The document provides information on first aid training including: 1. The aims of first aid are to preserve life, prevent worsening of conditions, and promote recovery. 2. It outlines the primary survey process of assessing airway, breathing, circulation, disability, and exposure (DRABC), and secondary survey to check for bleeding, injuries, and clues. 3. It also summarizes levels of consciousness, treatment for bleeding, types of wounds and fractures, and guidelines for safe moving and handling.

1. First Aid
Training

2. aims of first aid
Preserve Life
Prevent Worsening
Promote Recovery

3. the airway

4. emergency action plan
DANGER?
Make sure it is safe for
YES
you to give help.
Remove
NO
Danger
Response?
History YES Make the scene safe.
Shout and gently shake or
Find out what has happened. Do not take risks.
tap the casualty.
NO
Help!
Signs and Symptoms Shout for help, but don’t
How does the patient feel or look?
leave the casualty yet.
Try to work out what’s wrong.
Airway
Treatment
Open the airway by
Remember – If you’re not sure, always seek
tilting the head back
professional medical advice.
and lifting the chin.
Normal Secondary Survey
Breathing? YES Check for bleeding, injuries and clues
(see your first aid book).
Look, listen and feel
for no more than 10
seconds.
Recovery Position
If you’re not sure if
breathing is normal, treat it
Recovery Position (see book).
as though it is not.
Dial 999 if not already done.
NO Monitor Airway and Breathing.
Keep the casualty Warm.
Dial 999
Now
(If not already done)
Resuscitation
 Give 30 chest compressions, then 2 rescue breaths.
 Continue giving cycles of 30 compressions to 2 rescue breaths.
30 to 2  Only stop to recheck the patient if they start breathing normally
– otherwise do not interrupt resuscitation.
 If there is more than one rescuer, change over every 2 minutes
to prevent fatigue.

5. priorities of treatment
Primary Survey
A B
Airway Breathing
Secondary Survey
B
Bleeding (or burns)
B
Bones

6. resuscitation
D anger
R esponse
A irway
B reathing

7. Causes of unconsciousness
F ainting
I mbalance of heat
Shock
H ead Injury
Stroke
Heart Attack
A sphyxia
Poisoning
E pilepsy
Diabetes

8. levels of consciousness
A lert
Confused
V oice Inappropriate words
Utters sounds
No verbal response
P ain Localises pain
Responds only
U nresponsive

9. secondary survey
Primary Survey First! – D.R.A.B.
Bleeding or Burns
Head and Neck
Shoulders and Chest
Abdomen and Pelvis
Legs and Arms
Pockets and Clues
Recovery Position

10. head injuries
Compression
Concussion
Unconsciousness for a short Could have a history of
period, followed by an recent head injury with
increase in levels of apparent recovery, but then
response and recovery. deteriorates
Short term memory loss Levels of response become
worse as condition develops
(particularly of the incident).
Confusion, irritability.
Mild, general headache. Intense headache.
Pale, clammy skin. Flushed, dry skin.
Shallow / normal breathing. Deep, noisy, slow breathing.
(Pressure on the respiratory
control area of the brain)
Rapid, weak pulse. Slow, strong pulse.
(Blood diverts away from the (Caused by raised blood
extremities) pressure)
Normal pupils, reacting to One or both pupils dilate as
light. pressure increases on the
brain.
Possible nausea or vomiting Condition becomes worse.
on recovery. Fits may occur. No recovery.

11. compression

12. pupils

13. pupils

14. pupils

15. the respiratory system

16. the respiratory system
Alveoli

17. collapsed lung

18. hypoxia – the causes
External Suffocation,Drowning,
High Altitude
Tongue, Vomit, Choking,
Airway
Strangulation, Hanging, Burns,
Anaphylaxis, Disease.
Breathing Crushing, Collapsed Lung, Chest
Injury, Poisons, Asthma, Disease,
Illness.
Heart Attack, Angina, Bleeding,
Circulation
Poisons, Anaemia.
Stroke, Head Injury, Drug
Control
Overdose/Poisons, Spinal Injury,
Centre
Electric Shock.

