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Firstaid
This document provides an overview of first aid, covering topics such as wounds, bleeding, fractures, burns, CPR, shock, and asthma attacks. It defines first aid as initial help given before professional medical help arrives. The key principles of first aid are to preserve life, promote recovery, and prevent further injury. Proper first aid techniques include assessing consciousness, breathing, and pulse; treating bleeding through direct pressure; splinting suspected fractures; and performing CPR if needed to restore breathing or pulse. Various injury and medical emergency types are described along with recommended first aid treatments.
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Firstaid
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- 2. Content Page • Introduction (First Aid) • Wounds • Bleedings • Fractures • Burns • Cardio- Pulmonary Resuscitation • Shock • Asthma Attack
- 3. Introduction (First Aid) • What is First Aid? • Aims of First Aid • The ABC of Life • First Aid Priority • 4 stages of consciousness • Examination Techniques
- 4. What is FirstAid? • Initial help given to a casualty before the arrival of professionals
- 5. Aims of FirstAid • To preserve life • To promote recovery • To prevent others injuries
- 6. The ABC ofLife • Airway- Check the airways are open and clear, no obstructions • Breathing- Look and see that the chest is rising and falling. Sound of breathing • Circulation- Check for pulse
- 7. First Aid Priority • Safety • Consciousness • Pulse & Respiration • Bleeding • Fractures • Poisoning • Shock • Disposal of casualty
- 8. 4 stages ofconsciousness • Fully Conscious • Drowsiness • Stupor • Coma
- 9. Examination Techniques • Hands-Check nails and palms for anaemia • Pulse- Check the rate, rhythm & volume • Blood pressure- Hypotension is low, hypotension is high • Head- Eyes, ears,lips and mouth • Neck- check not broken or bruised • Chest- Lungs and heart
- 10. • Head- Eyes, ears,lips and mouth • Neck- check not broken or bruised • Chest- Lungs and heart • Abdomen- Liver, spleen, kidneys • Limps- Look, feel, move
- 11. Wounds • Incised wound • Laceration • Abrasion(Graze) • Contusion(Bruise) • Puncture wound • Gunshot wound • Treatments
- 12. Incised wound • StraightCut • Profuse bleeding • Caused by blade/ broken glass
- 13. Laceration • Rough tearby crushing on ripping forces • Bleed less profusely than incised wound • Often contaminated by germs
- 14. Abrasion(Graze) • Caused bysliding fall of friction burn • Superficial wound
- 15. Contusion(Bruise) • Blunt blow •Caused by hammer etc.
- 16. Puncture wound • Causedby nail and needle • Small site of entry deep track of internal damage • Risk of infection is high
- 17. Gunshot wound • Causedby bullet
- 18. Treatments • Remove anyclothing from around the wound • Clean the skin round the wound and irrigate the wound to remove any dirt • Cover it with a clean dressing
- 19. Dressing When applying steriledressing… • Remove the wrapping • Unfold the dressing pad, holding the bandage on each side of the pad. Put the pad directly on the wound.
- 20. • Wind theshort end of the bandage once around the limb and the dressing to secure the pad, leaving the tail hanging free • To secure the bandage, tie the ends in a reef knot, tied over the pad to exert firm pressure on the wound • Check the circulation to the extremity of the injured limb
- 21. Bleedings • Arterial bleeding • Venous bleeding • Capillary bleeding • Treatment for bleeding • Signs and symptoms of internal bleeding
- 22. Arterial bleeding • Bright red • Spurts out • Under high pressure • Richly oxgenated
- 23. Venous bleeding • Darkred • Gushing out • Under lesser pressure than arterial bleeding • Given up its oxygen
- 24. Capillary bleeding • Redin colour • Oozing out
- 25. Treatment for bleeding –Severe wounds • Apply direct pressure to the wound in order to stop the flow of the blood • Apply sterile dressing with firm pressure to control the bleeding • If there is no fracture, try to raise the limb that has been wounded & support it
- 26. and symptoms ofinternal blee • Pale, clammy skin • Rapid and weak pulse • Rapid, shallow breathing • Tenderness in abdomen • Any pain of discomfort • Nausea and/or vomiting • Shock
- 27. Fractures • What is a fracture? • Types of fractures • Signs • Treatment
- 28. What is afracture? • A closed, or simple, fracture is where the broken bone ends remain beneath the skin, whereas an open, or compound, fracture is where both ends of the bone protrude through the skin
- 29. Types of fractures •Simple fracture • Compound fracture • Complicated fracture ( includes organs) • Neck fracture • Skull fracture • Fractured ribs • Greenstick Fracture(happen to small children )
- 30. Signs • Swelling • Deformityor projecting bone ends • Severe pain, made worse by movement • Bruised • Tenderness
- 31. Treatment • Do nottry to force the bones back together again but seek medical assistance • Treat all open wounds with a clean dressing • Splint the fractured area in exactly the position that you find it in, pending removal to hospital or the arrival of expert medical aid
- 32. • If thearm is fracture, splint it, and then set up a sling if the arm can be moved across the chest. • Do not move the victim at all if you suspect a spinal injury
- 33. Burns • - Type of burn • First degree • Second degree • Third degree
- 34. First degree • Toplayer of skin • Skin turns red and then peels off • Treatment: Rehydrating creams, Cool water at regular intervals
- 35. Second degree • Deeperdamage to the skin, causing blisters. Shock. • Treatment: Use antibacterial dressing, or leave wound undressed but kept scrupulously clean.
- 36. Third degree • Damageto all layers of skin • Treatment: Requires specialist treatment
- 37. Cardio- Pulmonary Resuscitation • What is CPR? • Steps of CPR
- 38. What is CPR? •Used when the patient has stopped breathing and when there is no pulse • Only be performed by someone who has had training in this method
- 39. Steps of CPR •Tilt victim’s head backwards in order to open the airway • Pinch the victim’s nose with thumb and forefinger • Take a deep breath, place your mouth tightly over the victim’s mouth and blow air from yours into their mouth
- 40. • Stop blowingwhen the victim’s chest is expanded • Lift your hand from the victim and watch for the chest to fall. Give the victim further quick breaths, taking a deep breath yourself between each one.
- 41. • Carry onblowing into the victim’s lungs at a rate of 12 breaths per minute until the victim begins to breathe on his or her own. • You can stop blowing at this stage.
- 42. Shock • What isshock? • Signs • Treatment
- 43. What is shock? •Rapid lowering of blood pressure owing to lack of circulating volume to vital body organs, such as the brain, heart, liver and kidneys.
- 44. Signs • Weak and giddy • Nausea/ may vomit • Thirst • Rapid shallow breathing • Weak Pulse
- 45. Treatment • Lay casualty down • Reassure the casualty • Raise and support the leg • Loosen tight clothing • Keep casualty warm • Check and record the casualty’s breathing, pulse, level of response
- 46. Asthma attack – Treatment •Reassure and calm casualty • Find a position that the person finds comfortable • Tell him/her to try taking slow, deep breaths • Help to find the reliever(Blue)
- 47. • Allow casualtyto use it and it will take effect within minutes • If attack eases within 5-10 minutes, encourage him/her to take another dose and breathe slowly and deeply • Tell casualty to inform doctor if attack is very severe or first attack
- 48. End of presentation!! Hopeyou have learnt more about First Aid !!!