Recreation of flight trajectory is important among research areas. The design of a flight
trajectory recreation and playback system is presented in this paper. Rather than transferring
the flight data to diagram, graph and table, flight data is visualized on the 3D global of
ossimPlanet. ossimPlanet is an open-source 3D global geo-spatial viewer and the system
realization is based on analysis it. Users are allowed to choose their interested flight of aerial
mission. The aerial photographs and corresponding configuration files in which flight data is
included would be read in. And the flight statuses would be stored. The flight trajectory is then
recreated. Users can view the photographs and flight trajectory marks on the correct positions
of 3D global. The scene along flight trajectory is also simulated at the plane’s eye point. This
paper provides a more intuitive way for recreation of flight trajectory. The cost is decreased
remarkably and security is ensured by secondary development on open-source platform.
Flight trajectory recreation and playback system of aerial mission based on o...csandit
Recreation of flight trajectory is important among research areas. The design of a flight
trajectory recreation and playback system is presented in this paper. Rather than transferring
the flight data to diagram, graph and table, flight data is visualized on the 3D global of
ossimPlanet. ossimPlanet is an open-source 3D global geo-spatial viewer and the system
realization is based on analysis it. Users are allowed to choose their interested flight of aerial
mission. The aerial photographs and corresponding configuration files in which flight data is
included would be read in. And the flight statuses would be stored. The flight trajectory is then
recreated. Users can view the photographs and flight trajectory marks on the correct positions
of 3D global. The scene along flight trajectory is also simulated at the plane’s eye point. This
paper provides a more intuitive way for recreation of flight trajectory. The cost is decreased
remarkably and security is ensured by secondary development on open-source platform.
Flight trajectory recreation and playback system of aerial mission based on o...csandit
Recreation of flight trajectory is important among research areas. The design of a flight
trajectory recreation and playback system is presented in this paper. Rather than transferring
the flight data to diagram, graph and table, flight data is visualized on the 3D global of
ossimPlanet. ossimPlanet is an open-source 3D global geo-spatial viewer and the system
realization is based on analysis it. Users are allowed to choose their interested flight of aerial
mission. The aerial photographs and corresponding configuration files in which flight data is
included would be read in. And the flight statuses would be stored. The flight trajectory is then
recreated. Users can view the photographs and flight trajectory marks on the correct positions
of 3D global. The scene along flight trajectory is also simulated at the plane’s eye point. This
paper provides a more intuitive way for recreation of flight trajectory. The cost is decreased
remarkably and security is ensured by secondary development on open-source platform.
Photogrammetry Surveying, its Benefits & DrawbacksNI BT
Learn the Photogrammetry Surveying and benefits-drawbacks of photogrammetry. Photogrammetry is the process of generating a 3D model from a set of 2D photographs. In Surveying, this is done by taking two or more images of the same point from different angles
Photogrammetry for Architecture and ConstructionDat Lien
Part of the North America Revit technology Conference in Arizona in 2016, this presentation focuses on using drones and other vehicles combined with different payloads to acquire visual data that can be converted to 3d point clouds and ortho mosaics that can then be used as part of a Building Information Modeling (BIM) workflow in such applications as Autodesk Revit, Navisworks and 3ds Max for design and construction.
Aerial photogrammetry vs. terrestrial photogrammetryNI BT
The photogrammetry is broadly classified into two types as Aerial Photogrammetry and Terrestrial Photogrammetry. Aerial and Terrestrial photogrammetry are used for mapping and measurement related issues. Aerial is far range & terrestrial is close range photogrammetry
AUTO LANDING PROCESS FOR AUTONOMOUS FLYING ROBOT BY USING IMAGE PROCESSING BA...csandit
In today’s technological life, everyone is quite familiar with the importance of security
measures in our lives. So in this regard, many attempts have been made by researchers and one
of them is flying robots technology. One well-known usage of flying robot, perhaps, is its
capability in security and care measurements which made this device extremely practical, not
only for its unmanned movement, but also for the unique manoeuvre during flight over the
arbitrary areas. In this research, the automatic landing of a flying robot is discussed. The
system is based on the frequent interruptions that is sent from main microcontroller to camera
module in order to take images; these images have been distinguished by image processing
system based on edge detection, after analysing the image the system can tell whether or not to
land on the ground. This method shows better performance in terms of precision as well as
experimentally.
Pilot Assistive Safe Landing Site Detection System, an Experimentation Using...IJMER
In a situation of emergency landing of an aircraft, finding a safe landing-site is vital to the survival of the passengers and the pilot. Conventionally the emergency landing-site is visually selected by the pilot by looking at the terrain through the cockpit. This is a required, fundamental skill acquired in the flight training program. However, many external environmental factors, i.e., fog, rain, illumination, etc., can significantly affect human vision so that the decision of choosing the optimal landing-site greatly depends on the pilot’s flight experience–the most significant internal factor–which can vary a lot among different pilots. An automatic pilot assistive safe landing-site detection system is proposed for aircraft emergency landing. The system automatically processes the aircraft mounted camera images and provides options for suitable landing areas. The pilot then makes the final decision
by choosing from among them
Structural measurements in oriented core photograph january 2019_galkineVadim Galkine
n this post I describe the method of structural measurements of planar structures using oriented core digital photographs. The main advantage of the method is an opportunity to reduce field-based time of the drill-core processing. All the measurements can be done in the office.
Users can work either in the standard GIS platforms (ArcMap, MapInfo etc) or even use digitizers outside of GIS environment which makes the technique comparatively cheap.
The method consists of two steps:
1) digitazing photographs and obtaining a table of xy coordinates of the three-point sets of planar structures
2) calculating actual structure orientations using the MSExcel calculation spreadsheets.
