The five kingdoms of biology, based on the Whittaker system, are Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Each kingdom encompasses different types of organisms with distinct characteristics.

1. 5
KINGDOM
CLASSIFICATIO
N

2. OBJECTIVE
At the end of the lessonthe students are expected to:
• *understand the classificationof 5 Kingdom of all
living things

3. The five-kingdom classification thatwe see today was not the initial resultof the classificationof
living organisms.Carolus Linnaeusfirst came up with a two-kingdom classification,which included
only kingdom Plantaeand kingdom Animalia. The five-kingdom classification thatwe see today was
not the initial resultof the classification of living organisms.CarolusLinnaeus firstcame up with a
two-kingdom classification,which includedonly kingdom Plantaeand kingdom Animalia.
The two-kingdom classification lasted for a very long time but did not last forever becauseit did not
take into accountmany major parameterswhile classifying.Therewas no differentiationof the
eukaryotesand prokaryotes;neitherunicellular and multicellular; nor photosynthetic and the non-
photosynthetic.
Putting all the organismsin either plantor animalkingdom was insufficientbecause there werea lot of
organismswhich could notbe classifiedas either plants or animals.
All this confusion led to a new mode of classification which had to take into accountcellstructure,the
presence ofcell wall, mode of reproductionand mode of nutrition.As a result,RobertWhittaker came
up with the conceptof the five-kingdom classification.
The living organismsare divided into five differentkingdoms – Protista,Fungi,Plantae,Animalia,and
Moneraon the basis of their characteristicssuch as cell structure,mode ofnutrition,mode of
reproduction and bodyorganization.
INTRODUCTION

4. CHARACTERISTICSOFTHEFIVEKINGDOMS OFLIVINGTHINGS
All the species in a particular kingdom have similar characteristics in terms of their growth and the
way they function. Now let's look at where the family relationships that define nature's kingdoms
come from:
Nutrition. Autotrophic (makes its own food) or heterotrophic (feeds on other living things).
Cell organisation. Unicellular (having only one cell) or multicellular (having two or more cells).
Celltype. Eukaryotes(the genetic material is surrounded by a membrane) or prokaryotes (lacking
a membrane).
Respiration. Aerobic (needs oxygen) or anaerobic (does not use oxygen).
Reproduction. Sexual, asexual or through spores.
Movement. Self-moving or static.

5. KINGDOM MONERA
- Bacteria are categorized underneath the Kingdom Monera.
CELLSTRUCTURE

6. MODE OF NUTRITION
-The mode of nutrition of all organisms belonging to kingdom monera is autotrophic.
MODE OF REPRODUCTION
-Monera reproduces asexually by binary fission during favourable conditions or
endospore formation during unfavourable conditions. They reproduce sexually by a
process called conjugation.
BODY ORGANIZATION
-The Monerans are unicellular organisms. They contain 70S ribosomes. The DNA is
naked and is not bound by a nuclear membrane. It lacks organelles like mitochondria,
lysosomes, plastids, Golgi bodies, endoplasmic reticulum, centrosome, etc.
RESPIRATION
-Cellular respiration in Monera takes place in two ways Aerobic respiration and
fermentation. Respiration in Protists is aerobic. Mode of respiration in fungi are both
aerobic and anaerobic.
MOVEMENT
-Organisms in the Monera kingdom can have different means of mobility, such as
movement by using the flagella, as in the diagram above, to propel themselves through
liquids, axial filaments to rotate, or by secreting slime to glide.

7. BACTERIA
-Bacteria aremicroscopic organismsthat cansurviveindiverseenvironments. They canbebeneficialaswell
asharmful. They possessa simplestructure without a nucleus and a few cell organelles.
-They exhibit autotrophic and heterotrophic modesof nutrition.Autotrophic bacteria derivenutritionfrom
inorganic substances.They derivecarbonand hydrogenfrom atmospheric carbondioxide, H2, H2S, and NH3.
Theheterotrophic bacteria depend uponexternalorganic materialsfor their food.Thesecanbesaprotrophs,
parasitesand symbionts.
STRUCTUREOFBACTERIA
• CAPSULE
• CELL WALL
• PLASMA MEMBRANE
• CYTOPLASM
• NUCLEOID
• PLASMIDS
• FLAGELLA
• PILI

8. BACTERIALSHAPE
Bacteria possess the following different shapes:
● Cocci-Bacteria are spherical or oval in shape. These can be micrococcus (single),
diplococcus (in pairs), tetracoccus (in fours), streptococcus (in chains), and staphylococcus
(in clusters like grapes)
● Bacilli- These are rod-shaped bacteria with or without flagella.
● Vibrios-These are comma or kidney-shaped small bacteria with flagella at one end.
● Spirillum-These are spiral or coiled shaped. They are rigid forms due to the spiral structure
and bear flagella at one or both the ends.

