Fire protection systems aim to prevent fires from starting, detect fires early, control smoke, safely evacuate occupants, and suppress fires. Key elements of design strategies include fire alarms, smoke control, compartmentalization, fire barriers, and use of noncombustible materials. Standpipe and hose systems provide manual firefighting capability, while sprinkler systems automatically extinguish fires. Proper design and installation of detection, notification, and suppression systems per applicable codes helps protect life and property from fire.
This document provides an overview of fire protection systems for buildings. It discusses causes of fires and safety regulations for building materials and design features to prevent fire spread. It also describes different types of active fire protection systems, including fire suppression systems like sprinklers, fire detection systems, and passive fire protection methods like fire-resistant construction materials and compartmentalization of buildings. The document outlines the key components and goals of both active and passive fire protection strategies.
The document provides information on fire protection systems. It discusses the causes and types of fires, as well as the fire triangle concept involving oxygen, heat, fuel and chemical reaction. It also covers fire hazards, protection, prevention methods like inspections and detection systems. Fire fighting equipment like standpipes, sprinklers, alarms and different types of fire extinguishers are explained.
1. A fire hydrant system provides a source of water to assist firefighters in battling a fire. It comprises pumps, pipes, hydrant valves, hoses, and nozzles that work together.
2. Water is stored in a reliable source like mains or a tank. Pipes direct the water from the source to hydrant valves located throughout buildings.
3. When pressure drops are detected, pumps boost water pressure to ensure an adequate flow of water can be directed through hoses and nozzles onto a fire.
Fire Hydrant System/Sprinkler System Fire Fighting Systems Fire Hydrant Syst...RajyogFireServicesPv
Fire Hydrant System,System Information,Operational Information,Fire Alarm System ......
Being one of the oldest but yet the most effective and common fire fighting solution, a well designed and a well laid out Hydrant System forms the backbone of the entire fire fighting system. It comprises of heavy duty above & underground piping with accessories. External and Fire Escape Hydrant valves are provided at every strategic location. A fire hydrant is a pipe that allows water to flow from a water main with the control of a valve in order to put out a fire.
A fire sprinkler system is an active fire protection measure, consisting of a water supply system, providing adequate pressure and flow rate to a water distribution piping system, onto which fire sprinklers are connected
An automatic sprinkler system is intended to detect, control and extinguish a fire, and warn the occupants of occurrence of fire. The installation comprises fire pumps, water storage tanks, control valve sets, sprinkler heads, flow switches, pressure switches, pipe work and valves. The system operates automatically without human intervention.
Fire fighting, types of fires, types of fire extinguishers, building management systems, sprinkler systems, heat and smoke sensors.
http://www.greenarchworld.com/
This document discusses fire and life safety requirements for buildings. It covers terminology, provisions for different building types, fire prevention measures, exit requirements, occupant loads, egress components, staircases, fire protection systems, and annexures with additional guidelines and data. The main topics covered are exits, means of egress, fire detection and suppression systems, and requirements specific to different building classifications.
Fire hydrant installation consists of a system of pipe work connected directly to the water supply main to provide water to each and every hydrant outlet and is intended to provide water for the firemen to fight a fire. The water is discharged into the fire engine form which it is then pumped and sprayed over fire. Where the water supply is not reliable or inadequate, hydrant pumps should be provided to pressurize the fire mains.
Learn the purpose compartmentation and fire doors. Understand code requirements, door types, and proper inspection methods.
Learning objectives:
- Know what codes and standards apply to fire doors
- Identify fire door types, components, and proper operation
- Conduct a fire door inspection to confirm compliance with codes and standards.
This document provides an overview of fire protection systems for buildings. It discusses causes of fires and safety regulations for building materials and design features to prevent fire spread. It also describes different types of active fire protection systems, including fire suppression systems like sprinklers, fire detection systems, and passive fire protection methods like fire-resistant construction materials and compartmentalization of buildings. The document outlines the key components and goals of both active and passive fire protection strategies.
The document provides information on fire protection systems. It discusses the causes and types of fires, as well as the fire triangle concept involving oxygen, heat, fuel and chemical reaction. It also covers fire hazards, protection, prevention methods like inspections and detection systems. Fire fighting equipment like standpipes, sprinklers, alarms and different types of fire extinguishers are explained.
1. A fire hydrant system provides a source of water to assist firefighters in battling a fire. It comprises pumps, pipes, hydrant valves, hoses, and nozzles that work together.
2. Water is stored in a reliable source like mains or a tank. Pipes direct the water from the source to hydrant valves located throughout buildings.
3. When pressure drops are detected, pumps boost water pressure to ensure an adequate flow of water can be directed through hoses and nozzles onto a fire.
Fire Hydrant System/Sprinkler System Fire Fighting Systems Fire Hydrant Syst...RajyogFireServicesPv
Fire Hydrant System,System Information,Operational Information,Fire Alarm System ......
Being one of the oldest but yet the most effective and common fire fighting solution, a well designed and a well laid out Hydrant System forms the backbone of the entire fire fighting system. It comprises of heavy duty above & underground piping with accessories. External and Fire Escape Hydrant valves are provided at every strategic location. A fire hydrant is a pipe that allows water to flow from a water main with the control of a valve in order to put out a fire.
A fire sprinkler system is an active fire protection measure, consisting of a water supply system, providing adequate pressure and flow rate to a water distribution piping system, onto which fire sprinklers are connected
An automatic sprinkler system is intended to detect, control and extinguish a fire, and warn the occupants of occurrence of fire. The installation comprises fire pumps, water storage tanks, control valve sets, sprinkler heads, flow switches, pressure switches, pipe work and valves. The system operates automatically without human intervention.
Fire fighting, types of fires, types of fire extinguishers, building management systems, sprinkler systems, heat and smoke sensors.
http://www.greenarchworld.com/
This document discusses fire and life safety requirements for buildings. It covers terminology, provisions for different building types, fire prevention measures, exit requirements, occupant loads, egress components, staircases, fire protection systems, and annexures with additional guidelines and data. The main topics covered are exits, means of egress, fire detection and suppression systems, and requirements specific to different building classifications.
Fire hydrant installation consists of a system of pipe work connected directly to the water supply main to provide water to each and every hydrant outlet and is intended to provide water for the firemen to fight a fire. The water is discharged into the fire engine form which it is then pumped and sprayed over fire. Where the water supply is not reliable or inadequate, hydrant pumps should be provided to pressurize the fire mains.