The spreadsheets are provided as attachments to the post. They can also be downloaded from http://remoteexploration.com/oriented-core-techniques.html
Waypoint Flight Parameter Comparison of an Autonomous Uavijaia
The present paper compares the effect of different waypoint parameters on the flight performance of a
special autonomous indoor UAV (unmanned aerial vehicle) fusing ultrasonic, inertial, pressure and optical
sensors for 3D positioning and controlling. The investigated parameters are the acceptance threshold for
reaching a waypoint as well as the maximal waypoint step size or block size. The effect of these parameters
on the flight time and accuracy of the flight path is investigated. Therefore the paper addresses how the
acceptance threshold and step size influence the speed and accuracy of the autonomous flight and thus
influence the performance of the presented autonomous quadrocopter under real indoor navigation
circumstances. Furthermore the paper demonstrates a drawback of the standard potential field method for
navigation of such autonomous quadrocopters and points to an improvement
Photogrammetry Surveying, its Benefits & DrawbacksNI BT
Learn the Photogrammetry Surveying and benefits-drawbacks of photogrammetry. Photogrammetry is the process of generating a 3D model from a set of 2D photographs. In Surveying, this is done by taking two or more images of the same point from different angles
Photogrammetry for Architecture and ConstructionDat Lien
Part of the North America Revit technology Conference in Arizona in 2016, this presentation focuses on using drones and other vehicles combined with different payloads to acquire visual data that can be converted to 3d point clouds and ortho mosaics that can then be used as part of a Building Information Modeling (BIM) workflow in such applications as Autodesk Revit, Navisworks and 3ds Max for design and construction.
Aerial photogrammetry vs. terrestrial photogrammetryNI BT
The photogrammetry is broadly classified into two types as Aerial Photogrammetry and Terrestrial Photogrammetry. Aerial and Terrestrial photogrammetry are used for mapping and measurement related issues. Aerial is far range & terrestrial is close range photogrammetry
AUTO LANDING PROCESS FOR AUTONOMOUS FLYING ROBOT BY USING IMAGE PROCESSING BA...csandit
In today’s technological life, everyone is quite familiar with the importance of security
measures in our lives. So in this regard, many attempts have been made by researchers and one
of them is flying robots technology. One well-known usage of flying robot, perhaps, is its
capability in security and care measurements which made this device extremely practical, not
only for its unmanned movement, but also for the unique manoeuvre during flight over the
arbitrary areas. In this research, the automatic landing of a flying robot is discussed. The
system is based on the frequent interruptions that is sent from main microcontroller to camera
module in order to take images; these images have been distinguished by image processing
system based on edge detection, after analysing the image the system can tell whether or not to
land on the ground. This method shows better performance in terms of precision as well as
experimentally.
Pilot Assistive Safe Landing Site Detection System, an Experimentation Using...IJMER
In a situation of emergency landing of an aircraft, finding a safe landing-site is vital to the survival of the passengers and the pilot. Conventionally the emergency landing-site is visually selected by the pilot by looking at the terrain through the cockpit. This is a required, fundamental skill acquired in the flight training program. However, many external environmental factors, i.e., fog, rain, illumination, etc., can significantly affect human vision so that the decision of choosing the optimal landing-site greatly depends on the pilot’s flight experience–the most significant internal factor–which can vary a lot among different pilots. An automatic pilot assistive safe landing-site detection system is proposed for aircraft emergency landing. The system automatically processes the aircraft mounted camera images and provides options for suitable landing areas. The pilot then makes the final decision
by choosing from among them
Structural measurements in oriented core photograph january 2019_galkineVadim Galkine
n this post I describe the method of structural measurements of planar structures using oriented core digital photographs. The main advantage of the method is an opportunity to reduce field-based time of the drill-core processing. All the measurements can be done in the office.
Users can work either in the standard GIS platforms (ArcMap, MapInfo etc) or even use digitizers outside of GIS environment which makes the technique comparatively cheap.
The method consists of two steps:
1) digitazing photographs and obtaining a table of xy coordinates of the three-point sets of planar structures
2) calculating actual structure orientations using the MSExcel calculation spreadsheets.
The spreadsheets are provided as attachments to the post. They can also be downloaded from http://remoteexploration.com/oriented-core-techniques.html
Waypoint Flight Parameter Comparison of an Autonomous Uavijaia
The present paper compares the effect of different waypoint parameters on the flight performance of a
special autonomous indoor UAV (unmanned aerial vehicle) fusing ultrasonic, inertial, pressure and optical
sensors for 3D positioning and controlling. The investigated parameters are the acceptance threshold for
reaching a waypoint as well as the maximal waypoint step size or block size. The effect of these parameters
on the flight time and accuracy of the flight path is investigated. Therefore the paper addresses how the
acceptance threshold and step size influence the speed and accuracy of the autonomous flight and thus
influence the performance of the presented autonomous quadrocopter under real indoor navigation
circumstances. Furthermore the paper demonstrates a drawback of the standard potential field method for
navigation of such autonomous quadrocopters and points to an improvement
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Massmomentsof inertia of joined wing unmanned aerial vehicleeSAT Journals
Abstract Determination of mass moments of inertia of aircraft during the early stages of design is of great importance for the sizing of control surfaces and the evaluation of the dynamic characteristics. In the article are reviewed the problems of the analytic calculation of mass moments of inertia of an unmanned air vehicle at the conceptual design stage, of their automated determination with a CAD/CAMcodeatthedetaileddesignstageandoftheirmeasurementafterexperimentalmodelsareproduced.A comparison is made of the accuracy of the different methods. Keywords: UAV, momentsofinertia, physicalpendulum, torsion pendulum
Leader Follower Formation Control of Ground Vehicles Using Dynamic Pixel Coun...ijma
This paper deals with leader-follower formations of non-holonomic mobile robots, introducing a formation
control strategy based on pixel counts using a commercial grade electro optics camera. Localization of the
leader for motions along line of sight as well as the obliquely inclined directions are considered based on
pixel variation of the images by referencing to two arbitrarily designated positions in the image frames.
Based on an established relationship between the displacement of the camera movement along the viewing
direction and the difference in pixel counts between reference points in the images, the range and the angle
estimate between the follower camera and the leader is calculated. The Inverse Perspective Transform is
used to account for non linear relationship between the height of vehicle in a forward facing image and its
distance from the camera. The formulation is validated with experiments.
Taking ground effect into account a longitudinal automatic landing system is designed. Such a system will be tested and implemented on board by using the Preceptor N3 Ultrapup aircraft which is used as technological demonstrator of new control navigation and guidance algorithms in the context of the “Research Project of National Interest” (PRIN 2008) by the Universities of Bologna, Palermo, Ferrara and the Second University of Naples. A general mathematical model of the studied aircraft has been built to obtain non–linear analytical equations for aerodynamic coefficients both Out of Ground Effect and In Ground Effect. To cope with the strong variations of aerodynamic coefficients In Ground Effect a modified gain scheduling approach has been employed for the synthesis of the controller by using six State Space Models. Stability and control matrices have been evaluated by linearization of the obtained aerodynamic coefficients. To achieve a simple structure of the control system, an original landing geometry has been chosen, therefore it has been imposed to control the same state variables during both the glide path and the flare.