9. CLASSIFICATIONOFMONERA
Kingdom Monera isclassified into threesub-kingdoms- Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, and Cyanobacteria.
ARCHAEBACTERIA
• These arethe most ancient bacteria found inthemost extremehabitatssuchassalty area (halophiles), hot
springs(thermoacidophiles) and marshy areas(methanogens).
• Thestructure of thecell wall is different from that of theother bacteria whichhelpsthem survive inextreme
conditions.
• Themodeof nutritionisautotrophic.
• Thenucleotidesequencesof itst-RNA and r-RNA isunique.
EXAMPLES:
• Halophiles-The halophiles, named after the Greek word for "salt-loving", are extremophiles that
thrive in high salt concentrations.
• Methanogens-Methanogens are microorganisms that produce methane as a metabolic
byproduct in hypoxic conditions. They are prokaryotic and belong to the domain Archaea. All
known methanogens are members of the archaeal phylum Euryarchaeota.
• Thermoacidophiles-Thermoacidophiles are microorganisms that have developed
mechanisms to successfully persist in unusually hot, acidic environments, with optimal
conditions of pH ≤4 and temperature ≥55°C.

10. HALOPHILES METHANOGENS THERMOACIDOPHILES

11. EUBACTERIA
• Eubacteria are also known as “true bacteria”.
• The cell wall is rigid and made up of peptidoglycans.
• It moves with the help of flagella.
• A few bacteria contain short appendages on the cell surface, known as pili which help the
bacteria during sexual reproduction. Pili also helps a pathogen to attach to the host.
• They are divided into two categories; gram-positive and gram-negative, depending upon
the nature of the cell wall and the stain they take.
• Rhizobium and Clostridium are two eubacteria.
EXAMPLES:
• E. Coli
• Cyanobacteria
• Borrelia Burgdorferi
• Chlamydia Trachomatis
• Staphylococcus Areus
.

12. E.COLI B.BURGDORFERI CHLAMYDIATRACHOMATIS STAPHYLOCOCCUSAREUS

15. CYANOBACTERIA
• These are also known as blue-green algae.
• These bacteria are photosynthetic in nature.
• They contain chlorophyll, carotenoids and phycobilins.
• They are found in the aquatic region.
• Some of these even fix atmospheric nitrogen.
• Nostoc, Anabaena, Spirulina are some cyanobacteria.
- Monerans are very useful organisms. They enrich the soil and serve as an important part of
the nitrogen cycle. They are also helpful in the production of some food items and
antibiotics. Methanogens play an important role in the treatment of sewage. Many
organisms rely on archaebacteria as the source of food.

16. KINGDOM PROTISTA
- Protists are simple eukaryotic organisms that are neither plants nor animals or fungi.
Protists are unicellular in nature but can also be found as a colony of cells. Most protists live
in water, damp terrestrial environments or even as parasites.

17. CELL STRUCTURE
-Protist cells may contain a single nucleus
or many nuclei; they range in size from
microscopic to thousands of meters in area.
Protists may have animal-like cell
membranes, plant-like cell walls, or may be
covered by a pellicle.

18. MODE OF NUTRITION
-The major modes of nutrition among protists are autotrophy (involving plastids,
photosynthesis, and the organism's manufacture of its own nutrients from the milieu) and
heterotrophy (the taking in of nutrients).
MODE OF REPRODUCTION
-Protists have the ability to reproduce using binary fission. In binary fission, an organism
duplicates its genetic material, or deoxyribonucleic acid, and then divides into two parts
known as cytokinesis.
BODY ORGANIZATION
-All protists are eukaryotic organisms. This means that they have a membrane-enclosed
nucleus and other cell organelles. Most protists are aquatic, others are found in moist and
damp environments. Most are unicellular, however, there are a few multicellular protists such
as the giant kelp.
RESPIRATION
-Cellular respiration in the kingdom is primarily an aerobic process (with oxygen), but some
protists, including those that live in mud below ponds or in animal digestive tracts, are
anaerobes (without oxygen).
MOVEMENT
-Protists exhibit locomotion through cilia and flagella. A few organisms belonging to the
kingdom Protista have pseudopodia that help them to move.

