fluid and electrolyte disturbance in human bodybhartisharma175
it explain about definition of fluid and electrolyte disturbance, causes and different types of fluid disturbance. diagnostic evaluation and their emergent management along with supportive management.
fluid and electrolyte disturbance in human bodybhartisharma175
it explain about definition of fluid and electrolyte disturbance, causes and different types of fluid disturbance. diagnostic evaluation and their emergent management along with supportive management.
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is an acute, major, life-threatening complication of diabetes that mainly occurs in patients with type 1 diabetes, but it is not uncommon in some patients with type 2 diabetes. This condition is a complex disordered metabolic state characterized by hyperglycemia, ketoacidosis, and ketonuria.
chronic kidney disease, diagnosis, management, prognosis, complications, renal replacement therapy, when to initiate hemodialysis, complication of hemodialysis, mortality and morbility.
This includes a comprehensive study of Renal Failure - both AKI & CKD (ESRD). It is very helpful for those who are managing the clients with renal failure.
This lecture is based on National guidelines(Sri Lanka) and guidelines by NHS UK. all the materials used to prepare the lecture are trusted and high in quality. also the books referred are internationally recognized. both hyper and hypokalemia management included in the lecture. lecture is free and you can even download. i kept no copy rights. i appreciate your support, comments and suggestions. also i would be grateful if you can make these lectures popular. wishing your success.
Diabetic ketoacidosis is a serious complication of diabetes that occurs when your body produces high levels of blood acids called ketones. The condition develops when your body can't produce enough insulin.
When your cells don't get the glucose they need for energy, your body begins to burn fat for energy, which produces ketones. Ketones are chemicals that the body creates when it breaks down fat to use for energy. The body does this when it doesn’t have enough insulin to use glucose, the body’s normal source of energy. When ketones build up in the blood, they make it more acidic.
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) means your kidneys are damaged and can't filter blood the way they should. The disease is called “chronic” because the damage to your kidneys happens slowly over a long period of time.
Acute kidney failure occurs when your kidneys suddenly become unable to filter waste products from your blood. When your kidneys lose their filtering ability, dangerous levels of wastes may accumulate, and your blood's chemical makeup may get out of balance
End-stage renal disease is a condition in which the kidneys no longer function normally and required excellent medical and nursing care for the managing this condition.
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is an acute, major, life-threatening complication of diabetes that mainly occurs in patients with type 1 diabetes, but it is not uncommon in some patients with type 2 diabetes. This condition is a complex disordered metabolic state characterized by hyperglycemia, ketoacidosis, and ketonuria.
chronic kidney disease, diagnosis, management, prognosis, complications, renal replacement therapy, when to initiate hemodialysis, complication of hemodialysis, mortality and morbility.
This includes a comprehensive study of Renal Failure - both AKI & CKD (ESRD). It is very helpful for those who are managing the clients with renal failure.
This lecture is based on National guidelines(Sri Lanka) and guidelines by NHS UK. all the materials used to prepare the lecture are trusted and high in quality. also the books referred are internationally recognized. both hyper and hypokalemia management included in the lecture. lecture is free and you can even download. i kept no copy rights. i appreciate your support, comments and suggestions. also i would be grateful if you can make these lectures popular. wishing your success.
Diabetic ketoacidosis is a serious complication of diabetes that occurs when your body produces high levels of blood acids called ketones. The condition develops when your body can't produce enough insulin.
When your cells don't get the glucose they need for energy, your body begins to burn fat for energy, which produces ketones. Ketones are chemicals that the body creates when it breaks down fat to use for energy. The body does this when it doesn’t have enough insulin to use glucose, the body’s normal source of energy. When ketones build up in the blood, they make it more acidic.
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) means your kidneys are damaged and can't filter blood the way they should. The disease is called “chronic” because the damage to your kidneys happens slowly over a long period of time.
Acute kidney failure occurs when your kidneys suddenly become unable to filter waste products from your blood. When your kidneys lose their filtering ability, dangerous levels of wastes may accumulate, and your blood's chemical makeup may get out of balance
End-stage renal disease is a condition in which the kidneys no longer function normally and required excellent medical and nursing care for the managing this condition.
How many patients does case series should have In comparison to case reports.pdfpubrica101
Pubrica’s team of researchers and writers create scientific and medical research articles, which may be important resources for authors and practitioners. Pubrica medical writers assist you in creating and revising the introduction by alerting the reader to gaps in the chosen study subject. Our professionals understand the order in which the hypothesis topic is followed by the broad subject, the issue, and the backdrop.
https://pubrica.com/academy/case-study-or-series/how-many-patients-does-case-series-should-have-in-comparison-to-case-reports/
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
This content provides an overview of preventive pediatrics. It defines preventive pediatrics as preventing disease and promoting children's physical, mental, and social well-being to achieve positive health. It discusses antenatal, postnatal, and social preventive pediatrics. It also covers various child health programs like immunization, breastfeeding, ICDS, and the roles of organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and nurses in preventive pediatrics.