19. hypoxia – signs and symptoms
Pale, Cold, Clammy / Cyanosis
Nausea / Vomiting
Increase In Pulse Rate
Weak Pulse
Increase in Breathing Rate /
Short of Breath
Dizziness / Confusion
Lowered Levels of Response

20. the circulatory system

21. the heart – blood flow
To the
From
Body
the
Body
To the
Lungs
From
the
Lungs
Left
Atrium
Right
Atrium
Right Left
Ventricle Ventricle

22. the heart

23. a typical heart attack

24. electrical impulses of the heart

25. Shock –normal circulation

26. Hypovolaemic Shock

27. cardiogenic shock

28. fainting
Handbrake!!

29. anaphylactic shock

30. anaphylaxis
Picture: Many Thanks to the Anaphylaxis Campaign.

31. types of wound
C ontusion
A brasion
L aceration
I ncision
P uncture
G un Shot
A mputation
D egloved

32. fractured wrist

33. eye / face laceration

34. finger laceration

35. Fingertip amputation

36. puncture wound

37. blood loss
Dilate
Blood
Vessels
Constrict
140
Heart 120
Rate
100
80
Blood
Pressure
10% 20% 30% 40%
Blood Loss

38. treatment of bleeding
S it or Lay
E xamine
E levate
P ressure

39. severity of burns
S ize
C ause
A ge
L ocation
Depth

40. burns – estimating the area

41. laceration

42. dislocated kneecap

43. burns

44. burns treatment
1 COOL!
2 REMOVE
3 DRESS

45. the skeleton

46. the spine
7 Cervical
12 Thoracic
5 Lumbar
5 Fused
Sacral

47. types of fracture
Closed
Open
Complicated
Green Stick

48. types of wound
P ain
L oss of power
U natural movement
S welling or bruising
Deformity
I rregularity
C repitus
T enderness

49. open fracture

50. open fracture
Note the poor aseptic technique!

51. open fractured wrist

52. sprains and strains
R est
Ice
C ompression
E levation

53. body temperature
0F 0C
109.4 43
Unconsciousness / fitting.
Heat 107.6 42 Confused / restless.
Headache, dizzy, uncomfortable.
105.8 41
Stroke Strong bounding pulse.
104 40 Flushed dry skin, hot to touch.
Heat Cramps in stomach / arms / legs.
102.2 39
Pale sweaty skin.
Exhaustion 100.4 38 Nausea / loss of appetite.
98.6 37 Normal Body Temperature
Normal
96.8 36
95 35 Shivering
Mild 34 Fatigue, Slurred speech
93.2
Confusion, forgetfulness
Hypothermia 91.4 33
Shivering stops, muscle rigidity
89.6 32 Very slow, very weak pulse
31 Noticeable drowsiness
87.8
30 Severe reduction in response levels
86
Unconsciousness
84.2 29 Dilated pupils
Severe 82.4 28 Pulse undetectable
Hypothermia 80.6 27 Appearance of death
78.8 26
77 25
Death
75.2 24

54. body temperature
0F 0C
109.4 43
Unconsciousness / fitting.
Heat 107.6 42 Confused / restless.
Headache, dizzy, uncomfortable.
105.8 41
Stroke Strong bounding pulse.
104 40 Flushed dry skin, hot to touch.
Heat Cramps in stomach / arms / legs.
102.2 39
Pale sweaty skin.
Exhaustion 100.4 38 Nausea / loss of appetite.
98.6 37 Normal Body Temperature
Normal
96.8 36
95 35 Shivering
Mild 34 Fatigue, Slurred speech
93.2
Confusion, forgetfulness
Hypothermia 91.4 33
Shivering stops, muscle rigidity
89.6 32 Very slow, very weak pulse
31 Noticeable drowsiness
87.8
30 Severe reduction in response levels
86
Unconsciousness
84.2 29 Dilated pupils
Severe 82.4 28 Pulse undetectable
Hypothermia 80.6 27 Appearance of death
78.8 26
77 25
Death
75.2 24