Learn the purpose compartmentation and fire doors. Understand code requirements, door types, and proper inspection methods.
Learning objectives:
- Know what codes and standards apply to fire doors
- Identify fire door types, components, and proper operation
- Conduct a fire door inspection to confirm compliance with codes and standards.
This presentation deals with the capacity of Fire Escapes, no. of fire escapes required in a building and the different Fire Escape system along with their functionality...
described definition ..all types of fire protection devices...fire alarm systems..fire detector systems..standards for designing building in case of afire,emergency exit,safety factors...
The document discusses fire protection systems in pharmaceutical facilities. It covers the fire triangle, sources of fire hazards like flammable liquids and electrical equipment, types of fires from classes A to F, and fire prevention methods. The key firefighting equipment discussed are standpipe and hose systems, fire alarms, sprinkler systems, and different types of fire extinguishers. Periodic inspection of all fire equipment and detection of hazards are emphasized for an effective fire protection program.
Fire is a chemical reaction that requires heat, fuel, and oxygen. There are four main classes of fire based on the type of fuel involved - Class A involves ordinary combustibles like wood and paper, Class B involves flammable liquids, Class C involves flammable gases, and Class D involves flammable metals. A fire alarm system uses detection devices like heat detectors and smoke detectors to detect fires, and alarm devices like sounders to alert people. It also requires control panels to receive signals and activate notifications. Common fire extinguishers are rated based on the types of materials they can extinguish. Buildings also use sprinkler systems, which activate individual sprinkler heads as they heat up from a fire. Regular maintenance
1) The document discusses various fire safety design principles including fire avoidance, detection, growth restriction, containment, control and smoke control.
2) Key elements of fire avoidance include fire zoning, limiting combustible materials and fire load. Fire detection focuses on manual and automatic detection methods. Growth restriction methods center around manual firefighting equipment like extinguishers and sprinklers.
3) Fire containment principles involve compartmentalizing buildings using fire-rated walls and doors to confine fires. Fire control ensures firefighter access to buildings and hydrants.
Fire detection and alarm systems are installed to notify occupants of a fire, summon assistance to fight fires, and initiate automatic suppression systems. There are different types of automatic alarm initiating devices like heat, smoke, and flame detectors that sense fire. Indicating devices like audible alarms and visible strobes alert people of a fire. Automatic alarm systems transmit alarm signals off-site to notify emergency responders. These systems are supervised to ensure proper operation and may include auxiliary functions to support firefighting and safety.
Basic training water based fire protectionSabrul Jamil
This document provides an introduction and overview of various water-based fire protection systems, including standpipe systems, wet pipe sprinkler systems, dry pipe sprinkler systems, deluge sprinkler systems, and pre-action sprinkler systems. It defines key terminology, describes common system components, and explains the purpose and function of different sprinkler head types and special application nozzles. Standards for installation and maintenance are also referenced.
Fire alarm system and common types of detectorsMuhammad Farid
Fire alarm systems are installed to detect fires and notify occupants and emergency services. The document discusses the basic components of fire alarm systems including detectors, notification appliances, and control panels. It describes different types of smoke detectors including ionization and photoelectric, and flame detectors. Placement and spacing of smoke detectors is also covered. The summary provides a high-level overview of the key topics and components discussed in the document.
An automatic fire alarm system detects combustion by monitoring environmental changes. It can be automatically or manually actuated. The fundamental components of a fire alarm system are the fire alarm control panel (FACP), primary and secondary power supplies, initiating devices like smoke detectors and pull stations, and notification appliances. The fire alarm system interfaces with building systems to control aspects like air movement, lighting, and access to help control a fire.
The document provides information on fire protection systems for buildings. It discusses causes of fires and safety regulations regarding building materials and design. It also covers various active and passive fire protection components, including fire alarms, sprinklers, smoke detectors, firewalls, fire-resistant floors and walls. The types of fires are classified and different fire protection systems for residential and industrial premises are outlined, such as wet riser systems, dry riser systems, and portable fire extinguishers.
The document discusses hydrant systems, which provide water for firefighting. There are two types: internal systems within buildings, and external systems outside. Internal systems include pipes, tanks, pumps and outlets. External systems are similar but provide water outside. When a hydrant valve opens, water pressure drops and the pump engages to maintain pressure. Hydrant systems must meet standards for design, installation, inspection and maintenance to effectively fight fires.
The document provides an overview of fire alarm system design and components. It discusses the objectives of early fire detection to protect life and property. The key components include sensors, control panel, indicating devices, and wiring. It describes different types of heat and smoke detectors along with their specifications and placement guidelines. The document also covers other aspects like power supplies, wiring standards, sound levels of alarms, and protection of control equipment.
The document outlines components and requirements for means of escape from buildings according to the Bangladesh National Building Code. It defines means of escape as a continuous, unobstructed path from any building point to a street, roof, or refuge area. Means of escape consist of exit access, exits, and exit discharge. Components include stairways, ramps, corridors, balconies, and fire escapes. Requirements include minimum widths for corridors, stairways, and doors. The number of required exits depends on occupant load, with the maximum travel distance to an exit being 45 meters.
This document discusses fire detection and alarm systems. It covers the design requirements based on building standards, planning the system based on building type and size, selecting the type of coverage needed, configuring zones within the premises, guidelines for zone configuration, types of alarm detection systems including conventional and addressable, and addressing techniques for detectors. The overall purpose is to provide early warning of fires and allow firefighting actions before situations get out of control.
The document discusses fire hydrant systems used for fire protection. It describes the components of a fire hydrant system including hydrants, monitors, hoses, and pipes. It also outlines international and national standards for fire hydrant system design including spacing of hydrants, sizing of pumps and reservoirs, and classification of fire risks. The goal of a fire hydrant system is to provide a reliable water supply for extinguishing fires.
This presentation includes definition, causes, types of fire extinguishers, types of fire component system, NBC regulations, types of sprinklers, fire escapes , Building Planning Consideration for fire prevention, how to escape the fire, capacity of exits, occupants per unit exit width, travel distance, and calculations.
This document provides an overview of a fire alarm system. It discusses the components of a fire alarm system including detectors like smoke detectors, heat detectors, and manual call points. It also discusses the inputs to the fire alarm system from these detectors and the outputs from the fire alarm system including hooters, LED flashers, public address systems, and door releases. It provides details on the different types of detectors and the functions of the fire alarm indicator panel.