Navigating the Health Insurance Market_ Understanding Trends and Options.pdfEnterprise Wired
From navigating policy options to staying informed about industry trends, this comprehensive guide explores everything you need to know about the health insurance market.
India Clinical Trials Market: Industry Size and Growth Trends [2030] Analyzed...Kumar Satyam
According to TechSci Research report, "India Clinical Trials Market- By Region, Competition, Forecast & Opportunities, 2030F," the India Clinical Trials Market was valued at USD 2.05 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.64% through 2030. The market is driven by a variety of factors, making India an attractive destination for pharmaceutical companies and researchers. India's vast and diverse patient population, cost-effective operational environment, and a large pool of skilled medical professionals contribute significantly to the market's growth. Additionally, increasing government support in streamlining regulations and the growing prevalence of lifestyle diseases further propel the clinical trials market.
Growing Prevalence of Lifestyle Diseases
The rising incidence of lifestyle diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer is a major trend driving the clinical trials market in India. These conditions necessitate the development and testing of new treatment methods, creating a robust demand for clinical trials. The increasing burden of these diseases highlights the need for innovative therapies and underscores the importance of India as a key player in global clinical research.
Struggling with intense fears that disrupt your life? At Renew Life Hypnosis, we offer specialized hypnosis to overcome fear. Phobias are exaggerated fears, often stemming from past traumas or learned behaviors. Hypnotherapy addresses these deep-seated fears by accessing the subconscious mind, helping you change your reactions to phobic triggers. Our expert therapists guide you into a state of deep relaxation, allowing you to transform your responses and reduce anxiety. Experience increased confidence and freedom from phobias with our personalized approach. Ready to live a fear-free life? Visit us at Renew Life Hypnosis..
CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
We understand the unique challenges pickleball players face and are committed to helping you stay healthy and active. In this presentation, we’ll explore the three most common pickleball injuries and provide strategies for prevention and treatment.
Global launch of the Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index 2nd wave – alongside...ILC- UK
The Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index is an online tool created by ILC that ranks countries on six metrics including, life span, health span, work span, income, environmental performance, and happiness. The Index helps us understand how well countries have adapted to longevity and inform decision makers on what must be done to maximise the economic benefits that comes with living well for longer.
Alongside the 77th World Health Assembly in Geneva on 28 May 2024, we launched the second version of our Index, allowing us to track progress and give new insights into what needs to be done to keep populations healthier for longer.
The speakers included:
Professor Orazio Schillaci, Minister of Health, Italy
Dr Hans Groth, Chairman of the Board, World Demographic & Ageing Forum
Professor Ilona Kickbusch, Founder and Chair, Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute and co-chair, World Health Summit Council
Dr Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Director, Country Health Policies and Systems Division, World Health Organisation EURO
Dr Marta Lomazzi, Executive Manager, World Federation of Public Health Associations
Dr Shyam Bishen, Head, Centre for Health and Healthcare and Member of the Executive Committee, World Economic Forum
Dr Karin Tegmark Wisell, Director General, Public Health Agency of Sweden
3. FLUID
Approximately 60% of a typical adult’s weight consists of
fluid.
Factors that influence the amount of body fluid are age,
gender, and body fat.
Body fluid is located in two fluid compartments:
Intracellular space (fluid in the cells) Extracellular
space (fluid outside the cells).
Approximately two thirds of body fluid is in the
Intracellular fluid (ICF) compartment and is located
primarily in the skeletal muscle mass.
4. CONTINUED..
The Extracellular fluid (ECF) compartment is further
divided into the intravascular, interstitial, and
transcellular fluid spaces.
The intravascular space: plasma.
The interstitial space contains the fluid that surrounds
the cell in an adult. Example :Lymph
Transcellular space fluid are cerebrospinal, pericardial,
synovial, intraocular, and pleural fluids; sweat; and
digestive secretions.
5. FLUID IMBALANCES
Fluid imbalances occur when the body’s compensatory
mechanisms are unable to maintain a homeostatic state.
FLUID VOLUME DEFICIT (HYPOVOLEMIA)
Fluid volume deficit (FVD) occurs when loss of
extracellular fluid volume exceeds the intake of fluid.
Causes of FVD include
Vomiting, Diarrhea, GI suctioning, and sweating, and
Decreased intake, as in nausea.