Inclined Image Recognition for Aerial Mapping using Deep Learning and Tree ba...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
One of the important capabilities of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is aerial mapping. Aerial mapping is an image registration problem, i.e., the problem of transforming different sets of images into one coordinate system. In image registration, the quality of the output is strongly influenced by the quality of input (i.e., images captured by the UAV). Therefore, selecting the quality of input images becomes important and one of the challenging task in aerial mapping because the ground truth in the mapping process is not given before the UAV flies. Typically, UAV takes images in sequence irrespective of its flight orientation and roll angle. These may result in the acquisition of bad quality images, possibly compromising the quality of mapping results, and increasing the computational cost of a registration process. To address these issues, we need a recognition system that is able to recognize images that are not suitable for the registration process. In this paper, we define these unsuitable images as “inclined images,” i.e., images captured by UAV that are not perpendicular to the ground. Although we can calculate the inclination angle using a gyroscope attached to the UAV, our interest here is to recognize these inclined images without the use of additional sensors in order to mimic how humans perform this task visually. To realize that, we utilize a deep learning method with the combination of tree-based models to build an inclined image recognition system. We have validated the proposed system with the images captured by the UAV. We collected 192 images and labelled them with two different levels of classes (i.e., coarse- and fine-classification). We compared this with several models and the results showed that our proposed system yielded an improvement of accuracy rate up to 3%.
ANALYSIS OF LAND SURFACE DEFORMATION GRADIENT BY DINSAR cscpconf
The progressive development of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) systems diversify the exploitation of the generated images by these systems in different applications of geoscience. Detection and monitoring surface deformations, procreated by various phenomena had benefited from this evolution and had been realized by interferometry (InSAR) and differential interferometry (DInSAR) techniques. Nevertheless, spatial and temporal decorrelations of the interferometric couples used, limit strongly the precision of analysis results by these techniques. In this context, we propose, in this work, a methodological approach of surface deformation detection and analysis by differential interferograms to show the limits of this technique according to noise quality and level. The detectability model is generated from the deformation signatures, by simulating a linear fault merged to the images couples of ERS1 / ERS2 sensors acquired in a region of the Algerian south.
4D AUTOMATIC LIP-READING FOR SPEAKER'S FACE IDENTIFCATIONcscpconf
A novel based a trajectory-guided, concatenating approach for synthesizing high-quality image real sample renders video is proposed . The lips reading automated is seeking for modeled the closest real image sample sequence preserve in the library under the data video to the HMM predicted trajectory. The object trajectory is modeled obtained by projecting the face patterns into an KDA feature space is estimated. The approach for speaker's face identification by using synthesise the identity surface of a subject face from a small sample of patterns which sparsely each the view sphere. An KDA algorithm use to the Lip-reading image is discrimination, after that work consisted of in the low dimensional for the fundamental lip features vector is reduced by using the 2D-DCT.The mouth of the set area dimensionality is ordered by a normally reduction base on the PCA to obtain the Eigen lips approach, their proposed approach by[33]. The subjective performance results of the cost function under the automatic lips reading modeled , which wasn’t illustrate the superior performance of the
method.
MOVING FROM WATERFALL TO AGILE PROCESS IN SOFTWARE ENGINEERING CAPSTONE PROJE...cscpconf
Universities offer software engineering capstone course to simulate a real world-working environment in which students can work in a team for a fixed period to deliver a quality product. The objective of the paper is to report on our experience in moving from Waterfall process to Agile process in conducting the software engineering capstone project. We present the capstone course designs for both Waterfall driven and Agile driven methodologies that highlight the structure, deliverables and assessment plans.To evaluate the improvement, we conducted a survey for two different sections taught by two different instructors to evaluate students’ experience in moving from traditional Waterfall model to Agile like process. Twentyeight students filled the survey. The survey consisted of eight multiple-choice questions and an open-ended question to collect feedback from students. The survey results show that students were able to attain hands one experience, which simulate a real world-working environment. The results also show that the Agile approach helped students to have overall better design and avoid mistakes they have made in the initial design completed in of the first phase of the capstone project. In addition, they were able to decide on their team capabilities, training needs and thus learn the required technologies earlier which is reflected on the final product quality
PROMOTING STUDENT ENGAGEMENT USING SOCIAL MEDIA TECHNOLOGIEScscpconf
Using social media in education provides learners with an informal way for communication. Informal communication tends to remove barriers and hence promotes student engagement. This paper presents our experience in using three different social media technologies in teaching software project management course. We conducted different surveys at the end of every semester to evaluate students’ satisfaction and engagement. Results show that using social media enhances students’ engagement and satisfaction. However, familiarity with the tool is an important factor for student satisfaction.
A SURVEY ON QUESTION ANSWERING SYSTEMS: THE ADVANCES OF FUZZY LOGICcscpconf
In real world computing environment with using a computer to answer questions has been a human dream since the beginning of the digital era, Question-answering systems are referred to as intelligent systems, that can be used to provide responses for the questions being asked by the user based on certain facts or rules stored in the knowledge base it can generate answers of questions asked in natural , and the first main idea of fuzzy logic was to working on the problem of computer understanding of natural language, so this survey paper provides an overview on what Question-Answering is and its system architecture and the possible relationship and
different with fuzzy logic, as well as the previous related research with respect to approaches that were followed. At the end, the survey provides an analytical discussion of the proposed QA models, along or combined with fuzzy logic and their main contributions and limitations.
DYNAMIC PHONE WARPING – A METHOD TO MEASURE THE DISTANCE BETWEEN PRONUNCIATIONS cscpconf
Human beings generate different speech waveforms while speaking the same word at different times. Also, different human beings have different accents and generate significantly varying speech waveforms for the same word. There is a need to measure the distances between various words which facilitate preparation of pronunciation dictionaries. A new algorithm called Dynamic Phone Warping (DPW) is presented in this paper. It uses dynamic programming technique for global alignment and shortest distance measurements. The DPW algorithm can be used to enhance the pronunciation dictionaries of the well-known languages like English or to build pronunciation dictionaries to the less known sparse languages. The precision measurement experiments show 88.9% accuracy.