This document outlines a fire safety plan for a building. It discusses causes of fires in buildings like accidents, electrical issues, and unattended cooking. It then details fire hazards and emphasizes proper disposal of waste and storage of flammables. The document outlines key aspects of a fire safety plan like prevention and limiting fire spread. It also details common firefighting systems in buildings like extinguishers, hoses, hydrants, and sprinklers. Materials used for fire safety are also listed. A case study of a hospital fire in Kolkata, India is presented and the response and actions taken are summarized.
This document summarizes the components and operation of a fire alarm system, including detectors, call points, alarm devices, and the fire alarm control panel. It describes different types of detectors like smoke, heat, flame, and gas detectors. It also discusses detector placement based on area and building height. The fire alarm control panel receives signals from detectors and controls notification appliances and other systems. Battery calculations are provided to ensure the system has enough backup power.
This presentation deals with the capacity of Fire Escapes, no. of fire escapes required in a building and the different Fire Escape system along with their functionality...
described definition ..all types of fire protection devices...fire alarm systems..fire detector systems..standards for designing building in case of afire,emergency exit,safety factors...
The document discusses fire protection systems in pharmaceutical facilities. It covers the fire triangle, sources of fire hazards like flammable liquids and electrical equipment, types of fires from classes A to F, and fire prevention methods. The key firefighting equipment discussed are standpipe and hose systems, fire alarms, sprinkler systems, and different types of fire extinguishers. Periodic inspection of all fire equipment and detection of hazards are emphasized for an effective fire protection program.
Fire is a chemical reaction that requires heat, fuel, and oxygen. There are four main classes of fire based on the type of fuel involved - Class A involves ordinary combustibles like wood and paper, Class B involves flammable liquids, Class C involves flammable gases, and Class D involves flammable metals. A fire alarm system uses detection devices like heat detectors and smoke detectors to detect fires, and alarm devices like sounders to alert people. It also requires control panels to receive signals and activate notifications. Common fire extinguishers are rated based on the types of materials they can extinguish. Buildings also use sprinkler systems, which activate individual sprinkler heads as they heat up from a fire. Regular maintenance
1) The document discusses various fire safety design principles including fire avoidance, detection, growth restriction, containment, control and smoke control.
2) Key elements of fire avoidance include fire zoning, limiting combustible materials and fire load. Fire detection focuses on manual and automatic detection methods. Growth restriction methods center around manual firefighting equipment like extinguishers and sprinklers.
3) Fire containment principles involve compartmentalizing buildings using fire-rated walls and doors to confine fires. Fire control ensures firefighter access to buildings and hydrants.
Fire detection and alarm systems are installed to notify occupants of a fire, summon assistance to fight fires, and initiate automatic suppression systems. There are different types of automatic alarm initiating devices like heat, smoke, and flame detectors that sense fire. Indicating devices like audible alarms and visible strobes alert people of a fire. Automatic alarm systems transmit alarm signals off-site to notify emergency responders. These systems are supervised to ensure proper operation and may include auxiliary functions to support firefighting and safety.
Basic training water based fire protectionSabrul Jamil
This document provides an introduction and overview of various water-based fire protection systems, including standpipe systems, wet pipe sprinkler systems, dry pipe sprinkler systems, deluge sprinkler systems, and pre-action sprinkler systems. It defines key terminology, describes common system components, and explains the purpose and function of different sprinkler head types and special application nozzles. Standards for installation and maintenance are also referenced.
Fire alarm system and common types of detectorsMuhammad Farid
Fire alarm systems are installed to detect fires and notify occupants and emergency services. The document discusses the basic components of fire alarm systems including detectors, notification appliances, and control panels. It describes different types of smoke detectors including ionization and photoelectric, and flame detectors. Placement and spacing of smoke detectors is also covered. The summary provides a high-level overview of the key topics and components discussed in the document.
An automatic fire alarm system detects combustion by monitoring environmental changes. It can be automatically or manually actuated. The fundamental components of a fire alarm system are the fire alarm control panel (FACP), primary and secondary power supplies, initiating devices like smoke detectors and pull stations, and notification appliances. The fire alarm system interfaces with building systems to control aspects like air movement, lighting, and access to help control a fire.
The document provides information on fire protection systems for buildings. It discusses causes of fires and safety regulations regarding building materials and design. It also covers various active and passive fire protection components, including fire alarms, sprinklers, smoke detectors, firewalls, fire-resistant floors and walls. The types of fires are classified and different fire protection systems for residential and industrial premises are outlined, such as wet riser systems, dry riser systems, and portable fire extinguishers.
The document discusses hydrant systems, which provide water for firefighting. There are two types: internal systems within buildings, and external systems outside. Internal systems include pipes, tanks, pumps and outlets. External systems are similar but provide water outside. When a hydrant valve opens, water pressure drops and the pump engages to maintain pressure. Hydrant systems must meet standards for design, installation, inspection and maintenance to effectively fight fires.
The document provides an overview of fire alarm system design and components. It discusses the objectives of early fire detection to protect life and property. The key components include sensors, control panel, indicating devices, and wiring. It describes different types of heat and smoke detectors along with their specifications and placement guidelines. The document also covers other aspects like power supplies, wiring standards, sound levels of alarms, and protection of control equipment.
The document outlines components and requirements for means of escape from buildings according to the Bangladesh National Building Code. It defines means of escape as a continuous, unobstructed path from any building point to a street, roof, or refuge area. Means of escape consist of exit access, exits, and exit discharge. Components include stairways, ramps, corridors, balconies, and fire escapes. Requirements include minimum widths for corridors, stairways, and doors. The number of required exits depends on occupant load, with the maximum travel distance to an exit being 45 meters.
This document discusses fire detection and alarm systems. It covers the design requirements based on building standards, planning the system based on building type and size, selecting the type of coverage needed, configuring zones within the premises, guidelines for zone configuration, types of alarm detection systems including conventional and addressable, and addressing techniques for detectors. The overall purpose is to provide early warning of fires and allow firefighting actions before situations get out of control.
The document discusses fire hydrant systems used for fire protection. It describes the components of a fire hydrant system including hydrants, monitors, hoses, and pipes. It also outlines international and national standards for fire hydrant system design including spacing of hydrants, sizing of pumps and reservoirs, and classification of fire risks. The goal of a fire hydrant system is to provide a reliable water supply for extinguishing fires.