19. CLASSIFICATIONOF KINGDOMPROTISTA
Kingdom Protista isclassified into thefollowing:
● Protozoa
● Protozoansareunicellular organisms.Historically, protozoanswerecalled “animal” protistsasthey are
heterotrophic and showed animal-like behaviours.
● Thereare also parasitic protozoanswhichliveinthe cells of larger organisms.Most of themembersdo
not have a predefined shape.For instance, anamoebacanchangeitsshapeindefinitely but a
paramecium hasa definiteslipper-likeshape.Themost well-knownexamplesof protozoansare
amoeba, paramecium, and euglena.Unlikeother membersof thisgroup, euglena isa free-living
protozoanthat haschlorophyll, whichmeansit canmakeitsownfood.

20. The protozoans can be divided into four major groups:
● Amoeboid protozoans– Mostlyfound in water bodies, either fresh or saline. They have
pseudopodia (false feet) which help to change their shape and to capture and engulf food.
E.g. Amoeba.
● Flagellatedprotozoans – As the name suggests, the members of this group have flagella. They
can be free-living as well as parasitic. E.g. Euglena.
● Ciliated protozoans – Theyhave cilia all over their body which help in locomotion as well as
nutrition. They are always aquatic. E.g. Paramecium.
● Sporozoans – These organisms are so-called because their life cycle has a spore-like stage. For
example, the malarial parasite, Plasmodium.
SLIME MOULDS
- Slime moulds are saprophytic organisms (they feed on dead and decaying matter). These are tiny
organisms that have many nuclei.
-Usually, Slime moulds are characterized by the presence of aggregates called plasmodium and are
even visible to the naked eye.

21. AMOEBID PROTOZOANS FLAGELLATED PROTOZOANS

22. CILIATED PROTOZOANS SPOROZOANS

23. KINGDOM FUNGI
● The kingdom fungi include moulds, mushroom, yeast etc. They show a variety
of applications in domestic as well as commercial purposes.

24. CELLSTRUCTURE
-They can be either single-celled or multicellular organisms. Fungi consist of long
thread-like structures known as hyphae. These hyphae together form a mesh-like
structure called mycelium. Fungi possess a cell wall which is made up of chitin and
polysaccharides.

25. MODE OF NUTRITION
-The mode of nutrition of organisms belonging to kingdom Fungi is saprophytic. They
secrete enzymes to digest dead and decaying matter and then absorb the digested
material.
MODE OF REPRODUCTION
-Fungi reproduce asexually by fragmentation, budding,or producing spores. Fragments
of hyphae can grow new colonies. Mycelial fragmentation occurs when a fungal
mycelium separates into pieces with each component growing into a separate
mycelium. Somatic cells in yeast form buds.
RESPIRATION
-Most fungi are obligate aerobes, requiring oxygen to survive, however some species,
such as the Chytridiomycota that reside in the rumen of cattle, are obligate anaerobes;
for these species, anaerobic respiration is used because oxygen will disrupt their
metabolism or kill them.
MOVEMENT
-They are heterotrophic, which means they must consume organic matter to obtain
their nutrition. Unlike other heterotrophic organisms (namely, animals), fungi are
immobile and are not able to move around to find organisms to consume.

26. CLASSIFICATIONOFFUNGI
Kingdom Fungi are classified based on different modes. The different classification of fungi is as
follows:
Based on Mode of nutrition
On the basis of nutrition, kingdom fungi can be classified into 3 groups.
1.Saprophytic– The fungi obtain their nutrition by feeding on dead organic substances.
Examples: Rhizopus, Penicillium and Aspergillus.

27. 2. Parasitic–The fungi obtain their nutrition by living on other living organisms
(plants or animals) and absorb nutrientsfrom their host.
Examples: Taphrina and Puccinia.

28. 3. Symbiotic – These fungi live by having an interdependent relationship with other species in
which both are mutually benefited. Examples: Lichens and mycorrhiza. Lichens are the
symbiotic association between algae and fungi. Here both algae and fungi are mutually
benefited as fungi provide shelter for algae and in reverse algae synthesis carbohydrates for
fungi. Mycorrhiza is the symbiotic association present between fungi and plants. Fungi
improve nutrient uptake by plants, whereas, plants provides organic molecules like sugar to
the fungus.