INTELLIGENT ELECTRONIC ASSESSMENT FOR SUBJECTIVE EXAMS cscpconf
In education, the use of electronic (E) examination systems is not a novel idea, as Eexamination systems have been used to conduct objective assessments for the last few years. This research deals with randomly designed E-examinations and proposes an E-assessment system that can be used for subjective questions. This system assesses answers to subjective questions by finding a matching ratio for the keywords in instructor and student answers. The matching ratio is achieved based on semantic and document similarity. The assessment system is composed of four modules: preprocessing, keyword expansion, matching, and grading. A survey and case study were used in the research design to validate the proposed system. The examination assessment system will help instructors to save time, costs, and resources, while increasing efficiency and improving the productivity of exam setting and assessments.
TWO DISCRETE BINARY VERSIONS OF AFRICAN BUFFALO OPTIMIZATION METAHEURISTICcscpconf
African Buffalo Optimization (ABO) is one of the most recent swarms intelligence based metaheuristics. ABO algorithm is inspired by the buffalo’s behavior and lifestyle. Unfortunately, the standard ABO algorithm is proposed only for continuous optimization problems. In this paper, the authors propose two discrete binary ABO algorithms to deal with binary optimization problems. In the first version (called SBABO) they use the sigmoid function and probability model to generate binary solutions. In the second version (called LBABO) they use some logical operator to operate the binary solutions. Computational results on two knapsack problems (KP and MKP) instances show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm and their ability to achieve good and promising solutions.
DETECTION OF ALGORITHMICALLY GENERATED MALICIOUS DOMAINcscpconf
In recent years, many malware writers have relied on Dynamic Domain Name Services (DDNS) to maintain their Command and Control (C&C) network infrastructure to ensure a persistence presence on a compromised host. Amongst the various DDNS techniques, Domain Generation Algorithm (DGA) is often perceived as the most difficult to detect using traditional methods. This paper presents an approach for detecting DGA using frequency analysis of the character distribution and the weighted scores of the domain names. The approach’s feasibility is demonstrated using a range of legitimate domains and a number of malicious algorithmicallygenerated domain names. Findings from this study show that domain names made up of English characters “a-z” achieving a weighted score of < 45 are often associated with DGA. When a weighted score of < 45 is applied to the Alexa one million list of domain names, only 15% of the domain names were treated as non-human generated.
GLOBAL MUSIC ASSET ASSURANCE DIGITAL CURRENCY: A DRM SOLUTION FOR STREAMING C...cscpconf
The amount of piracy in the streaming digital content in general and the music industry in specific is posing a real challenge to digital content owners. This paper presents a DRM solution to monetizing, tracking and controlling online streaming content cross platforms for IP enabled devices. The paper benefits from the current advances in Blockchain and cryptocurrencies. Specifically, the paper presents a Global Music Asset Assurance (GoMAA) digital currency and presents the iMediaStreams Blockchain to enable the secure dissemination and tracking of the streamed content. The proposed solution provides the data owner the ability to control the flow of information even after it has been released by creating a secure, selfinstalled, cross platform reader located on the digital content file header. The proposed system provides the content owners’ options to manage their digital information (audio, video, speech, etc.), including the tracking of the most consumed segments, once it is release. The system benefits from token distribution between the content owner (Music Bands), the content distributer (Online Radio Stations) and the content consumer(Fans) on the system blockchain.
IMPORTANCE OF VERB SUFFIX MAPPING IN DISCOURSE TRANSLATION SYSTEMcscpconf
This paper discusses the importance of verb suffix mapping in Discourse translation system. In
discourse translation, the crucial step is Anaphora resolution and generation. In Anaphora
resolution, cohesion links like pronouns are identified between portions of text. These binders
make the text cohesive by referring to nouns appearing in the previous sentences or nouns
appearing in sentences after them. In Machine Translation systems, to convert the source
language sentences into meaningful target language sentences the verb suffixes should be
changed as per the cohesion links identified. This step of translation process is emphasized in
the present paper. Specifically, the discussion is on how the verbs change according to the
subjects and anaphors. To explain the concept, English is used as the source language (SL) and
an Indian language Telugu is used as Target language (TL)
EXACT SOLUTIONS OF A FAMILY OF HIGHER-DIMENSIONAL SPACE-TIME FRACTIONAL KDV-T...cscpconf
In this paper, based on the definition of conformable fractional derivative, the functional
variable method (FVM) is proposed to seek the exact traveling wave solutions of two higherdimensional
space-time fractional KdV-type equations in mathematical physics, namely the
(3+1)-dimensional space–time fractional Zakharov-Kuznetsov (ZK) equation and the (2+1)-
dimensional space–time fractional Generalized Zakharov-Kuznetsov-Benjamin-Bona-Mahony
(GZK-BBM) equation. Some new solutions are procured and depicted. These solutions, which
contain kink-shaped, singular kink, bell-shaped soliton, singular soliton and periodic wave
solutions, have many potential applications in mathematical physics and engineering. The
simplicity and reliability of the proposed method is verified.
AUTOMATED PENETRATION TESTING: AN OVERVIEWcscpconf
The using of information technology resources is rapidly increasing in organizations,
businesses, and even governments, that led to arise various attacks, and vulnerabilities in the
field. All resources make it a must to do frequently a penetration test (PT) for the environment
and see what can the attacker gain and what is the current environment's vulnerabilities. This
paper reviews some of the automated penetration testing techniques and presents its
enhancement over the traditional manual approaches. To the best of our knowledge, it is the
first research that takes into consideration the concept of penetration testing and the standards
in the area.This research tackles the comparison between the manual and automated
penetration testing, the main tools used in penetration testing. Additionally, compares between
some methodologies used to build an automated penetration testing platform.
CLASSIFICATION OF ALZHEIMER USING fMRI DATA AND BRAIN NETWORKcscpconf
Since the mid of 1990s, functional connectivity study using fMRI (fcMRI) has drawn increasing
attention of neuroscientists and computer scientists, since it opens a new window to explore
functional network of human brain with relatively high resolution. BOLD technique provides
almost accurate state of brain. Past researches prove that neuro diseases damage the brain
network interaction, protein- protein interaction and gene-gene interaction. A number of
neurological research paper also analyse the relationship among damaged part. By
computational method especially machine learning technique we can show such classifications.