This presentation includes definition, causes, types of fire extinguishers, types of fire component system, NBC regulations, types of sprinklers, fire escapes , Building Planning Consideration for fire prevention, how to escape the fire, capacity of exits, occupants per unit exit width, travel distance, and calculations.
This document provides an overview of a fire alarm system. It discusses the components of a fire alarm system including detectors like smoke detectors, heat detectors, and manual call points. It also discusses the inputs to the fire alarm system from these detectors and the outputs from the fire alarm system including hooters, LED flashers, public address systems, and door releases. It provides details on the different types of detectors and the functions of the fire alarm indicator panel.
This document outlines a fire safety plan for a building. It discusses causes of fires in buildings like accidents, electrical issues, and unattended cooking. It then details fire hazards and emphasizes proper disposal of waste and storage of flammables. The document outlines key aspects of a fire safety plan like prevention and limiting fire spread. It also details common firefighting systems in buildings like extinguishers, hoses, hydrants, and sprinklers. Materials used for fire safety are also listed. A case study of a hospital fire in Kolkata, India is presented and the response and actions taken are summarized.
This document summarizes the components and operation of a fire alarm system, including detectors, call points, alarm devices, and the fire alarm control panel. It describes different types of detectors like smoke, heat, flame, and gas detectors. It also discusses detector placement based on area and building height. The fire alarm control panel receives signals from detectors and controls notification appliances and other systems. Battery calculations are provided to ensure the system has enough backup power.
This document summarizes the components and operation of a fire alarm system. It includes detectors like smoke, heat, and flame detectors that detect fire and send signals to the control panel. The control panel receives these signals and activates alarm devices like bells or strobes to alert occupants. It may also trigger other systems like HVAC shutdown. Detector placement depends on factors like area use and building height. Manual call points allow manual activation. The battery is sized to power the system during standby and alarm.
This document discusses fire detection and alarm systems. It describes why such systems are required, including to detect fires, notify occupants, summon assistance, and initiate suppression systems. It provides a block diagram of system components, including input devices like manual pull stations and detectors, as well as output devices like audible alarms and visual strobes. The document discusses various types of detectors in detail, including heat, smoke, flame, and gas detectors. It also covers conventional and addressable microprocessor-based fire alarm systems.
Why are fire detection & alarm system is required in buildings?Shubham .
Why are fire detection and alarm systems required?
Detect fire in the areas.
Notify building occupants to take evasive action to escape the dangers of a hostile fire.
Summon organized assistance to initiate or assist in fire control activities.
Initiate automatic fire control & suppression systems & to sound alarm.
Supervise fire control & suppression systems to assure operational status is maintained Initiate auxiliary functions involving environmental, utility & process controls
This document discusses different types of fire spread including internal, surface, and structure fire spread as well as external fire spread between buildings. It also discusses factors that influence each type of spread such as material properties, compartmentation, and roof coverings. The document then summarizes input and output devices for fire detection and alarm systems including manual pull stations, heat, smoke, flame, and gas detectors as well as how they function. It also provides a block diagram of a typical fire detection and alarm system. Finally, it briefly discusses smoke and heat venting systems and their components as well as sprinkler systems and classifications of fire extinguishers.
The document discusses fire detection and alarm systems. It provides details on:
1) The purposes of fire detection systems which are to detect fires, notify occupants, summon assistance and initiate suppression systems.
2) The basic components of systems including input devices like manual pull stations and detectors, and output devices like alarms and controls.
3) Different types of detectors like heat, smoke and gas detectors and their functions.
4) Factors to consider for detector placement like area size and layout.
5) Conventional and addressable microprocessor-based systems and their advantages.
6) Approvals and standards required for fire detection systems.
Fire detectionand alarm systems 090512042400-phpapp01(1)Mohammed Ullah
Fire alarm systems serve several purposes: to notify occupants to evacuate, summon assistance, initiate suppression systems, and supervise fire control equipment. They use various detection devices like heat, smoke, and flame detectors. Alarm signals are indicated audibly and visually, and some systems transmit signals off-site to monitoring stations. Proper installation and maintenance of fire alarm equipment is important for ensuring safety and minimizing false alarms.
Building Electronics (Fire Detection and Alarm System and CCTV)Jed Concepcion
This document provides an overview of electronics engineering applications in building safety and security systems. It discusses fire detection and alarm systems, including relevant laws/standards, fire alarm signals, types of fire alarm systems, and system components like detectors, notification devices, and control panels. It also covers security camera systems, including CCTV fundamentals like cameras, lenses, transmission methods, recording devices, and IP camera anatomy. The document concludes with considerations for detector installation and a discussion of future surveillance trends focused on mobility, storage, security, connectivity and more.
This document provides an overview of fundamentals of fire safety. It begins by defining fire as the combustion reaction between heat, fuel and oxygen. It then discusses the chemistry and physics of fire, including the fire cycle elements. It describes the fire triangle and different classes of fires based on the type of fuel. The main methods of fire extinguishment are then outlined. The document proceeds to describe different types of fire extinguishers and suppression systems, including water, foam, dry powder and gas based systems. It concludes with guidelines on fire safety planning, procedures during a fire, types of detecting devices like heat and smoke detectors, and alarm initiation devices.
Fire prevention and control systems – Fire alarms – Electrical alarm circuits – Smoke extraction and ventilation – Gas extinguishers – Types of detectors – Gas installation and components.
Fire prevention and control systems - Fire alarms - Electrical alarm circuits -Smoke extraction and ventilation -Gas extinguishers - Types of detectors - Gas installation and components.
Fundamental training on Fire Detection & Alarm SystemSabrul Jamil
This is a basic training on Fire Detection and Alarm System, created to give my colleagues from non-engineering divisions a comprehensive brief on the system. This is most suitable for individuals with little or no technical knowledge. This training introduces the devices and the system in a whole, not how to design it.
The document discusses intelligent buildings and fire detection alarm systems. It defines an intelligent building as one that uses technology and processes to create a safe, healthy environment. Intelligent buildings automatically adjust features like lighting and HVAC based on environmental conditions.
The document then discusses different types of fire detectors like heat detectors, smoke detectors, and flame detectors. It explains the working principles of fixed temperature heat detectors and rate-of-rise heat detectors. Criteria for layout of fire detectors includes total area, construction type, air movement, and manufacturer guidelines. The main components of a commercial fire alarm system are manual alarm stations and automatic fire detectors.
