2. INTRODUCTION
ďźFluid And Electrolyte Plays Vital Role In Maintaining
Homeostasis With In The Body.
ďźOur Body Consists Of Two Type Of Fluid Intracellular
And Extracellular Fluid.
ďźFluid Is A Major Component Of Our Body It Serves A
Vital Role In Our Health, And In Normal Cellular Function
By Serving As A Medium For Metabolic Reactions With In
The Cell.
ďźIt Also Is The Transporter And Waste Products , A
Lubricant , An Insulator And A Shock Absorber
3. TERMINOLOGIES
â˘HOMEOSTASIS : The ability or tendency
of an organism or cell to maintain
internal equilibrium by adjusting its
physiological process.
5. â˘OSMOSIS: Movement of
molecules through A
semipermeable membrane
from A solution with A lower
concentration to A higher
concentration until there is
an equal concentration of
fluid on both sides of the
6. â˘OSMOLARITY : The concentration of A
solution in terms of osmoles of
solutes per litre of solution.
7. â˘DIFFUSION : The
process by which
solutes move from an
area of higher
concentration to the
area of lower
concentration , without
8. â˘ISOTONIC : A solution with the same
osmolality as serum and other body
fluids.
â˘HYPOTONIC : A solution with an
osmolality lower than that of the serum.
â˘HYPERTONIC : A solution with an
osmolality higher than that of the
11. â˘ACTIVE TRANSPORT :
The physiologic pump
that moves fluid from an
area of lower
concentration to the area
of higher concentration :
active transport requires
ATP for energy.
12. â˘FILTRATION : Passage
through A filter or
through A material that
prevents passage of
certain molecules;
E.G.(Capillary wall ,blood
brain barrier,
radiographic grid.
13. â˘BODY FLUIDS : The Total Body Water In
Adults Of Average Built Is About 60%
Of Body Weight This Proportion Is
Higher In Young People And In Adults
Below Average Weight. It Is Lower In
The Elderly And Obese Of The All Age
Groups.
14. â˘FLUID
COMPARTMENTS :
Body water is located
in 2 major fluids
compartments the
intracellular fluid (ICF)
compartment and the
extracellular fluid(ecf)
17. ⢠EXTRACELLULAR FLUID VOLUME
DEFICIT(ECFVD)
An ECFVD is A decrease in
intravascular and interstitial fluids. It is A
common and serious fluid imbalance that
results in vascular fluid volume loss(
hypovolemia). ECFVD can lead to cellular
fluid loss owing to fluid shifting from the
cells to the vascular fluid to restore fluid
19. RISK FACTORS
â˘IN DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS,
ď Loosing Large Volume Of Blood
ď Experiencing Severe Vomiting Or
Diarrhoea
ď Having Difficult in Swallowing
ď Elderly , confused Person
21. ⢠Mild â 1 to 2 litres of water
and 2% of body weight is lost.
⢠Moderate â 3 to 5 litres of
water loss and 5% of weight
loss.
⢠Severe â 5 to 10liters of water
loss and 8% weight loss.
⢠Thirst
⢠Decreased skin turgor
⢠Dry mucous membrane
⢠Dry , cracked lips or tongue
⢠Eye balls sunken and soft
⢠Restlessness , coma in severe
deficit.
⢠Elevated temperature & pulse
⢠Systolic BP > 15 mm hg and
diastolic fall <10 mm hg.
⢠Weight loss
⢠Oliguria (<30ml/ hr)
23. MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
PHARMACOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT :
⢠An intravenous solution of 5% dextrose in 0.2% saline
may be prescribed.
⢠If haemorrhage is the cause blood replacement may be
necessary if blood loss is >1liter.
⢠If blood loss is <1liter , normal saline and ringer lactate
may be used.
DIETARY MANAGEMENT :
⢠Clients experiencing fluid loss from diarrhoea should
Fatty or fried foods and milk products
24. EXTRACELLULAR FLUID VOLUME
SHIFT(3RD SPACE FLUID SHIFT)
DEFINITION :
Basically A Change In The Location Of
ECF Between The Intravascular And
Interstitial Spaces.
27. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS :
â˘Skin Pallor , Cold Extremities
â˘Weak And Rapid Pulse , Hypotension
â˘Oliguria And Decreased Level Of
Consciousness.
LABORATORY FINDINGS :
â˘Elevated Haematocrit And BUN Level.
28. MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
PHARMACOLOGICAL :-
ďWhen Hypovolemia Results From
Tissue Injury Such As Burns Or Crush
Injury , Large Volume Of IV Fluids Need
To Be Administered
ďAmount Of Fluid Infusion May Be 3
Times Greater Than The Urinary Output.
29. ďIf 3rd space fluid has occurred as A result of
other process such as pericarditis and bowel
obstruction , the fluid may have to be removed in
order for the organ to retain its function .
NURSING MANAGEMENT:-
ďVital signs should assessed every 1-8 hrs.
ďIv fluids replacement should be monitored. If
fluids are administered rapidly hypervolemia may
occur.
ďFrequent checks for chest crackles , difficulty in
breathing and neck vein engorgement (pulmonary
30. ďThe Abdominal Girth Of Clients With Ascites
Should Measures Every 8 Hrs.
ďThe Level Of Consciousness Should Be
Monitored (Seizures)
ďFrequent Skin Care To Oedematous Areas
During Fluid Shift Is Essential To Prevent
Skin Breakdown.