In this paper we used OASIS fMRI dataset affected with Alzheimer’s disease and normal
patient’s dataset. After proper processing the fMRI data we use the processed data to form
classifier models using SVM (Support Vector Machine), KNN (K- nearest neighbour) & Naïve
Bayes. We also compare the accuracy of our proposed method with existing methods. In future,
we will other combinations of methods for better accuracy.
VALIDATION METHOD OF FUZZY ASSOCIATION RULES BASED ON FUZZY FORMAL CONCEPT AN...cscpconf
In order to treat and analyze real datasets, fuzzy association rules have been proposed. Several
algorithms have been introduced to extract these rules. However, these algorithms suffer from
the problems of utility, redundancy and large number of extracted fuzzy association rules. The
expert will then be confronted with this huge amount of fuzzy association rules. The task of
validation becomes fastidious. In order to solve these problems, we propose a new validation
method. Our method is based on three steps. (i) We extract a generic base of non redundant
fuzzy association rules by applying EFAR-PN algorithm based on fuzzy formal concept analysis.
(ii) we categorize extracted rules into groups and (iii) we evaluate the relevance of these rules
using structural equation model.
PROBABILITY BASED CLUSTER EXPANSION OVERSAMPLING TECHNIQUE FOR IMBALANCED DATAcscpconf
In many applications of data mining, class imbalance is noticed when examples in one class are
overrepresented. Traditional classifiers result in poor accuracy of the minority class due to the
class imbalance. Further, the presence of within class imbalance where classes are composed of
multiple sub-concepts with different number of examples also affect the performance of
classifier. In this paper, we propose an oversampling technique that handles between class and
within class imbalance simultaneously and also takes into consideration the generalization
ability in data space. The proposed method is based on two steps- performing Model Based
Clustering with respect to classes to identify the sub-concepts; and then computing the
separating hyperplane based on equal posterior probability between the classes. The proposed
method is tested on 10 publicly available data sets and the result shows that the proposed
method is statistically superior to other existing oversampling methods.
CHARACTER AND IMAGE RECOGNITION FOR DATA CATALOGING IN ECOLOGICAL RESEARCHcscpconf
Data collection is an essential, but manpower intensive procedure in ecological research. An
algorithm was developed by the author which incorporated two important computer vision
techniques to automate data cataloging for butterfly measurements. Optical Character
Recognition is used for character recognition and Contour Detection is used for imageprocessing.
Proper pre-processing is first done on the images to improve accuracy. Although
there are limitations to Tesseract’s detection of certain fonts, overall, it can successfully identify
words of basic fonts. Contour detection is an advanced technique that can be utilized to
measure an image. Shapes and mathematical calculations are crucial in determining the precise
location of the points on which to draw the body and forewing lines of the butterfly. Overall,
92% accuracy were achieved by the program for the set of butterflies measured.
SOCIAL MEDIA ANALYTICS FOR SENTIMENT ANALYSIS AND EVENT DETECTION IN SMART CI...cscpconf
Smart cities utilize Internet of Things (IoT) devices and sensors to enhance the quality of the city
services including energy, transportation, health, and much more. They generate massive
volumes of structured and unstructured data on a daily basis. Also, social networks, such as
Twitter, Facebook, and Google+, are becoming a new source of real-time information in smart
cities. Social network users are acting as social sensors. These datasets so large and complex
are difficult to manage with conventional data management tools and methods. To become
valuable, this massive amount of data, known as 'big data,' needs to be processed and
comprehended to hold the promise of supporting a broad range of urban and smart cities
functions, including among others transportation, water, and energy consumption, pollution
surveillance, and smart city governance. In this work, we investigate how social media analytics
help to analyze smart city data collected from various social media sources, such as Twitter and
Facebook, to detect various events taking place in a smart city and identify the importance of
events and concerns of citizens regarding some events. A case scenario analyses the opinions of
users concerning the traffic in three largest cities in the UAE
SOCIAL NETWORK HATE SPEECH DETECTION FOR AMHARIC LANGUAGEcscpconf
The anonymity of social networks makes it attractive for hate speech to mask their criminal
activities online posing a challenge to the world and in particular Ethiopia. With this everincreasing
volume of social media data, hate speech identification becomes a challenge in
aggravating conflict between citizens of nations. The high rate of production, has become
difficult to collect, store and analyze such big data using traditional detection methods. This
paper proposed the application of apache spark in hate speech detection to reduce the
challenges. Authors developed an apache spark based model to classify Amharic Facebook
posts and comments into hate and not hate. Authors employed Random forest and Naïve Bayes
for learning and Word2Vec and TF-IDF for feature selection. Tested by 10-fold crossvalidation,
the model based on word2vec embedding performed best with 79.83%accuracy. The
proposed method achieve a promising result with unique feature of spark for big data.
GENERAL REGRESSION NEURAL NETWORK BASED POS TAGGING FOR NEPALI TEXTcscpconf
This article presents Part of Speech tagging for Nepali text using General Regression Neural
Network (GRNN). The corpus is divided into two parts viz. training and testing. The network is
trained and validated on both training and testing data. It is observed that 96.13% words are
correctly being tagged on training set whereas 74.38% words are tagged correctly on testing
data set using GRNN. The result is compared with the traditional Viterbi algorithm based on
Hidden Markov Model. Viterbi algorithm yields 97.2% and 40% classification accuracies on
training and testing data sets respectively. GRNN based POS Tagger is more consistent than the
traditional Viterbi decoding technique.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
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2. 142 Computer Science & Information Technology (CS & IT)
From the point of view of the cost and security, secondary development on open-source platform
is a better choice. In this paper, ossimPlanet [8] is taken as the development platform. It is an
accurate 3D global geo-spatial viewer that is built on the OSSIM [9], OpenSceneGraph [10], and
Trolltech QT[11] open source software libraries [12]. It could provide accurate 3D global
visualization and collaboration [13], and has the following three advantages: (1) It’s open-source.
It costs less than platform, e.g., Google Earth. Especially, we can realize more customized
functions and ensure its security. (2) It’s built on OSSIM, which has a powerful suite of
geospatial libraries and applications to process imagery, maps, terrain, and vector data [9]. This
paper focuses on the flight trajectory of aerial mission, which includes a lot of aerial photographs.
Thus, OSSIM can provide strong support on image processing. (3) any other flight parameters
could describe the spatial status of flight.
