First aid is the immediate assistance given to injured or suddenly sick individuals before professional medical help arrives, aiming to preserve life, prevent condition deterioration, and promote recovery. Key principles include safety, awareness of potential errors, and proper assessment techniques like the DRABC action plan for life-threatening situations. The document also discusses various first aid measures for specific emergencies, history, and recommendations for training and preparedness.

3. First Aid Care & its
Implications
Maj Retd Neamatullah Ahmed,PBGMS,MPH,MCPS
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4. Introduction
The word “First” means initial and “Aid “ means
help. The initial help or immediate care given to an injured
or suddenly sick person before arrival of an ambulance or
an expert medical personnel is known as First Aid Care.

5. Fire Land Slide
First Aid is Provided In

6. Drowning Choking
First Aid is Provided In

7. Road Traffic Accident Battlefield
First Aid is Provided In

8. Different Bites Trauma / Injury
First Aid is Provided In

9. Aim
Aim is to highlight the First Aid measures necessary to
handle emergency situations

10. Scope
Brief appraisal of First aid
Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation
First Aid of common medical emergencies
Surgical aspect of First Aid
First Aid of some environmental emergencies

11. First Aid
 First Aid is the assistance or treatment given to a casualty
for any injury or sudden illness before the arrival of an
ambulance or qualified medical expert. It may involve
improvising with facilities and materials available at the
time. -WHO
 First Aid can be initiated by anyone in any situation &
includes self-care.
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12. Aim of First Aid
First Aid treatment is given to a casualty in order:
To preserve life
To prevent the condition from worsening
To promote recovery.

13. Goals of First Aid
1. To restore and maintain vital functions. The
ABC of basic life support (Airway, Breathing,
and Circulation) are always the first priority.
2. To prevent further injury or deterioration.
3. To reassure the victim and make him or her as
comfortable as possible.

14. Principles of First Aid
1. Do not harm (know what to do and what
not to do).
2. First Aid is not an exact science and is
open to error.
3. First Aid is about putting first things first.
4. Safety is of utmost importance in First
Aid.

15. History of First Aid
 1740 : The Paris Academy of Sciences recommended
mouth to mouth resuscitation for drowning victims.
 1903 : Dr. George Crile reported 1st successful use of
external chest compressions in human resuscitation
 1954 : James Elam was the first to prove that – expired
air was sufficient ( 16% ) to maintain adequate
oxygenation.
 1956 : Peter Safar & James Elam invented mouth-to-
mouth resuscitation.

16.  1957 : The US Military adopted the mouth to mouth
resuscitation method to revive unresponsive victims.
 1960 : CPR was develop. AHA became the forerunner of
CPR training for the general public.
 1999 : 1st task force on First Aid was appointed. 1st
International Conference on Guideline for CPR & ECC.
 2010 : 50th Anniversary of CPR.
 2015 : The 2015 AHA Guidelines updated for CPR &
ECC ( Emergency Cardiovascular Care ).
History of First Aid

17. Statistics of First Aid
2016 (USA)
 Total incidence more than 3,50,000 cases.
 90% of outside hospital cases among them were dead.
 Among them 70 % cases ensued at home.
 Out of that, 46% heart attack cases
 And 32% cardiac arrest cases got CPR & ¼ th of them
were survived.

18. First Aid Kit
 Cotton wool
 Adhesive tape
 Crepe bandage
 Sterile Dressing
 Bandage
 Thermometer
 Scissors
 Glove
 Soap
 Pain reliever
 Antacid
 ORS Packets

19. First Aid Symbols / Emblems

20. First Aid Symbols / Emblems

21. Action Plan
This Action Plan is a vital aid
to the first aider in assessing
whether the victim has any life-
threatening conditions and if
any immediate first aid is
necessary. They are DRABC .
D - Check for DANGER
 To you
 To others
 To victim
R - Check RESPONSE
 Is victim conscious?
 Is victim unconscious?