29. Based on Spore Formation
Kingdom Fungi are classified into the following based on the formation of spores:
● Zygomycetes– These are formed by the fusion of two different cells. The sexual spores are
known as zygospores, while the asexual spores are known as sporangiospores. The hyphae are
without the septa. Example – Mucor.
● Ascomycetes – They are also called sac fungi. They can be coprophilous, decomposers, parasitic
or saprophytic. The sexual spores are called ascospores. Asexual reproduction occurs by
conidiospores. Example – Saccharomyces.
● Basidiomycetes– Mushrooms are the most commonly found basidiomycetes and mostly live as
parasites. Sexual reproduction occurs by basidiospores. Asexual reproduction occurs by
conidia, budding or fragmentation. Example- Agaricus.
● Deuteromycetes– They are otherwise called imperfect fungi as they do not follow the regular
reproduction cycle as the other fungi. They do not reproduce sexually. Asexual reproduction
occurs by conidia. Example – Trichoderma.

30. ZYGOMYCETES ASCOMYCETES BASIDIOMYCETES DEUTEROMYCETES

31. Reproduction in fungi is both by sexual and asexual means. The sexual mode of
reproduction is referred to as teleomorph and the asexual mode of reproduction is
referred to as anamorph.
● Vegetative reproduction in fungi –Thistakes place by budding, fission and
fragmentation.
● Asexual reproduction–This takes place with the help of spores called conidia or
zoospores, or sporangiospores.
● Sexual reproduction– This occurs by ascospores, basidiospores, and oospores.
The conventional mode of sexualreproductionisnot always observed in the kingdom
Fungi. In some fungi, the fusion of two haploid hyphae does not result in the formation of
a diploid cell. In such cases, there appears an intermediate stage called the
dikaryophase. This stage is followed by the formation of diploid cells.

32. USES OFFUNGI
Fungi are one of the most important groups of organisms on the planet as they play a vital role in the
biosphere and have great economic importance on account of both their benefits and harmful
effects.
● Following are some of the important uses of fungi:
● Recycling– They play a major role in recycling the dead and decayed matter.
● Food – The mushrooms species which are cultured are edible and are used as food by humans.
● Medicines– There are many fungi that are used to produce antibiotics and to control diseases in
humans and animals. Penicillin antibiotic is derived from a common fungus called Penicillium.
● BiocontrolAgents– Fungi are involved in exploiting insects, other small worms and help in
controlling pests. Spores of fungi are used as a spray on crops.
● Food spoilage– Fungi play a major role in recycling organic material and are also responsible for
major spoilage and economic losses of stored food.
EXAMPLES OFFUNGI
● Following are the common examples of fungi:
● Yeast
● Mushrooms
● Moulds
● Truffles

33. YEAST MUSHROOM MOULD TRUFFLE

34. KINGDOM PLANTAE
● Kingdom Plantae includes green, brownand red algae, liverworts,mosses, ferns
and seed plantswithor without flowers. They have the following characteristics:
They are multicellular organisms with walled and frequently vacuolate eukaryotic
cells. These contain photosynthetic pigment in plastids.

35. CELLSTRUCTURE
- Plant cells have a cell wall, large central vacuole, and plasmodesmata. Like other eukaryotes,
plants have a nucleus, plasma membrane, mitochondria, and other organelles, but plant cells
differ from animal, fungal, and protist cells in a number of important ways.

36. MODE OFNUTRITION
-Majority of the members of kingdom Plantae possess chlorophyll pigment indifferent parts of their
body which makes them capable of synthesising their own food by the process of photosynthesis.
This mode of nutrition is known as autotrophic mode of nutrition and makes plants the major
producers of food in an ecosystem.
MODE OFREPRODUCTION
-The species in Kingdom Plantae reproduce in a variety of methods. Some species reproduce
sexual and others use asexual means. The kingdom also includes a variety of reproductive
structures, such as seeds, pollen, sperm, cones, spores, flowers, and eggs.
BODYORGANIZATION
-Kingdom Plantae includes all the plants. They are eukaryotic, multicellular and autotrophic
organisms. The plant cell contains a rigid cell wall. Plants have chloroplast and chlorophyll
pigment, which is required for photosynthesis.
RESPIRATION
-As with photosynthesis, plants get oxygen from the air through the stomata. Respiration takes
place in the mitochondria of the cell in the presence of oxygen, which is called "aerobic
respiration". In plants, there are two types of respiration: dark respiration and photo respiration.
MOVEMENT
-Plants are multicellular and most don't move, although gametes of some plants move using cilia
or flagella. Organelles including nucleus, chloroplasts are present, and cell walls are present.
Nutrients are acquired by photosynthesis (they all require sunlight).