It’s written in C++ and thus has higher performance than the platforms written in other languages,
such as World Wind written in C#.
In this paper, a flight trajectory recreation and playback system of aerial mission will be
implemented based on ossimPlanet. The system would recreate and playback the trajectory on 3D
global, thus it will be more intuitive. The development on ossimPlanet ensures the security in a
low cost and high performance. This paper is organized as follows. In Section II, the requirement
analysis of the whole system is presented. The key problems and the corresponding solutions are
given in Section III. The system realization is introduced in Section IV. The simulation results are
shown in Section V. The conclusions are summarized in Section VI.
2. REQUIREMENT ANALYSIS
The following formatting rules must be followed strictly. This (.doc) document may be used as a
template for papers prepared using Microsoft Word. Papers not conforming to these requirements
may not be published in the conference proceedings.
The system functions are shown in Fig.1, and their detailed descriptions are given below.
• Choose flight. Users are allowed to choose their interested flight, that is, to fix the local
path where the aerial photographs and corresponding configuration files are located. Then
these files would be read in, and the statuses of the plane are stored after the necessary
processing on these input files.
• Observe photographs. Users are allowed to observe the input photographs. These
photographs would be pasted on their correct positions which are set in the configuration
files.
• Observe trajectory. Users are allowed to observe the flight trajectory on the 3D global of
ossimPlanet. Both the input flight trajectory points and the interpolated trajectory points
are marked on the 3D global.
• Observe simulation. Users could follow the plane’s eye point to view the flight trajectory
dynamically.
3. Computer Science & Information Technology (CS & IT) 143
Fig. 1. Use case diagram.
3. KEY PROBLEMS
There are three key problems for the system realization. (1) Data processing. The input data
includes the aerial photographs and configuration files. Every aerial photograph has a
corresponding configuration file in which the flight data is included, e.g., the flight statuses, flight
positions, pilot’s operations, etc. The required flight data will be taken for interpolation. (2) Data
display. It is to display the aerial photographs and mark flight trajectory points on the 3D global
of ossimPlanet. (3) Flight trajectory playback. It is to playback the flight trajectory on the 3D
global of ossimPlanet.
3.1. Data Processing
Without loss of generality, we make following assumptions on the motion of plane: (1) It’s rigid
body motion. (2) The translation is with the centroid and the rotation is around the centroid.
To describe the motion clearly, we should take proper flight data from the configuration files.
Generally, 6 degree-of–freedom (DOF), i.e., 3 position coordinates (longitude, latitude and height)
and 3 posture angles (heading angle, pitch angle and roll angle), is always used [6]. The posture
angles are shown in Fig.2.
Fig. 2. The heading, roll and pitch angle of plane [14].
4. 144 Computer Science & Information Technology (CS & IT)
After we get the flight trajectory points contained the 6 DOF parameters, it’s necessary to smooth
the flight trajectory by interpolation. The interpolation on the position coordinates and posture
angles will be done respectively. Since it’s shown that the unstable heights may result in flight
collision [15], the height is assumed invariable in position coordinates and not interpolated. De
Boor's algorithm [16] will be used to interpolate the longitude and latitude. In the posture angles,
the heading angle is changed with the stress of plane [17] and always very small. The changes of
pitch angle in real aerial mission are generally less than 5 degrees and roll angle is always 0
degree [18]. In this paper, we use linear interpolation for the posture angles smoothing.
3.2. Data Display
3.2.1. Photograph Display
To display the photographs on the 3D global of ossimPlanet, the corresponding geometry files for
photographs are required. A geometry file instance is given in Fig. 3.In which the projection type,
datum, longitude, latitude and some other geographic parameters are set.
type: ossimEquDistCylProjection
origin_latitude:0.0
central_meridian: 0.0
pixel_scale_units: degrees
pixel_scale_xy: ( .133, .133 )
datum: WGE
tie_point_units: degrees
tie_point_xy: (-180.0, 90.0)
pixel_type: area
Fig. 3. Geometry file instance.
In Fig. 3, the type defines the projection of the photograph, and the default projection of
ossimPlanet is cylindrical equidistant projection [19]. The origin_latitude and the
central_meridian are always 0 degree. The pixel_scale_xy is the actual scale of every pixel of the
photograph and its unit is defined in the pixel_scale_units. The tie_point_xy is the coordinate of
the photograph as (longitude, latitude) and its unit is defined in tie_point_units.
After the photographs and configuration files are read in, the corresponding geometry files are
created according to the configuration files. Then by using ossimPlanet’s API, the photographs
could be displayed on the 3D global.
3.2.2. Flight Trajectory Display
Keyhole Markup Language (KML) [20] is a Markup Language to describe and store geographical
information, such as point, line, surface, three-dimensional models, etc. A KML file instance is
given in Fig.4.
Generally, a KML file includes 3 parts: (1) XML Header; (2) The definition of KML namespace;
(3) The object of geographical indication [21]. In Fig.4, <Stlye> indicates a style may be used for
objects and <Placemark> indicates a place mark. The KML file in Fig.4 indicates a point at
(121.48844, 53.332649, 0), and it will be shown as an icon whose hyperlink is given in the
referenced link.
5. Computer Science & Information Technology (CS & IT) 145
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<kml xmlns="http://www.opengis.net/kml/2.2"
xmlns:gx="http://www.google.com/kml/ext/2.2">
<Document>
<Style id ="style60" >
<IconStyle>
<Icon><href>reference link</href></Icon>
</IconStyle>
</Style>
<Placemark>
<styleUrl>#style60</styleUrl>
<Point>
<coordinates>121.48844,53.332649,0</coordinates>
</Point>
</Placemark>
</Document>
</kml>
Fig. 4. KML file example.
A KML file is created for the input trajectory points and interpolated trajectory points. Then by
using ossimPlanet’s API, the KML file could be loaded and thus the trajectory points could be
marked on the 3D global.
3.3. Flight Trajectory Playback
To playback the flight trajectory, it’s necessary to have the knowledge of the 3D world of
ossimPlanet. (1) Coordinate Systems and Transformations. In the 3D world, the basic work is to
confirm the coordinate systems and find out the coordinate transformations. (2) View
Transformation. To playback flight trajectory is to change the eye point with the flight status.