7. CLINICAL MANISFESTATION OF FVD INCLUDE Acute weight loss
Decreased skin turgor
Oliguria
Concentrated urine
Postural hypotension
A weak, rapid heart rate
Flattened neck veins
Increased temperature
Decreased central venous pressure
Cool, clammy skin related to peripheral vasoconstriction;
Thirst; anorexia; nausea; lassitude
Muscle weakness; and cramps.
8. DIAGNISTIC STUDIES
Compelete health history
Physical examination.
BUN (elevated due to dehydration or decreased
renal perfusion and function).
Hematocrit level.
Urine specific gravity .
Urine osmolality
Serum Osmolality.
Serum eletrolytes level.
9. MANAGEMENT
Treatment of underlying cause.
Diarrhea- Antidiarrhea
Vomiting-antiemetics.
Symptomatic treatment.
Isotonic electrolyte solutions
(Eg:- Lactated Ringer’s or 0.9% sodium chloride) are
frequently used to treat the hypotensive patient
10. NURSING MANAGEMENT FOR FVD
Monitors and measures fluid intake & output.
Close monitoring of vital signs.
Skin and tongue turgor is monitored on a regular
basis.
Measuring the urine specific gravity.
Observe for cardiac & renal function by hemodynaic
monitoring.
Observe for mental status & confusion.
12. FLUID VOLUME EXCESS (FVE)
(HYPERVOLEMIA)
Fluid volume excess (FVE) refers to an isotonic
expansion of the ECF caused by the abnormal
retention of water and sodium in the ECF.
Contributing factors can include
Heart failure
Renal failure
Cirrhosis of the liver.
Consumption of excessive amounts salts.
13. CLINICAL MANISFESTATION OF FVE
Edema
Distended neck veins
Crackles (abnormal lung sounds).
Tachycardia
Increased blood pressure, Pulse pressure, and
central venous pressure.
Weight gain.
Increased urine output
Shortness of breath and wheezing.
14. DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES.
History collection.
Physical examination.
BUN and Hematocrit levels
Serum osmolality and the sodium level
urine sodium level
Renal function test
ECG.
Chest x-rays may reveal pulmonary
congestion
15. MANAGEMENT
Symptomatic treatment consists of
Administering diuretics : Loop diuretics, such as
furosemide (Lasix), bumetanide (Bumex), or
torsemide
Restricting fluids and sodium.
HEMODIALYSIS:
Used to remove nitrogenous wastes and
Control potassium and acid–base balance, and to
remove sodium and fluid.
NUTRITIONAL THERAPY: Salt restricted diet
16. NURSING MANAGEMENT.
Measures fluid intake and output.
Monitor vital signs closely.
Monitor patient body weight daily.
Measuring the circumference of the extremity with a
tape.
Check for edema
18. NORMAL LEVELS
sn Name Normal Hypo Hyper
1 Sodium 135-145m
Eq/lit
Less than
130
More than
145
2 Potassium 3.5-5.5mg/dl Less than
3
More than
5
3 Calcium 8.5-10.5mg/dl Less than
8.5
More than
11
4 Magnesium 1.5-2.5 mEq/L Less than
1
More than
3
5 chloride 98 and 107
meq/L
19. SODIUM DEFICIT (HYPONATREMIA)
Causes
Use of diuretics
Excessive diaphoresis
Loss of GI fluids
Cerebral salt-wasting syndrome
Renal disease,
Adrenal insufficiency.
Hyperglycemia
Heart failure cause a loss of sodium
Low-salt diet
Drug induced (oxytocin and certain tranquilizers)
Sodium level less than 130mEq/litre
20. CLINICAL FEATURES OF HYPONATREMIA
Anorexia,
Nausea and vomiting,
Headache,
Lethargy,
Confusion,
Muscle cramps and weakness,
Muscular twitching,
Seizures,
Papilledema,
Dry skin, ↑ pulse, ↓ BP
21. Diagnostic studies.
Serum and urine sodium
Urine specific gravity and osmolality
Treatment
Nutritional therapy:-Increasing oral sodium intake
and restricting oral fluid intake.
Avoiding drugs which causes low sodium.
IV Sodium chloride 3% infusion
22. SODIUM EXCESS (HYPERNATREMIA)
Causes:
Hyper-aldosteronism
Kidney failure
Corticosteroids
Cushing’s syndrome or disease
Excessive oral sodium ingestion
Excessive administration of sodium-containing IV
fluids
Watery diarrhea
Dehydration
Sodium level more than 145mEq/lit
23. CLINICAL MANISFESTATION HYPERNATRENMIA
Thirst
Elevated body temperature
Swollen dry tongue
Sticky mucous membranes
Hallucinations
Lethargy,
Restlessness, irritability,
focal or grand mal seizures,
pulmonary edema,
Hyperreflexia, twitching,
Nausea, vomiting,
Anorexia, ↑ pulse, and ↑ BP.