The document discusses fire detection and alarm systems. It defines intelligent buildings and outlines key features of fire detection systems such as detecting fires early and notifying occupants. It describes the working of optical smoke alarms and different types of input devices like heat, smoke and flame detectors. The document also explains how fire alarm systems function, including output devices like sounders and beacons. Finally, it discusses factors that influence the layout and cost of commercial fire detection and alarm systems.
This document discusses fire detection and alarm systems. It begins by defining an intelligent building and describing the key features of fire detection systems. It then covers the need for such systems to detect fires early and notify occupants. The document explains how optical smoke alarms and heat detectors work. It provides diagrams of system components and input/output devices. Finally, it discusses factors in laying out detectors and estimated costs for commercial fire alarm systems.
There are different types of fire alarm and detection systems based on factors like occupancy, building characteristics, and technology. Modern systems use addressable technology and intelligent software while older systems relied on conventional technology. Fire alarm systems are classified by NFPA 72 based on how they operate, monitor signals, and report events. Proper installation, inspection, testing and maintenance are required to ensure reliability and prevent false alarms.
The document discusses fire alarm sensing circuits and components. It states that fire alarm circuits must be installed according to NFPA 72 and also adhere to the NEC. It also notes that an EOL module is typically required after the last sensor to provide power supervision. Smoke detectors are required in bedrooms, hallways, and each level of a residence near stairwells. The document also discusses the two basic types of fire alarm sensors - waterflow and electrical - providing details on components like waterflow switches, air pressure switches, and heat detectors.
The document discusses fire and life safety systems. It covers the purpose of these systems which is to protect occupants and property. It describes the main components which include detection, notification, suppression, means of egress, and compartmentalization. It also discusses passive fire protection like fire-rated assemblies and active fire protection such as sprinklers and alarms. Key standards and codes are identified. Maintenance and testing of these systems is emphasized.
Tools & Techniques for Commissioning and Maintaining PV Systems W-Animations ...Transcat
Join us for this solutions-based webinar on the tools and techniques for commissioning and maintaining PV Systems. In this session, we'll review the process of building and maintaining a solar array, starting with installation and commissioning, then reviewing operations and maintenance of the system. This course will review insulation resistance testing, I-V curve testing, earth-bond continuity, ground resistance testing, performance tests, visual inspections, ground and arc fault testing procedures, and power quality analysis.
Fluke Solar Application Specialist Will White is presenting on this engaging topic:
Will has worked in the renewable energy industry since 2005, first as an installer for a small east coast solar integrator before adding sales, design, and project management to his skillset. In 2022, Will joined Fluke as a solar application specialist, where he supports their renewable energy testing equipment like IV-curve tracers, electrical meters, and thermal imaging cameras. Experienced in wind power, solar thermal, energy storage, and all scales of PV, Will has primarily focused on residential and small commercial systems. He is passionate about implementing high-quality, code-compliant installation techniques.
Home security is of paramount importance in today's world, where we rely more on technology, home
security is crucial. Using technology to make homes safer and easier to control from anywhere is
important. Home security is important for the occupant’s safety. In this paper, we came up with a low cost,
AI based model home security system. The system has a user-friendly interface, allowing users to start
model training and face detection with simple keyboard commands. Our goal is to introduce an innovative
home security system using facial recognition technology. Unlike traditional systems, this system trains
and saves images of friends and family members. The system scans this folder to recognize familiar faces
and provides real-time monitoring. If an unfamiliar face is detected, it promptly sends an email alert,
ensuring a proactive response to potential security threats.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Software Testing + Agile Method...Prakhyath Rai
Software Testing: A Strategic Approach to Software Testing, Strategic Issues, Test Strategies for Conventional Software, Test Strategies for Object -Oriented Software, Validation Testing, System Testing, The Art of Debugging.
Agile Methodology: Before Agile – Waterfall, Agile Development.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELijaia
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Open Channel Flow: fluid flow with a free surfaceIndrajeet sahu
Open Channel Flow: This topic focuses on fluid flow with a free surface, such as in rivers, canals, and drainage ditches. Key concepts include the classification of flow types (steady vs. unsteady, uniform vs. non-uniform), hydraulic radius, flow resistance, Manning's equation, critical flow conditions, and energy and momentum principles. It also covers flow measurement techniques, gradually varied flow analysis, and the design of open channels. Understanding these principles is vital for effective water resource management and engineering applications.
Height and depth gauge linear metrology.pdfq30122000
Height gauges may also be used to measure the height of an object by using the underside of the scriber as the datum. The datum may be permanently fixed or the height gauge may have provision to adjust the scale, this is done by sliding the scale vertically along the body of the height gauge by turning a fine feed screw at the top of the gauge; then with the scriber set to the same level as the base, the scale can be matched to it. This adjustment allows different scribers or probes to be used, as well as adjusting for any errors in a damaged or resharpened probe.
Mechatronics is a multidisciplinary field that refers to the skill sets needed in the contemporary, advanced automated manufacturing industry. At the intersection of mechanics, electronics, and computing, mechatronics specialists create simpler, smarter systems. Mechatronics is an essential foundation for the expected growth in automation and manufacturing.
Mechatronics deals with robotics, control systems, and electro-mechanical systems.
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2. 2
Fire Protection System Design
Strategy
Comprehensive Strategy
Prevent fires from starting in the first place
Education
Administrative procedures
Signage
Inspections
Fire safety program
Fire alarm and detection systems
Detect fires early to initiate quick evacuation
Design safe egress from building
Exits, Stairwells, Corridors
Emergency lighting and ventilation
3. 3
Design Strategies (cont’d)
Fire suppression systems
Sprinkler
Standpipe and Hose
Chemical
Smoke Control systems
Remove smoke from exits
Provide fleeing occupants with breathable air
4. 4
Design Strategies (cont’d)
Compartmentalization
Break a building into small compartments to contain fire and
smoke
Fire Separation
Fire rated wall, floor, ceiling assemblies that impede
the spread of fire
Use of non-combustible materials
Use of low flame spread and smoke developed
finish material
5. 5
Flame Spread
ASTM E84 – Test Method for Surface-Burning
Characteristics of Building Materials (Steiner tunnel test).
Rates surface-burning characteristics of building materials
and interior finishes, and provides data on smoke density.
Flame spread classifications:
Class A: 0-25
Class B: 26-75
Class C: 76-200
Local building codes generally restrict use of materials in
different occupancies based upon flame spread and smoke
developed ratings.
For example, NYSED Manual of Planning Standards requires finishes
in corridors, passageways, stairways to be Class A.