Thus the view transformation is important. (3) Rendering theory of ossimPlanet. The actual
development work should be based on the rendering theory of ossimPlanet.
3.3.1. Coordinate Systems and Transformations
The Geographical Coordinate System, World Coordinate System and Local Coordinate System
are briefly introduced as follows:
a) Geographical Coordinate System. In this coordinate system, each point is determined by its
longitude, latitude and the height above a WGS-84 reference ellipsoid [22].
b) World Coordinate System.The world coordinate of ossimPlanet is Earth Centered Earth
Fixed (ECEF) [23], as the XYZ coordinate system shown in Fig.5.
c) Local Coordinate System.The local space reference (LSR) system of ossimPlanet is as UVW
coordinate system shown in Fig.5.
6. 146 Computer Science & Information Technology (CS & IT)
Fig. 5. Coordinate systems of ossimPlanet[24].( λ is longitude ,φ is latitude and h is the height )
Both the Geographical Coordinate and the Local Coordinate could be converted into the World
Coordinate as follows [24].
a) From Geographical Coordinate to ECEF
(ν )cosφcosλX h= +
(ν )cosφsin λY h= + (1)
2
[(1- )ν ]sin φZ e h= +
b) From LSR to ECEF
0 0 0 0 0 0- sin λ - sin φ cosλ cosφ cosλX X U V W= +
0 0 0 0 0 0cosλ - sin φ sin λ cosφ sin λY Y U V W= + + (2)
0 0 0cosφ sinφZ Z V W= + + ,
where ν is normal vector of latitude φ and its value is
2 2 0.5
ν / (1- sin φ)a e= , h is the height above
the surface of ellipsoid, e is eccentricity and
2 2 2 2 2
( - ) / 2 -e a b a f f= = , φ is latitude and λ is
longitude, a is semi-major axis, b is semi-short axis and f is flattening.
3.3.2. View transformation
From the general process of 3D graphics display [25], we can easily convert the World
Coordinate to the View Coordinate as follows,
VM PM WMViewCoord WorldCoord * * *= , (3)
where VM is the view matrix, PM is the projection matrix and WM is the window matrix.
In ossimPlanet, PM and WM in (3) are fixed. Therefore, VM should be calculated for the view
transformation. That is to place the eye point of ossimPlanet on the proper position in proper
posture. The position of eye point is determined by the position of the plane given in the
configuration files. Then we can convert the position coordinate in the Geographic Coordinate
System GeoEye(l,l,h) to that in the World Coordinate System 0 0 0WorldEye(x ,y ,z ) as in (1).
From the posture angle, we can get the rotation matrix of the eye point:
7. Computer Science & Information Technology (CS & IT) 147
z y xRotateMatrix R (h)*R (p)*R (r)=
, (4)
where h is heading angle, p is pitch angle and r is roll angle. zR (h)
, yR (p)
and xR (r)
are the
corresponding rotation matrixes [25].
Since RotateMatrix is in the Local Coordinate System, we should convert it to the World
Coordinate System as in (2) and have the rotation matrix of the eye point in LSR,
RotationLsrMatrix = RotateMatrix *LsrMatrix , (5)
then, VM is as follows:
ViewMatrix = RotationLsrMatrix *WorldEye , (6)
3.3.3. Rendering Theory of ossimPlanet
The rendering circle [26] of ossimPlanet is to loop the frame() before the scene is finished. Every
frame has the following three traversals:
a) Event Traversal. This part is implemented in eventTraversal(), where the different kinds of
events are handled. The events include the mouse events, keyboard events, windows, callbacks of
cameras, etc.
c) Updating Traversal. This part is implemented in updateTraversal(), where the updating
callbacks are traversed and executed .
d) Rendering Traversal. This part is implemented in renderingTraversal(), where the rendering
work such as the Cull and the Draw are done.
The basic rendering progress in ossimPlanet is described below. (1) The events from GUI or the
scene are caught and handled in Event Traversal. The corresponding scene parameters are also
calculated. (2)The scene parameters calculated by the Event Traversal are updated in Updating
Traversal. (3)The scene parameters updated in Updating Traversal would be shown by Rendering
Traversal. Thus, the scene would change with the events through the cooperation of the 3
traversals.
In ossimPlanet, the rendering circle is finished in a component called Viewer. It’s shown in Fig. 6
that the Viewer includes Manipulator, GUI Event Handler, Scene and Camera. The Manipulator
is an instance for roaming in the scene of the Viewer. All of the events from the GUI or the scene
will be collected in the Manipulator. And these event messages will be translated to and finally
handled in Navigator. In Navigator, the calculations of scene parameters of Event Traversal are
completed.
To implement playback of flight trajectory in ossimPlanet, we should add our own event handlers
in Event Traversal. And the handlers would handle customized events and calculate the scene
parameters as we design. The rest work could be then done by the other 2 traversals.
8. 148 Computer Science & Information Technology (CS & IT)
Fig. 6. Viewer of ossimPlanet.
4. SYSTEM REALIZATION
Based on the analysis in Section III, the system realization is mainly to overwrite the Manipulator
and Navigator of ossimPlanet. The user interactions are through the GUI (ossimPlanet
QtMainWindow) and the corresponding event handlers are added in Navigator following the
theory of Event Traversal. To store the information of flight trajectory, data structures are
designed.
4.1. Component Design
The component diagram of the whole system is shown in Fig.7 and the corresponding description
is summarized below.
GUI (ossimPlanetQtMainWindow) provides 3 interfaces for user interactions.
on_viewStartInputtingPath_triggered() is for inputting the interested flight of aerial mission,
on_flieOpenKml_triggered() is for displaying the flight trajectory and
on_viewShowThePath_triggered() is for simulating the flight trajectory playback. After users’
operations, GUI will translate event messages to the Navigator which is bridged by the
Manipulator. Then, Navigator will handle these events.
Fig. 7. Component diagram.
9. Computer Science & Information Technology (CS & IT) 149
Interfaces (startInputPath(), CreateKmlFileForPath() and showPath()) are added to the Navigator.
They are the responses to the GUI events. The startInputPath() is to receive the raw files
(photographs and configuration files) and store them. The CreateKmlFileForPath() is to create a
KML file and write the points of flight trajectory into it. The showPath() is to change the
rendering mode of ossimPlanet to simulation mode. The calculation of scene parameters is done
in the update().The ossimPlanetTextureLayer is the layer of photographs and the
ossimPlanetKmlLayer is the layer of the KML files. Every photograph or KML file shown on the
3D global of ossimPlanet corresponds to a layer.