24. Diagnostic studies.
↑ serum sodium, ↓ urine sodium,
↑ urine specific gravity and osmolality
Management
Increase fluid intake.(Plain water)
Salt restricted diet.
Avoid drugs causing hypernatremia.
In severe cases Dialysis can be done.
30. Diagnostic studies.
Serum Potassium level.
ECG: tall tented T waves, prolonged PR interval
and QRS duration, absent P waves, ST depression.
31. CLINICAL MANISFESTATION
Numbness
Tingling of fingers & toes
Positive trousseau’s sign and chvostek’s sign
Seizures,
Hyperactive deep tendon reflexes
Irritability,
Bronchospasm,
Anxiety
Impaired clotting time
32. TREATMENT
Administer IV calcium gluconate :
calcium antagonizes the action of hyperkalemia on
the heart, thereby reduces the adverse cardiac
conduction abnormalities.
IV administration of regular insulin and a
hypertonic dextrose (25% dextrose) solution
causes a temporary shift of potassium into the cells.
In severe cases Peritoneal dialysis,
Hemodialysis can be done.
34. Diagnosis:-
Sr calcium level
ECG- prolonged QT interval and lengthened ST.
Coagulation profile.
Treatment:-
Vitamin D & Calcium replacement (oral and IV).
Nutrition therapy involves a high-calcium diet
35. CALCIUM EXCESS (HYPERCALCEMIA)
Causes:-
Hyperparathyroidism,
malignant neoplastic disease,
Prolonged immobilization,
Overuse of calcium supplements,
Vitamin D excess,
Oliguric phase of renal failure,
Acidosis
Corticosteroid therapy,
Thiazide diuretic use, increased parathyroid
hormone
Digoxin toxicity.
Calcium level more than 10.5 mg/dl
36. CLINICAL MANISFESTATION
Muscular weakness
Constipation
Anorexia
Nausea and vomiting
Polyuria and polydipsia
hypoactive deep tendon reflexes
Lethargy, deep bone pain, pathologic fractures,
flank pain, and calcium stones
37. Diagnostic studies:
Serum calcium level
ECG: shortened QT interval, bradycardia, heart
blocks.
Treatment
Avoid RL (Ringer’s lactate) iv fluids.
Avoid calcium & vit-D Supplementation.
IV normal saline 0.9%.(It increses the calcium
excretion by kidneys.)
Dialysis is used when severe hypercalcemia
causes lifethreatening cardiac problems
38. HYPOMAGNESEMIA
Hypomagnesemia refers to a below-normal serum
magnesium concentration. (lower than 1.8 mg/dL)
Normal value is 1.5 to 2.5 mEq/L (or 1.8–3.0 mg/dL)
Role of magnesium
Protein synthesis .
Cellular energy production and storage
Stabilization of cells
DNA synthesis
Nerve signal transmission muscles and nerves
Bone metabolism
Cardiac function & blood pressure
39. CAUSES FOR HYPOMAGNESEMIA
GI diseases celiac disease, crohn’s
disease, and chronic diarrhea & vomiting
Type-2 diabetes : (excrete mg+ in urine)
Poor dietary intake of magnesium
Increase in urination and fatty stools
Liver disease
Kidney impairment
Pancreatitis
Use of loop diurectics.
Malbsorption (older adults)
41. Diagnostic studies.
Blood magnesium level
Management
Oral magnesium supplements and increased
intake of dietary magnesium.
Exam: Spinach , almonds ,cashews ,peanuts ,whole
grain cereal ,soymilk, black beans ,avocado
,banana ,salmon & baked potato with the skin
Magnesium intravenously.
42. COMPLICATIONS OF HYPOMAGNESEMIA
Severe hypomagnesemia can have life-threatening
complications such as:
Seizures
Cardiac arrhythmias
Coronary artery vasospasm
Sudden death
43. HYPERMAGNESEMIA
Hypermagnesemia refers to an excess amount of
magnesium in the bloodstream.( more then 2.8mg/dl/
Causes of Hypermagnesemia
Kidney failure
End-stage liver disease
Lithium therapy
Hypothyroidism
Addison’s disease
Milk-alkali syndrome
Drugs containing magnesium, such as some laxatives
and antacids
Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia
46. NURSING CARE FOR ELETROLYTES
IMBALANCE
Proper history collection
Through physical examination
Monitoring blood level.
Administering drug as ordered & assess for side
effects.
Monitoring cardiac & respiratory function.
Monitoring kidney function ( I/O chart)
Dietician consultation for balance diet.
Monitoring mental status & cognitive function of
patient.