55. body temperature
0F 0C
109.4 43
Unconsciousness / fitting.
Heat 107.6 42 Confused / restless.
Headache, dizzy, uncomfortable.
105.8 41
Stroke Strong bounding pulse.
104 40 Flushed dry skin, hot to touch.
Heat Cramps in stomach / arms / legs.
102.2 39
Pale sweaty skin.
Exhaustion 100.4 38 Nausea / loss of appetite.
98.6 37 Normal Body Temperature
Normal
96.8 36
95 35 Shivering
Mild 34 Fatigue, Slurred speech
93.2
Confusion, forgetfulness
Hypothermia 91.4 33
Shivering stops, muscle rigidity
89.6 32 Very slow, very weak pulse
31 Noticeable drowsiness
87.8
30 Severe reduction in response levels
86
Unconsciousness
84.2 29 Dilated pupils
Severe 82.4 28 Pulse undetectable
Hypothermia 80.6 27 Appearance of death
78.8 26
77 25
Death
75.2 24

56. body temperature
0F 0C
109.4 43
Unconsciousness / fitting.
Heat 107.6 42 Confused / restless.
Headache, dizzy, uncomfortable.
105.8 41
Stroke Strong bounding pulse.
104 40 Flushed dry skin, hot to touch.
Heat Cramps in stomach / arms / legs.
102.2 39
Pale sweaty skin.
Exhaustion 100.4 38 Nausea / loss of appetite.
98.6 37 Normal Body Temperature
Normal
96.8 36
95 35 Shivering
Mild 34 Fatigue, Slurred speech
93.2
Confusion, forgetfulness
Hypothermia 91.4 33
Shivering stops, muscle rigidity
89.6 32 Very slow, very weak pulse
31 Noticeable drowsiness
87.8
30 Severe reduction in response levels
86
Unconsciousness
84.2 29 Dilated pupils
Severe 82.4 28 Pulse undetectable
Hypothermia 80.6 27 Appearance of death
78.8 26
77 25
Death
75.2 24

57. body temperature
0F 0C
109.4 43
Unconsciousness / fitting.
Heat 107.6 42 Confused / restless.
Headache, dizzy, uncomfortable.
105.8 41
Stroke Strong bounding pulse.
104 40 Flushed dry skin, hot to touch.
Heat Cramps in stomach / arms / legs.
102.2 39
Pale sweaty skin.
Exhaustion 100.4 38 Nausea / loss of appetite.
98.6 37 Normal Body Temperature
Normal
96.8 36
95 35 Shivering
Mild 34 Fatigue, Slurred speech
93.2
Confusion, forgetfulness
Hypothermia 91.4 33
Shivering stops, muscle rigidity
89.6 32 Very slow, very weak pulse
31 Noticeable drowsiness
87.8
30 Severe reduction in response levels
86
Unconsciousness
84.2 29 Dilated pupils
Severe 82.4 28 Pulse undetectable
Hypothermia 80.6 27 Appearance of death
78.8 26
77 25
Death
75.2 24

58. the digestive system

59. diabetes
High Blood Sugar Low Blood Sugar
Slow Fast
Onset
Levels of
Deteriorate slowly Deteriorate rapidly
response
Pale, cold, sweaty
Skin Dry and Warm
Deep sighing
Breathing Shallow and rapid
breaths
Rapid
Pulse Rapid
Excessive urination
Other
May be confused
Very thirsty
symptoms
for drunkenness
Hunger
Fruity smell on breath

60. moving and handling
An average adult weighs 60 to 70kg!
For most women, reduce weight by one third
Reduce weight by 10% for twisting 45o
Reduce weight by 20% for twisting 90 o
Assumptions:
The load is grasped in both hands.
The handler is in a stable body position
The lift takes place in reasonable working conditions

61. moving and handling
Chin up as Keep your
you lift back upright
Bend with
your knees
not your
back
Keep the
Feet apart to
load as close
give you
to your body
balance
as possible