7. 7
Fire Issues
Products of combustion – CO, CO2, other
gases
Fire quickly consumes oxygen
Lack of oxygen
Rapid deterioration of human capabilities
Muscle control
Thinking, consciousness, etc.
Poor visibility
8. 8
Fire Issues (cont’d)
Vertical shafts promote spread of smoke, heat
Elevators
Escalators
Atriums
HVAC systems can spread smoke
Windowless buildings – prevent entry by firefighters
Interior finishes – can spread fire, give off smoke
High rise buildings (g.t. six stories) – complicate
firefighting, rescue
9. 9
Fire Alarm and Detection Systems
Design Standards
Fire Code of NYS – defines minimum standards where fire alarm and
detection system is required, general design requirements
NFPA 72 – National Fire Alarm Code – defines specific design
standards
Functions of a fire alarm and detection system:
Initiate alarm
Manually
Automatically
Notify occupants
Audible alarms
Visual alarms
10. 10
Functions (cont’d)
Automatically signal fire department or central station
Recall elevators
Supervise special systems:
Fire pump operation, power availability
Sprinkler system status
Unlock doors
Automatically close doors that are part of fire separations
Automatically release smoke relief hatches
Control operation of HVAC supply and exhaust fans
Total shut down
Special smoke management systems
13. 13
Fire Alarm Systems (cont’d)
Types
Conventional (off/on “dumb” devices)
Addressable
Analog
Digital
Equipment
Manual Fire Alarm Boxes (Pull Stations)
Mounting – not less than 3.5 and not more than 4.5 ft above floor
level (ADA requires maximum 48” high forward reach)
Spacing:
At exit doorways within 5’ of each exit doorway on each floor; on both
sides of opening 40 feet and wider, and within 5 feet each side
Additional boxes such that distance of travel to any box less than 200
feet on same floor
15. 15
Fire Alarm Systems (cont’d)
Heat Detectors
Applications
Where smoke is ordinarily present
Top of elevator shafts where sprinklers are present
Types
Fixed
Combination fixed/rate of rise
Location
On ceiling not less than 4” from sidewall, or on sidewall between
4” and 12” of ceiling
17. 17
Fire Alarm Systems (Cont’d)
Heat Detectors (cont’d)
Typical Spacing
Fixed: 15’x15’
Combination fixed/rate of rise: 50’x50’
All points on ceiling within 0.7 x listed spacing
Special considerations – beam construction,
sloped ceilings – refer to NFPA 72 for spacing
requirements.
19. 19
Stages of a Fire
Incipient – invisible combustion gases,
without smoke or flame, no appreciable heat
release
Smoldering – heat still absent, combustion
gases now visible as smoke
Flame – actual fire is produced, a column of
gases made luminous by intense heat
Heat – follows concurrently or just after flame
stage – tremendous amounts of heat released
20. 20
Smoke Detectors
Types
Spot
Beam
Design:
Ionization
Photoelectric
Spot Detector Accessories
Integral alarm
Typical use – motels and similar sleeping spaces
21. 21
Photoelectric Spot Smoke Detector
with Integral Alarm
Photoelectric detectors
operate using principle of
“smoke obscuration”
Smoke interposed in light
beam between small
emitter and detector
Decreased light intensity at
detector causes alarm to
sound
Device in photo also
includes integral alarm –
used in motels and similar
sleeping spaces.
23. 23
Smoke Detectors (cont’d)
Applications
Spot detectors
For general fire detection
Close doors, operate smoke dampers
Beam detectors
High ceilings where spot detectors impractical
Location
On ceiling not less than 4” from sidewall, or on sidewall between
4” and 12” of ceiling
27. 27
Incorrect Application of Smoke
Detector
Area covered = 60’ x
15’ = 900 s.f.
Distance to corner
exceeds 0.7 x listed
spacing (0.7 x 30 =
21’)
Two smoke detectors
would be required for
this room.
28. 28
Beam Smoke Detector
Smoke rising to ceiling will
obscure light beam.
Receiver will detect change
in beam intensity and cause
alarm to sound.
Often used in atrium
spaces, high “cathedral
ceilings”, similar spaces.
29. 29
Notification Appliances
Audible
Refer to NFPA 72 for sound pressure levels
Mounting
Wall – top not less than 90” a.f.f., not less than 6”
below ceiling (where ceiling heights allow)
If combined with visual appliances, entire lens of
visual appliance not less than 80” nor greater than 96”
a.f.f.
Spacing
Such that they can be heard throughout building
Refer to NFPA 72 for specific requirements
32. 32
Notification Appliances (cont’d)
Visual Appliances
Location
Wall mounted – entire lens 80” -96” a.f.f.
Ceiling mounted permitted when device is specifically listed for
this application.
Spacing
Refer to NFPA 72
When two or more in same field of view, must be synchronized
(can be harmful to persons with epilepsy)
33. 33
Remote Annunciator Panel at School
80
An annunciator panel
displays at remote entries
and other locations the
zone or device that is in
alarm – generally located at
main entries.
35. 35
Types of Fire Suppression Systems
Standpipe and Hose Systems
A reliable water supply, piping, hose connections to
permit manual extinguishing of a fire.
Sprinkler Systems
A reliable water supply, piping, sprinklers, to permit
automatic extinguishing of a fire.
Chemical Extinguishing Systems
Both manual and automatic systems
Use a chemical extinguishing agent where water is not
effective, or cannot be used.
36. 36
Standpipe and Hose Systems
Classification:
Class I – 2-1/2” hose connections for firefighter’s
use, 100 psi at uppermost hose connection.
Class II – 1-1/2” hose connections for occupant use,
100 psi at uppermost hose connection.
Class III – 2-1/2” and 1-1/2” hose connections for
both firefighter’s and occupant use.
39. 39
Typical Backflow Preventer for Fire
Protection Service
A backflow preventer
prevents water
contained in building
piping systems from
flowing back into the
community water main.
Water piping in
buildings may contain
foul and/or hazardous
materials.
40. 40
Classification (cont’d)
Type I and III standpipes are the most
common.
Design Standard
• NFPA 14 Standard for the Installation of
Standpipe, Private Hydrant, and Hose Systems.
• Current edition is 2003
• As of 2004, NYS Building Code adopts the 2000
edition.
41. 41
Combined Systems
A combined system is a standpipe that also supplies
automatic sprinklers on each floor.
Combined systems were first permitted by NFPA in
1976 to encourage owners of high rise buildings that
already had standpipes to install sprinkler systems.