22. A - AIRWAY
 Is airway clear of objects?
 Is airway open?
B - BREATHING
 Is chest rising and falling?
 Can you hear victim's breathing?
 Can you feel the breath on cheek?
C - CIRCULATION
 Can you feel a pulse?
 If B & C OK→ Check for other
injuries
 If B & C absent →Start CPR
Action Plan

23. Fainting
 Fainting also called syncope is a sudden, brief
loss of consciousness and posture caused by
decreased blood flow to the brain.
 It is a common problem, accounting for 3% of
emergency room visits and 6% hospital
admission.

24. If you have seen a person is
fainting then:
Don’ts :
 Don’t give the patient anything to eat or drink.
 Don’t allow the person who has just fainted to get up until
the victim is fully conscious.
 If the area is warm, don’t crowd around the victim.

25.  Catch the person before
he/she falls.
 Pinch the person and see if
he/she moves or opens his/her
eyes.
 Examine the injuries and
causes of unconsciousness.
 Tilt head back and keep arms
at right angle to body.
Do’s :

26. Raise the legs 8 – 12 inches. This
promotes blood flow to the brain.
Loosen any tight clothing
Keep the victim warm if it is cold
outside.
Keep a record of the casualty’s
condition.
Do’s :

27. 1 2
3
Purposes of CPR

28. Rate
Five key aspects of
CPR
 1
Depth
 2
Release
 3
Ventilation
 4
Uninterrupted CPR
 5

29. R : Responsiveness
•Tap shoulder and shout
“Are you ok?”
“Can you hear me?”
•Give simple orders
“Press my hand.”
If there is no reply and
no response, the victim is
unconscious.
Survey The Patient: RAP :
ABCDE

30. RAP
 A : Activate EMS
 If you are two persons there, one should go for - call
112– come back and let another know what they said.
 If you are alone, you may have to make the call rapidly
& come-back to help people- because time is very
much valuable in this regard.

31.  P : Position on back / left lateral
 All body parts rolled over at the same time
 Always be aware of head and spinal cord
injuries
 Support neck and spinal column.
RAP

32. Summary of First Aid
Patient Survey
 ABCDE
 A : Airway
 Open the airway
 Head tilt chin lift

33. B : Check For Breathing
 Look, listen and feel for
breathing
 No longer than 10
seconds

34. Mouth to Mouth Barrier Devices
 Masks
 Shields

35. Summary of First Aid
Patient Survey
 C : Circulation
 Check Pulse at Carotid Artery (5-10
seconds).
 If no pulse, start chest compressions.

36.  D
 Assess for Deformity.
 Hands on; Head to toe Examination for all other
injuries and conditions that will require treatment.
 E
 Expose
 If you can’t see it, you can’t treat it.
Summary of First Aid
Patient Survey

37. External Chest Compressions
 No pulse = No heart beat
External Chest Compressions must be delivered to
keep the blood circulating
Without a proper blood supply to the brain, DEATH
results in 3 minutes!

38. Start CPR Immediately
 Better chance of survival.
 Brain damage starts in 4-6 minutes.
 Brain damage is certain after 10 minutes without CPR.

39. CPR-cardio pulmonary
resuscitation
 After 30 chest compressions give 2 slow breaths
 Continue until help arrives or victim recovers.
 If the victim starts moving : check breathing.

40. CPR

41. When one can stop CPR?
 If Victim revives
 If Replaced by another rescuer
 If trained help arrives
 If too exhausted to continue
 If unsafe scene
 If physician directed (do not resuscitate orders)
 If cardiac arrest persists for longer than 30 minutes
(controversial).

42. CPR Training Precautions
 Do not practice on a person.
 Clean faces properly after each use on a manikin.

43. Complications of CPR
 Rib fractures
 Fracture sternum
 Vomiting &Aspiration
 Internal injuries: punctured lung, liver contusion or
laceration, spleen injury, diaphragm injury.
 Pneumothorax
 Haemothorax
 Haemopericardium

44. Self First Aid during heart-attack
while remain alone
 Call 112
 Call a close ally / friend / relative to come for help.
 Take Tab Aspirin 325mg( 2 Tab Jusprin 81mg) chew
and swallow with a glass of water.
 Take Tab Nitroglycerine : 1 tab sublingally or
Nitromint Spray : 2 spray sublingually if prescribed
by concerned specialist earlier.
 Lie down flat on a bed comfortably with leg ends
raised .
 Massage round wise around any one ( right or left )
carotid artery to ↓ HR & ↓ BP.