ďAt Least 25ml/Hr Urine Output
ďSerum BUN Should Be Monitored In Clients
31. INTRACELLULAR FLUID
VOLUME EXCESS(ICFVE)
Water intoxication may occur in clients who
receive continuous D5% IV fluids , in those
with brain injury or disease that can cause
increased production of ADH , which
increases water reabsorption from renal
tubules. (Mainly due to sodium loss)
32. ETIOLOGY
â˘Administration Of Excessive Amount Of
Hypo-osmolar Fluids Such As 0.45% Saline
Or 5% Dextrose In Water.
â˘Client Who Receive Continuous D5% Iv
Fluids.
â˘Brain Injury Patients.
â˘Disease That Cause An Increased
Production Of ADH, Which Increases Water
Reabsorption From Renal Tubules.
35. MANAGEMENT
ďźAddition of solutes to IV fluids.
ďźUse of d5 with 0.45% na cl will help to correct
ICFVE , when the cause is water excess.
ďźIv therapy should be monitored every hour.
ďźMonitor vital signs and intake-output every 1
â 8 hrs.
ďźWeight should be checked daily to measure
fluid gain or loss.
38. ETIOLOGY
⢠Loss of sodium in GI fluids, renal disease .
⢠Use of diuretics
⢠Water intoxication
⢠Gain of water as in excessive
⢠Administration of D5%
⢠GI suction
⢠Excessive perspiration followed by increased
water intake.
⢠Kidneys inability to excrete sufficiently diluted
40. MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
â˘Monitor Fluid Loss And Gain
â˘Monitor Serum Sodium Levels
â˘Encourage Fluids And Sodium With High
Sodium
â˘Take Seizure Precautions When
Hyponatremia Is Severe
â˘Monitor For GI And CNS Symptoms
41. PHARMACOLOGICAL
MANAGEMENT :
ď Moderate Hyponatremia 125 Meq/L Iv
Saline (0.9% Nacl) Or Lactated Ringers
Solution May Be Ordered.
ďWhen The Sodium Level Is 115 Meq/ L Or
Less, A Concentrated Saline Solution Such
As 3% Nacl Is Indicated.
42. DIETARY MANAGEMENT:
ďA Balanced Diet Is Usually Adequate
For Mild Hyponatremia(126 To
135meq/L).
ďMore Severe Hyponatremia May
Require Sodium Replacement.
ďFluids May Be Restricted To 800 -
44. ETIOLOGY
⢠Diabetes Insipidus
⢠Water Deprivation
⢠Ingestion Of Large Amount Of salt
⢠Excessive Administration Of nacl iv fluids
⢠Heat Stroke
⢠Hyperventilation
⢠Profuse Sweating, Dehydration
⢠Pulmonary Oedema
46. MANAGEMENT
â˘Monitor Fluid Loss And Gain
â˘Monitor For Change In Behaviour Like
Restlessness, Lathery
⢠Look For Excessive Thirst , Increase
Temperature
â˘Administer Hypotonic Solution And
55. MANAGEMENT
⢠Avoid giving patients Potassium saving diuretics
⢠Avoid giving patients potassium supplement and salt
substitutes
⢠Follow safe administration of potassium
⢠IV calcium gluconate â calcium antagonizes the action
of hyperkalaemia on the heart
⢠IV soda-bicarb shifts the potassium to cell
⢠Glucose insulin therapy
58. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
⢠Chvostekâs sign (twitching of the facial muscles in
Response to tapping over the area of facial nerve)
⢠Trousseauâs sign (carpal pedal spasm caused by
inflating the blood pressure cuff to a level above
systolic pressure for 3 min.)
⢠Dyspnoea
⢠Increased peristalsis , diarrhoea
⢠Dysrhythmias
⢠Prolonged bleeding time.
60. MANAGEMENT
⢠Take seizure precautions
⢠Monitor conditions of airway
⢠Safety precautions
⢠Educate people about osteoporosis
⢠IV calcium administration ,oral calcium gluconate ,
calcium chloride
⢠Vitamin D therapy (administer calcium supplements 30
min before meals for better absorption and with glass of
milk because vit d is necessary for absorption of ca from
65. MANAGEMENT
ďźIncreased mobilization
ďźAdminister fluids :- IV normal saline
ďź (0.9%nacl) given rapidly with frusemide to prevent
fluid overload , promote urinary calcium excretion.
ďźRestrict calcium intake in diet
ďźTake fluid for the prevention of renal stones
ďźAdministration of calcitonin decreases serum calcium
level by inhibiting the effects of PTH and increasing
urinary calcium excretion.
66. NURSING DIAGNOSIS
⢠Impaired cardiac out put related to fluid Shifts
and hypovolemic shock.
⢠Impaired peripheral tissue perfusion related
oedema
⢠Risk for fluid volume excess related to IV therapy
67. ⢠Altered elimination pattern related to decrease
fluid intake.
⢠Risk for injury related to increased neuromuscular
irritability resulting from hypocalcaemia.
⢠Impaired physical mobility related to oedema
⢠Impaired nutrition less than the body requirement
69. HYPERKALEMIA
⢠Tall, peaked T wave
⢠Flat P waves
⢠Widened QRS complexes
⢠Prolonged PR interval
HYPOKALEMIA
⢠ST depression
⢠Shallow, flat, inverted T
wave
⢠Prominent U wave
70. CONCLUSION
⢠Fluids are essential for life . homeostasis is
sustained by very many processes. As nurses ,
one of our main responsibility in dealing with
most kind of patient is the maintenance of fluid
volume and electrolyte balance . thus it is very
essential to know regarding the fluid and
electrolyte balance and imbalances.