A sprinkler crossmain is connected to the standpipe
at each floor. A typical connection detail is
contained in NFPA 14 Figure A-5-9.1.3.1 (a) and
(b).
42. 42
Diagram of a Typical Combined
Sprinkler and Standpipe System
44. 44
Buildings that Require Standpipe
and Hose Systems
Buildings where standpipes and hose systems are
required:
Any building where the highest floor level is 30 ft. or more
above the lowest level of fire department vehicle access.
Places of Assembly
Covered Mall Buildings (e.g. Shopping Malls)
Stages
Underground Buildings
Check the applicable building ordinance for specifics
(NYS 905.3)
45. 45
Water Supplies
Water supply must be among the following:
• Public waterworks with adequate pressure
• Automatic fire pump connected to public
waterworks
• Manually controlled fire pump in combination
with pressure tanks.
• Pressure tanks installed in accordance with NFPA
22
46. 46
Water Supplies (cont’d.)
• Manually controlled fire pumps operated by
remote control devices at each hose station.
• Gravity tanks in accordance with NFPA 22
• Automatic fire pumps connected to the public
waterworks are the most common.
47. 47
Water Supply Capacity
Water supply capacity
• The capacity of the supply is calculated as
follows:
500 gpm for the first standpipe
250 gpm for each additional standpipe
Not to exceed 1250 gpm
Water supply must have minimum 30 minutes
duration for calculated flow
48. 48
Additional Classification of Standpipes
Wet
• The standpipe system is always filled with water.
Dry
• The standpipe system contains no water.
• Generally used only in unheated buildings (e.g., parking
garages.)
Automatic
• Water supply capable of supplying system demand
automatically.
• Most common type
49. 49
Additional Classification of Standpipes
(Cont’d)
Manual
• Connected to small water supply to maintain water in the
system, but inadequate to meet demand.
• Relies on fire department pumper to supply necessary
system demand.
Other types: semi-automatic dry, manual-dry (see
NFPA 14 for explanations.)
The Building Ordinance (NYS Building Code)
prescribes which type is required.
50. 50
Fire Pumps
Fire Pumps
• Since most water main pressures are generally
less than 100 psi at the street, a fire pump is
usually required to provide adequate pressure.
• Fire pumps must be provided with an emergency
power source.
• Fire pumps generally require a separate, fire rated
(2 hr.) room or enclosure.
52. 52
Location of Hose Connections
Location of Hose Connections
• Height: not less than 3 ft and not more than 5 ft above
floor (usually 4 ft).
Class I Systems
• In exit stairways at each intermediate landing between
floor levels.
• Each side of wall adjacent to exit openings of horizontal
exits.
• Each exit passageway at entrance from building areas into
passageway.
53. 53
Location of Hose Connections (Cont’d)
In covered mall buildings at entrance to each exit
passageway or exit corridor, and exterior public
entrances to mall.
At highest landing of stairways with access to roof,
and on roof where stairways do not access the roof.
Additional 2-1/2” hose connection at hydraulically
most remote riser to facilitate testing.
See NFPA 14 for more requirements.
54. 54
Location of Hose Connections
(Cont’d)
Class II Systems
• 1-1/2” hose stations so that all portions of each
floor level are within 130 ft of a hose connection.
Class III Systems
• As required for both Class I and Class I Systems
55. 55
Drainage of Standpipes
Each standpipe to be equipped with a means
for draining
Usually a drain valve is located at lowest
point of standpipe, downstream of isolation
valve
Drain to an approved location
• Often drained to spill at grade
56. 56
Fire Department Connections
At least one fire department connection for
each zone of each Class I and Class III system
High rise buildings require two remotely
located fire department connections for each
zone
Height: +18” to +48” above adjoining grade
57. 57
Fire Department Connections (Cont’d)
A check valve is required downstream.
No shutoff valve is permitted between the fire
department connection and the system.
Dry piping between connection and check
valve should be galvanized steel.
Signage is required at each connection. See
NFPA 14, Ch. 4-3.5.2 for details.
58. 58
Sprinkler Systems
Definition and purpose – a reliable water supply, piping,
sprinklers, valves and accessories for the purpose of
automatically extinguishing a fire.
Governing Design Standards
Local building code or ordinance – prescribes where sprinkler
systems are required
NFPA 13 Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems –
prescribes how sprinkler systems are to be designed and constructed
Factory Mutual (FM) – An insurance company standards
organization; it may, through the building owner’s insurance
company, impose additional restrictions/requirements for overall
building fire protection systems.
60. 60
Sprinkler Systems (cont’d)
Wet system
Piping is filled with water under pressure at all
times.
When one or more sprinkler heads open, water is
automatically discharged.
Used in heated buildings or portions of buildings
that are heated.
Most common type of system.
61. 61
Diagram of a Wet Pipe Sprinkler
System with Water Motor Alarm
Both pendant and
upright sprinklers may
be used.
During operation, the
alarm check valve
diverts a small portion
of water to the water
motor alarm – does not
rely on electricity to
sound alarm.
64. 64
Wet Pipe Sprinkler with Electric
Alarm
An electric alarm bell is
operated through a water
flow switch inserted into
the main riser.
When a sprinkler opens,
water flow activates flow
switch, and alarm sounds.
Requires a reliable source
of power from an
emergency source.
65. 65
Sprinkler systems (cont’d)
Dry system
Piping is filled with compressed air.
A dry system valve blocks the entry of water into the
piping. Air pressure in the piping holds the valve closed.
When one or more sprinkler heads open
Air is first released through the head(s)
Air pressure in the piping system drops.
Dry system valve swings open.
Water floods the piping system.
Used in unheated buildings, or portions of buildings that
are not heated, e.g., attics.
66. 66
Diagram of a Dry Pipe Sprinkler
System
Upright heads must be
used, in order to allow
the piping to drain
completely.
67. 67
Sprinkler systems (cont’d)
Pre-action system
Requires operation of both a fire detector and
a sprinkler head opening before water is
released.
Piping is filled with pressurized air.
A fire detection system (smoke, heat detectors, manual
pull station) is wired to the pre-action valve; valve is
opened only when fire detection system is activated.
Water floods piping.
68. 68
Pre-action system (cont’d)
Water is released from each sprinkler head that
opens.
Used for rooms that contain valuable equipment
or materials that could be damaged be release of
water, where fire detection must be verified
independently.