45.  A person chokes when the airway is partially or
completely blocked.
 Unless given correct first aid treatment, the
casualty may die.
Choking

46. How To Recognize Choking ?
 Can you hear breathing
or coughing sounds?
 High pitched breathing
sounds?
 Is the cough strong or
weak?
 Can’t speak, breathe or
cough
 Turning blue
 Universal distress signal
(clutches neck).

47. Universal distress signal
(clutches neck)

48. Conscious Choking
 Give 5 abdominal thrusts
(Heimlich maneuver)
 Place fist just above the umbilicus
 Give 5 upward and inward thrusts
 Pregnant or obese? 5 chest thrust
Fists on sternum
 If unsuccessful, support chest with
one hand and give back blows with
the other
 Continue until successful or victim
becomes unconscious.

49. What to do if you are Choking and
you are alone ?
 Use fist or
 Use rounded
corner
 Blunt end of
a furniture
 Be creative.

50. Choking
Choking = Airway obstruction
Requires the Heimlich Maneuver

51. Video of Chocking

52. If Victim Becomes Unconscious
After Giving Thrusts
 Call 112
 Try to support victim with your
knees while lowering victim to
the floor.
 Assess
 Begin CPR
 After chest compressions, check
for object before giving breaths .

53. 53
Heat Exhaustion
 Recognition
Wet/sweaty appearance, Fatigue/Pale
look
Headaches with possible cramps
 Treatment
Remove from offending environment
Fan / cool patient
Provide cool drink
Advise to see doctor
 dial 112 if
they deteriorate

54. • Recognition
Hot ,dry (NO
SWEATING),
red skin
Rapid Lowered
level of
consciousness
Nausea and/or
vomiting
Body
temperature
above 40ºC
(104ºF)
Heat Stroke

55. • Treatment
Remove from
offending
environment
Dial 112 for an
Ambulance
Cool patient
with cold, wet
sheets
Nothing by
mouth if
unconscious.
Heat Stroke

56. What you might see:
 The casualty may be unconscious
 Burns
 Signs of shock.
Electrocution

57. What you should do:
 make the area safe if possible.
Do not approach the casualty
until the electrical contact has
been broken
 treat any burns
 treat for shock
 be prepared to resuscitate.
Electrocution

58. Lightning

59. Five Ways Lightning can Kill
1. A direct strike
2. A side flash
3. Conducted current
4. Step voltage
5. Secondary effects

60. Lightning-Caused Hazards
 Fallen Wires
 Electrical Fires
 Forest fires

61. Safety Measures
 Have a plan
 Postpone activities
 Sensitive electronics should be unplugged
 Keep away from electrical equipment, wiring and water
pipes.

62. Warning Signs of Lightning
 If you feel your hair stand on end, skin tingle, or hear
crackling noises (signs of an imminent lightning strike)
assume a “lightning-safe position.”
If you can see it (lightning), flee it;
If you can hear it (thunder), clear it

63. Lightening-safe Position
If outside:
 Crouch on the ground
 Weight on the balls of
your feet
 Heels together
 Head lowered
 Eyes closed
 Ears covered

64. First aid for Lightning Victims
 Injured persons do not carry an electrical charge; apply
first-aid (if trained) & call 112
 Administer first aid as quick as possible
 If unconscious: Check breathing and pulse
 Person has a pulse, but not breathing: Begin mouth-to-
mouth resuscitation
 If person has no pulse: Begin cardiopulmonary
resuscitation-CPR
 Check for other injuries
 Most people die from heart attacks/stop breathing.