37. CLASSIFICATIONOFKINGDOMPLANTAE
A plant kingdomis furtherclassified intosubgroups.Classification is basedon
the following criteria:
● Plantbody:Presence or absence of a well-differentiatedplant body.E.g.
Root,Stem and Leaves.
● Vascularsystem:Presence or absence of a vascularsystem for the
transportationofwater and othersubstances. E.g. Phloem and Xylem.
● Seedformation:Presence or absence of flowers andseeds andif the seeds
are naked or enclosed in a fruit.

38. Theplant kingdomhasbeenclassifiedintofivesubgroupsaccordingto theabove-mentionedcriteria:
● Thallophyta
● Bryophyta
● Pteridophyta
● Gymnosperms
● Angiosperms
THALLOPHYTA
● Thallophyteslack a well-differentiated body structureand theplant body isthalluslike.
-Thallophyta includesplantswithprimitiveand simplebody structures.Theplant bodyisthallus, they may be
filamentous, colonial, branched or unbranched.Examplesincludegreenalgae, red algae and brownalgae.
Commonexamplesare Volvox, Fucus, Spirogyra, Chara, Polysiphonia,Ulothrix, etc.

39. BRYOPHYTA
- Bryophytes do not have vascular tissues. The plant body has root-like, stem-like and leaf-like
structures. Bryophytes are terrestrial plants but are known as “amphibians of the plant kingdom” as
they require water for sexual reproduction. They are present in moist and shady places. Bryophyta
includes mosses, hornworts and liverworts. Some of the common examples are Marchantia, Funaria,
Sphagnum, Antheoceros, etc.

40. PTERIDOPHYTA
- Pteridophyteshave a well-differentiatedplant body intoroot, stem andleaves.
They have a vascular system for the conductionof water andother substances.
Some of the common examples are Selaginella, Equisetum,Pteris,etc.

41. GYMNOSPERMS
- Gymnospermshave a well-differentiatedplant body andvascular tissues. They
bear nakedseeds, i.e. seeds are not enclosed within a fruit.Some of the
common examples of gymnospermsare Cycas, Pinus,Ephedra, etc.

42. ANGIOSPERMS
- Angiosperms are seed-bearing vascular plants with a well-differentiated plant body. The seeds of
angiosperms are enclosed within the fruits. Angiosperms are widely distributed and vary greatly in
size, e.g. Wolffia is small measuring about 0.1 cm and Eucalyptus trees are around 100 m tall.
Angiosperms are further divided into monocotyledons and dicotyledons according to the number of
cotyledons present in the seeds. Some of the common examples are mango, rose, tomato, onion,
wheat, maize, etc.

43. Cryptogamsand Phanerogams
The plant kingdom is also classified into two groups:
● Cryptogams – Non-flowering and non-seed bearing
plants. E.g. Thallophyta, Bryophyta, Pteridophyta
● Phanerogams – Flowering and seed-bearing plants.
E.g. Gymnosperms, Angiosperms

44. KINGDOM ANIMALIA
Kingdom Animalia
Features of Kingdom Animalia
● All multicellular eukaryotes which are heterotrophs and lack cell wall are set aside under
this kingdom.
● The animals are directly or indirectly dependent on plants for food. Their mode of
nutrition is holozoic. Holozoic nutrition encompasses ingestion of food and then the use
of an internal cavity for digestion of food.
● Many of the animals are adept for locomotion.
● They reproduce by sexual mode of reproduction.

45. REFERENCES
▪ https://byjus.com/biology/five-kingdoms-classification/
▪ https://byjus.com/biology/monera/#:~:text=Kingdom%20Monera%20is%20cl
assified%20into,Archaebacteria%2C%20Eubacteria%2C%20and%20Cyanobac
teria.
▪ https://byjus.com/biology/protista/
▪ https://byjus.com/biology/kingdom-fungi/
▪ https://byjus.com/biology/plant-kingdom-plantae/