Main frame computer rooms
Laboratories
70. 70
Sprinkler Systems (cont’d)
Deluge System
All sprinklers are open
When water fills the piping system, all sprinklers
discharge water simultaneously
Diagram is similar to pre-action system
Applications:
Where severe fire hazard exists that can be
extinguished safely with water
E.g. – a Fireworks Factory
71. 71
Sprinkler systems (cont’d)
Where required:
Governed by the local building code or ordinance
If not required by code, insurance companies
often offer reduced rates, or won’t insure
buildings without sprinkler systems.
72. 72
Some Sprinkler Types
Recessed Pendant
Sprinkler
Glass tube holds metal disc
seated in valve seat
Glycerin in glass tube
expands when heated and
will shatter glass
Water is released
Spray pattern is established
by deflector
75. 75
Sprinkler with Wire Guard and
Deflector Disk (Pendant Style Shown)
This sprinkler would be
used to protect combustible
materials in storage racks
Wire guard protects
sprinkler from damage as
racks are loaded/unloaded
Deflector plate prevents
water may be discharged
from above from cooling
this sprinkler and
preventing its operation
76. 76
Concealed Sprinkler
Decorative white disk is
soldered to the sprinkler
body – solder melts first,
plate falls to floor,
exposing sprinkler
Exposed sprinkler will now
operate like a standard
sprinkler - releases water as
temperature increases
Can be used in Light
Hazard Occupancies
79. 79
Sprinkler systems (cont’d)
Requirements for water supply capacity and
spacing of sprinklers depend upon the
building’s occupancy classification
Occupancy Classes:
Light
Ordinary Group 1
Ordinary Group 2
Extra Group 1
Extra Group 2
80. 80
Light Hazard
Quantity and/or combustibility of contents is
low; fires with relatively low rates of heat
release are expected.
Examples:
Churches
Libraries
Restaurant seating areas
81. 81
Ordinary Hazard
Group 1 – combustibility is low, quantity of
combustibles is moderate, stockpiles of
combustibles do not exceed 8 ft, fires with
moderate rates of heat release expected.
Examples:
Automobile parking and showrooms
Bakeries
Restaurant service areas
82. 82
Ordinary Hazard (cont’d)
Group 2 – quantity and combustibility of
contents moderate to high, stockpiles do not
exceed 12 ft, fires with moderate to high rates
of heat release expected.
Examples:
Chemical plants - ordinary
Dry Cleaners
Library large stack room areas
83. 83
Extra Hazard
Group 1 – combustibility is low, quantity of
combustibles is very high, dust, lint or other
materials are present, possibility of rapidly
developing fires with high rates of heat release, but
little or now combustible or flammable liquids.
Examples:
Aircraft hangers
Plywood and particle board manufacturing
Printing
84. 84
Extra Hazard (cont’d)
Group 2 – moderate to substantial amounts of
flammable or combustible liquids
Examples:
Flammable liquids spraying
Plastics processing
Varnish and paint dipping
In all cases, refer to NFPA 13 and AHJ (Authority
Having Jurisdiction) for quidance in assessing
occupancy classification
85. 85
Sprinkler systems (cont’d)
Maximum Area of Coverage (Standard Spray
Upright and Pendant Sprinklers)
Light hazard: 225 s.f., maximum 15’ between sprinklers
Ordinary hazard: 130 s.f., maximum 15’ between
sprinklers
Extra hazard: 90 s.f., maximum 12’ between sprinklers
(see NFPA 13 for exceptions)
Protection Area per sprinklers:
S x L, where S = spacing between sprinklers or twice
distance to end wall, whichever is greater.
L = spacing between branch lines or twice the distance to
end wall, whichever is greater.
86. 86
Sprinkler systems (cont’d)
Maximum distance from walls: less than ½ spacing.
Minimum distance to walls: 4”
Where walls are angled or irregular, the maximum
distance to any point on floor – 0.75 spacing, with
maximum perpendicular distance to wall not
exceeded.
Minimum distance between sprinklers: 6’ (see
exceptions NFPA 13)
87. 87
Sprinkler Location
Deflector position
Standard spray pendant or upright heads:
minimum 1” to maximum 12” from ceiling.
Standard spray sidewall sprinklers: minimum 4”
to maximum 6” from ceiling. (In special
situations, 6 to 12” – see NFPA 13)
Critical point – the farther the sprinkler is from
the ceiling, the longer it will take for the heat to
collect at the ceiling plane and set off the
sprinkler.
89. 89
Sprinkler Spacing Examples
Light Hazard Occupancy
225 s.f. per sprinkler
Maximum 15’ between
branch lines and between
sprinklers on branch lines
Maximum 15/2 = 7.5 from
wall to outermost sprinkler
and branch lines
Here, S=L=15’
90. 90
Sprinkler Spacing Example No. 2
Occupancy Hazard:
Ordinary Group 1
Maximum coverage
per sprinkler: 130 s.f.
Maximum spacing: 15’
91. 91
Example No. 2 – Proposed Solution
Area of coverage is 10’x
13’ = 130 s.f.
Maximum spacing is 13’,
which is less than the
maximum 15’ allowed
Maximum distance to wall
is 6.5’, which is ½ the
largest spacing (13’)
Yet this solution does not
comply with NFPA 13!
92. 92
Example No. 2 (cont’d)
Area of coverage of
sprinkler in NW corner
is: (6+5) x 13 = 141 s.f.
The number of
sprinklers required is
actually (41’ x
39’)/130 s.f. per
sprinkler = 12.3; the
proposed solution has
just 12
93. 93
Example No. 2 (cont’d)
Here is one correct
solution.
More sprinklers are
required in order to
comply with both
spacing and area of
coverage requirements.
S=12’ (2 x 6); L=9’-8”
A=12’ x 9’-8” =
116.04 s.f
94. 94
Example No. 2 (cont’d)
If a 2’x2’ suspended
tile ceiling is used, the
sprinklers will not be
centered within the
tiles.
95. 95
Example No. 2 (conclusion)
Since we have more
sprinklers than are needed,
we can shift the centerlines
slightly to achieve center of
tile placement of
sprinklers.
In this example, the dashed
area represents greatest
coverage, = (5’-6” +5’-0”)
x (5’-0” + 6’-0”) = 126.5
s.f.
96. 96
Sprinkler Systems (cont’d)
Sprinkler Classifications
Design and performance
Area of coverage
Speed of response
Standard response
Fast response
Orientation
Concealed
Flush
Pendent
Recessed
Sidewall
Upright