65. Drowning

66.  1. Get Help
 Notify a lifeguard, if one is close. If not, ask
someone to call 112.
 2. Move the Person
 Out of the water. Clean the mouth from sands &
other foreign bodies
 3. Perform scene survey-assess for danger
Drowning

67.  4. Check for Airway
Breathing &
circulation
 Place your ear next
to the person's
mouth and nose to
feel air on cheek.
 Look if the person's
chest is moving.
 4. If the Person is Not
Breathing: Check pulse
for 10 seconds.
Drowning

68. 5. If There is No Pulse, Start
CPR
 For an adult or child, place
the heel of one hand on the
center of the chest. You can
also push with one hand on
top of the other, press down
about 2 inches For an infant,
place two fingers on the
breastbone, press down
about 1.5 inches..
Drowning

69.  30 chest compressions
followed by 2 breaths
 Pinch the nose of the victim
closed. Take a normal breath,
cover the victim's mouth with
yours to create an airtight seal,
and then give 2 one-second
breaths as you watch for the
chest to rise.
Drowning

70.  Check to see if the person has started breathing.
 Continue this cycle(30:2) until victim starts breathing or
emergency help arrives.
Drowning

71. Poisoning
 Identify the ingested substance by
looking at presence of any Container
or Clues like Stains, Odors, etc.
 Contact 112
 Be careful not to induce vomiting if
patient is unconscious or have
ingested acids, alkalis, kerosene,
petroleum and its derivatives
 If victim is Vomiting then roll them
onto their sides for drainage
(Recovery position) to avoid
aspiration

72. Recovery position

73. Outbreak of Fire
 RACE
R : Remove people from
immediate danger
A : Activate EMS 112
C : Compartmentalize
 destroy an unaffected
room beside a burning
room to create a dead
space
E : Extinguish the fire

74. Extinguishing Fire
 PASS
 P : Pull the pin
 A : Aim at the
base of fire
 S : Squeeze the
trigger
 S : Sweep from
side to side

75. Earthquake and Landslide
 Response of the 1st
responders:
 Locate the trapped
persons
 To shout for help
 Maintaining scene
survey
 Moving a casualty
 First Aid management
including Management
of trauma & CPR

76. Rattlesnake Copperhead
Snake & Scorpion bite
Horned viper Scorpion

77. Identification of venomous vs
non venomous snake bite

78. Reassure / Calm the victim
Immobilize the entire limb
lower limb: do not walk
upper limb: do not move
Do not cut or suck wound
Do not apply tourniquet
Transport to medical
facility
Anti-snake venom & Anti
scorpion venom should
only be given by a doctor.
Snake & Scorpion bite

79. Pressure Immobilization of the
bitten Limb

80.  First aid remedies of
bees and wasp bites
comprises
 Bi-carbonate like
carbonated
drink/soda can be
used for bee bites
 Vinegar for
Wasp/Hornet bites.
Bees & Wasp
& Hornet bites

81. Trauma Care
ABCDE

82. Wound
Dangers of wound :
• Bleeding
• Infection
Aim of first aid :
• Stop bleeding
• Minimize Germs
entering the wound

83. Wound management
 Stop bleeding
 Handle gently
 Wash your hands
thoroughly
 Remove any
foreign body if
possible
 Don't remove embedded objects
 Don’t disturb blood clots
 Place clean dressing and
bandage firmly
 Shift to hospital

84. What To Do
1. Control of bleeding
2. Immobilize the limb
3. Treat the victim for shock
Traumatic amputation
4. Recover the amputated part and whenever possible take it
with the victim.