4.2. Data Structures
The data structures used for storing the flight trajectory points are shown in Fig.8, and the
corresponding description is given below. (1) Struct PathPoint. It includes 6 attributes
corresponding to the 6 DOF parameters and denotes the input flight trajectory point. An array of
the PathPoint denotes the flight trajectory points gotten from the configuration files. (2) Class
BSpline. It is for the de Boor's interpolation algorithm and shown in Fig.8 (a). (3) Class
ControlPoint. It denotes the flight trajectory point after interpolation. And it has 3 attributes,
where the _position is the position of eye point in the world coordinate system, the _rotation is
the rotation of the eye point and the _scale is scale factor. The view matrix could be set by them.
It’s shown in Fig.8 (b). (4) Class ossimPlanetAnimationPath. It is to store the flight trajectory
points after interpolation and is shown in Fig.8 (c). In which map<double,ControPoint> is to store
the mapping relationship between the flight trajectory point and its relative time.
+BSpline()
+CalNodeVector()
+CalControlPnts()
+GetdeBoorValue()
+CalBSplinePnts()
+GetBSplinePnts()
#ShapePoints
#NodeVector
#MyControlPoints
#BSplinePoints
BSpline
Fig.8 (a). Class BSpline. Fig.8 (b).Class ControlPoint.
Fig.8 (c). Class ossimPlanetAnimationPath.
Fig. 8.Main data structures.
10. 150 Computer Science & Information Technology (CS & IT)
4.3. Storage of Interested Flight
After users input the interested flight from GUI, the on_viewStartInputtingPath_triggered() is
triggered. The cooperation diagram is shown in Fig.9.
Fig. 9. Cooperation of the components after inputting interested flight.
The message translation and cooperation are summarized below.
• Users fix the path of the aerial photographs and configuration files. Then the point of
flight trajectory is stored as PathPoint and the input trajectory points as an array of
PathPoint. The geometry files are also created.
• createLayer() is invoked, and the texture layers corresponding to the photographs are
created.
• addTop() is invoked to load these layers. The actual locations of the photographs are
defined in the corresponding geometry files so that the photographs are displayed in the
correct positions.
• GUI translates the event messages to the Navigator through the Manipulator.
• In the Navigator, the input flight trajectory points are interpolated and the results are
stored as ossimPlanetAnimationPath.
4.4. Display of Flight Trajectory
After users choose to display the flight trajectory from GUI, the on_flieOpenKml_triggered() is
triggered. The cooperation diagram is shown in Fig. 10, and the message translation and
cooperation are summarized below.
• The users’ option is translated to the Navigator through the Manipulator.
• In the Navigator, the CreateKmlFilePath() is invoked to create a KML file.
• Traverse the input trajectory points and export them into the KML file.
• Traverse the interpolated trajectory points and export them into the KML file.
• The addkml() in ossimPlanetKmlLayer is invoked to create a corresponding KML layer
on ossimPlanet for display.
11. Computer Science & Information Technology (CS & IT) 151
user
ossimPlanetQtMainWindow:mainWindow
ossimPlanetManipulator:theManipulator
ossimPlanetNavigator:theNavigator
kmlLayer : ossimPlanetKmlLayer
ofstream:_file
osg::AnimationPath:theTempPath
osg::AnimationPath:theAnimationPath
1、on_flieOpenKml_triggered
13、addKml()
2、CreateKmlFile() 12、IsSuccessed
3、CreateKmlFile()
11、IsSuccessed
7、getTimeControlPointMap()
8、theAnimationPath
4、getTimeControlPointMap()
5、tempPath
6、Create&Write
9、Write in
10、IsSuccessed
Fig. 10. Cooperation of the components after choosing to display trajectory.
4.5. Playback of Flight trajectory
After users choose to playback the flight trajectory, on_viewShowThePath_triggered() is
triggered. The cooperation diagram is shown in Fig.10. The message translation and cooperation
are summarized blow.
• The users’ option is translated to the Navigator through the Manipulator.
• In the Navigator, the showPath() is invoked. Current rendering mode is set as the
simulation mode.
• The rest work is done along with the Event Traversal. In every frame, the scene
parameters are calculated in update(). And the calculation is done according to the
ControlPoint in the map of ossimPlanetAnimationPath .
• Loop the third step with the refresh of ossimPlanet to playback the flight trajectory
dynamically.
12. 152 Computer Science & Information Technology (CS & IT)
Fig. 11. Cooperation of thecomponents after choosing to playback the flight trajectory.
5. SIMULATION RESULTS
The simulation is done on the ossimPlanet 1.8.4. The interested flight data includes ten
photographs and their configuration files. The 10 red-dotted points are the input flight trajectory
points as shown in Fig.12 and the corresponding photograph is pasted as shown in Fig.13. The
green marks are the interpolated flight trajectory points.
Fig. 12. Marks of flight trajectory.
Fig. 13. Playback of flight trajectory.
13. Computer Science & Information Technology (CS & IT) 153
During playback of flight trajectory, the eye point changes along the flight trajectory. As shown
in Fig.13, users could view the photographs and the trajectory marks on the 3D global
dynamically. The eye point will change with the plane when the ossimPlanet refreshes its scene.
6. CONCLUSIONS
In this paper, flight trajectory recreation and playback system of aerial mission is implemented
based on open-source 3D global platform – ossimPlanet. Users can choose their interested flight
of aerial mission. Then the aerial photographs would be displayed on the proper geographic
positions of ossimPlanet. The flight trajectory also would be recreated and marked. In addition,
the playback of the flight trajectory is simulated on ossimPlanet. These functions allow users to
analyze their interested flight in a more institutive way.
The development on open-source platform ensures the security of system in a low cost and high
performance. Especially, it allows developers to implement more customized functions. During
the development, APIs of ossimPlanet about loading images, loading KML files and rendering
frame are overwritten. This paper provides a general method for the development on ossimPlanet
with its rendering theory.
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Authors
Wu Wu is a graduate student for master at the Research Center for Natural Computing
and Software, College of Computer Science and Technology, Beijing Nor-mal University.
Her research interests include software engineering and info-rmation systems,3D GIS.Her
email is midou@mail.bnu.edu.cn;