 186.13 2.86 0.0110 0.0962
PH×PH 1 796.7 59.93 0.0001 1 551.94 8.49 0.0019 0.0004
Residual 7 13.29 7 65.01 9 193.22
Lack of fit 3 26.09 7.05 0.0448 3 148.35 58.98 ˂0.0001 5 345.79 137.66 0.0094
Pure error 4 3.7 4 2.52 4 2.51
R2
=0.98 Rdjusted
2
=0.96
R2
=0.89 Rdjusted
2
=0.80
R2
=0.90 Rdjusted
2
=0.83
8. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN [2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-1, January- 2016]
Page | 63
Figure 6 shows COD removal of the 3D surface plots of response and 2D contour plots for Alum FeCl3 and FeSO4.
Simultaneous decrease in the doses of coagulant and pH values for Alum and FeCl3led to increase in COD removal. For the
combination of the pH range from 7 to 9 and Alum dose range from 500 to 1000 mg/l, more than 90% COD were removed.
In addition, the maximum COD removal appeared at the pH range from 8 to 10 and FeCl3 dose range from 700 to 1300 mg/l.
Finally, the maximum COD removal obtained at the pH range from 9 to 10 and FeSO4 range from 900 to 1300 mg/l.
A. ALUM
B. FeCl3
C. FeSO4
FIGURE 6: THE 3D SURFACE AND 2D CONTOUR PLOTS OF THE COD REMOVAL FOR A) ALUM, B) FeCl3 AND C) FeSO4.
9. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN [2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-1, January- 2016]
Page | 64
3.3. The turbidity removal efficiency
Table 4 revealed that the results of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) for Alum and FeCl3 coagulant were very significant,
because of smaller p-value ˂0.05. The high R-square values (R2
=0.9681) of the models confirm their agreements. The linear
of the pH factor was more significant. Therefore, pH factor could be defined as the major determination condition of the
turbidity of removal efficiency for Alum coagulant. The result of the turbidity for FeCl3coagulant was not significant,
because of the p-value ˃0.05.
TABLE 4
RESULTS OF ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (ANOVA) FOR TURBIDITY REMOVAL MODEL
Table 4 shows that the linear (dose, pH), interaction (dose×pH) and quadratic effects (dose×dose, pH×pH) of model terms.
For Alum coagulant, the linear pH factor was more significant than others, which are smaller p-value ˂0.05. Therefore, the
linear pH factor could be defined as the major determining condition of turbidity removal for Alum coagulant. In addition,
quadratic pH factor (pH × pH) is the major determining condition of turbidity removal for FeCl3 and FeSO4 coagulants.
A. Alum
ALUM FeCl3 FeSO4
Source
Degree of
Freedom
Mean
Square
F-
Value
P-Value
Degree of
Freedom
Mean
Square
F-
Value
P-Value
Degree of
Freedom
Mean
Square
F-Value P-Value
Model 5 38.16 42.55
˂0.0001
significant
3 671.77 2.05
0.0007
significant
5 3440.83 5.38
0.0016
significant
Dose 1 0.086 0.096 0.7661 1 110.90 3.39 0.0016 1 1253.38 1.96 0.3765
PH 1 165.46 184.51 ˂0.0001 1 91.86 0.28 0.0147 1 6036.73 9.44 0.0065
Dose×PH 1 1.00 1.12 0.3260 1 812.54 12.25 0.0100 1 2229.26 3.49 0.0794
Dose2
1 24.15 26.93 0.0013 0.1560 1 1709.67 2.67 0.1522
PH2
1 0.090 0.10 0.7602 0.0003 1 6729.23 10.53 0.0002
Residual 7 0.90 9 327.49 7 639.16
Lack of fit 3 1.03 1.28 0.3943 5 588.16 355.97 0.0148 3 1491.21 12805.56 0.0003
Pure
error
4 0.80 4 1.65 4 0.12
R2
=0.97 Radjusted
2
=0.95 R2
=0.93 Radjusted
2
=0.88 R2
=0.91 Radjusted
2
=0.84
10. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN [2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-1, January- 2016]
Page | 65
B. FeCl3
C. FeSO4
FIGURE 7: THE 3D SURFACE AND 2D CONTOUR PLOTS OF THE TURBIDITY REMOVAL FOR A) ALUM, B) FeCl3 AND C) FeSO4.
Figure 7 shows the 3D surface plots of response and 2D contour plots of the quadratic models with respect to turbidity
removal for Alum, FeCl3 a FeSO4, respectively. Simultaneous decrease in the doses of coagulant for all of the coagulants led
to increase in turbidity removal. The maximum turbidity is removed at the combination of the pH range from 7 to 9 and
Alum dose range from 500 to 800 mg/l. Moreover, the maximum turbidity removal was observed at the combination of the
pH range from 7 to 9 and FeCl3 dose range from 500 to 900 mg/l. Finally, the combination of the pH range from 9 to 11 and
FeSO4 dose range from 500 to 1000 mg/l, the maximum turbidity removal was observed.
For FeSO4 coagulant, obtained maximum turbidity removal is % 70 at the pH range from 9 to 11 and FeSO4 dose range from
500 to 1000 mg/l. But, because of Cl-
ions of detergent, effectively color removal is not obtained from Ferric Sulfate
coagulant. Therefore, Ferric Sulfate coagulant is not convenient for treating domestic wastewater.
3.4. PSO Application
The values c1 and c2 are 1,494. Equation (4)-(5) can be rewritten as following equations.
vi(t+1) = w(t)vi(t) + 1,494×r1(t) [xi,pbest(t) - xi(t)]+ 1,494×r2(t) [xi,gbest(t)- xi(t)] (13)
11. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN [2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-1, January- 2016]
Page | 66
xi(t+1)= xi(t)+ vi(t+1) (14)
Number of iteration and particles are 500 and 50, respectively. In addition, number of dimension is two and also, inertial
weight is chosen randomly between 0, 4 to 0, 9 by PSO Matlab programme.
PSO is applied to Equations (7)-(12) and results of efficient COD and turbidity removal values are given Table 5. Although,
Response Surface Methodology only gives the range value of pH and coagulants dose for all the coagulants, results are
moved closer to a particular value as expected for PSO method.
TABLE 5
PSO RESULTS OF EFFICIENT COD AND TURBIDITY REMOVAL
COD Turbidity
pH Dose (mg/l) pH Dose (mg/l)
Alum 7.25 500.46 7.16 1499.8
Ferric Chloride 7.11 500.14 9.09 511.22
Ferric Sulfate 8.52 500.15 7.40 500.36
IV. CONCLUSION
The physicochemical process or coagulation process is common in water treatment. In this work, the Central Composite
Design of Response Surface Methodology has been successfully applied to this process for the treatment of domestic
wastewater. Simultaneous removals of COD and turbidity are investigated to evaluate effects of coagulant dose and pH and
then determined the optimum conditions. The results of the ANOVA carries out that the COD and turbidity removal are
significant with smaller p-values ˂0.05. Moreover, good correlation coefficients of %97.66 and %96.81 are obtained
respectively for COD and turbidity removal. This study reveals that alum is more efficient than FeCl3 and FeSO4 for removal
COD and turbidity. Absolute value of pH and coagulant dosage was found by PSO algorithm. Alum is recommended for the
coagulation of best treatment domestic waste water.
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