85. Musculoskeletal Injuries
 Splinting
 Immobilize the affected
part
 Remember- RICE
 Rest
 Ice
 Compression by
Crepe Bandage
 Elevation

86. Fractures & Dislocations
 Must treat for bleeding first
 Don’t straighten break bone.
 Treat the way you found it
 Do not push bones back into place

87. Dislocation of the Shoulder

88. Fractures of the Forearm

89. Head & spinal Injury
1 . ASSESMENT
Minor/ Major injury
2. ABCDE management
3. Stop bleeding
4. Watch for vomiting,
level of consciousness

90. 5. If unconscious place them in recovery
position whilst protecting their neck.
6. Call for emergency.
Head & spinal Injury

91. Care For Bleeding
 Apply pressure to the
wound
 Raise & support injured part
 Bandage wound
 Check circulation below
wound
 If severe bleeding persists,
keep nothing by mouth and
& call emergency services.
Remember PPP=Pressure, Pack, Position

94. Tourniquet
Absolute last resort in controlling bleeding, Remember -
Life or limb
Once a tourniquet is
applied, it is not to be
removed , only by a
doctor

95. Epistaxis
 Have patient sit down and
lean forward
 Apply or instruct patient
to apply direct pressure
 Keep patient quiet and
calm
 Do not let patient lean
back

97. Immediate care of the burn patients
1. Pre hospital Care -
a. Ensure rescuer safety
b. Stop the burning process
c. Check for other injuries
d. Cool the burn wound
e. Give oxygen
f. Elevate

98. Assessment of the burn wound
a. Patients whole hand
Digits & palm )
which represents
1% of TBSA
b. The rule of Nine –
which states that
Each upper limb is - 9%
Each lower limb - 18%
The torso - 18% each side
& The head & neck - 9%
1. Assessing size

99. 2. Assessing the depth of
the burn
 The history is important
– temp, time and burning
material
 Superficial burn have
capillary filling
 Deep partial thickness
burns do not blanch, but
have some sensation
 Full thickness burns feel
leathery & have no sensation

100. 1. Local burn wound care
a. Blisters
b. Initial cleaning of the
burn wound
2. Dressing the minor burn
wound
Management of minor burns

101.  Require immediate
medical treatment
 Call for medical help
The volume of fluid lost
is directly proportional
to the area of burn
Third degree burn
 Above 15 % of surface area the loss of fluid produces shock

102. Electrical burn
Low voltage injuries cause small
localized , deep burns
They can cause cardiac arrest
High voltage injuries damage by
flash ( external burn) conduction
( internal burn)
Never approach or touch a victim of electrical injury
until you are sure the power is turned off

103. Chemical burn
Damage is from corrosion
and poisoning
Copious lavage with water
helps in most cases
Then identify the chemical
and assess the risk of
absorption

104. Moving a casualty urgently - When ?
Always ask yourself if it is
really necessary to move
the injured person?
When?
Only when the life of the
injured person (and
sometimes of the rescuer) is
in greater danger.

105. Moving a casualty - How ?
1- If you are alone and there is a flat surface :
The foot drag

106. 2- If you are alone and there are obstacles on the
ground = The wrist drag
Moving a casualty - How ?

107. 3- If you are alone and need to get the victim out of a
vehicle.
Switch off ignition.
Look at the car damage. It will indicate how severely the person is injured.
Moving a casualty - How ?

108. 4- If there is spine injury = Move as a block ( Log roll).
First Aid management of the affected
personsFirst Aid management of the
affected persons
Moving a casualty - How ?

110. Conclusion
 First Aid Kit : May not always be available, so
 Be Creative
 Be Innovative and
 Use available resources
 Following acronyms are important while rendering
First Aid Care:
 Patient’s survey: DR’S ABCDE
 While rendering Fist Aid to a Fire victim : RACE
 While using Fire Extinguisher : PASS
 Musculoskeletal injury : RICE

111.  For any type of Bleedings: If no
other means are available - just
press the bleeding point by your
own hand.
 If no pulse, no breathing : Start
CPR .
 When ambulance arrives shift
the patient ASP as per
procedure.
Conclusion

112.  If we can render First Aid Care to an injured in
due time, we can be able to prevent
complications & also can save life.
 I hope & wish , by utilizing the above
information's , we can be able to help mankind
whenever and wherever is required.
Conclusion

113. Thank You

114. Concluding Speech
Principal

115. Thank You

117. Cough CPR

118. Symbols generally used in First Aid
Appliances are as follows:
FIR
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