The document provides information on fire protection systems. It discusses the causes and types of fires, as well as the fire triangle concept involving oxygen, heat, fuel and chemical reaction. It also covers fire hazards, protection, prevention methods like inspections and detection systems. Fire fighting equipment like standpipes, sprinklers, alarms and different types of fire extinguishers are explained.

1. FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
Prepared by:
Miss.Gorhe Ankita A
F.Y M pharm (PQA)
Guided by:
Dr. A.D Kulkarni
HOD of PQA
Sanjivani College Of Pharmaceutical Education and
Research, Kopargaon
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2. * Contents:
* Introduction
* Sources of fire hazards
* Causes
* Types of fire
* Fire protection and prevention
* Detection of fire hazards
* Fire fighting equipment's
* Fire extinguisher and its types
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3. INTRODUCTION
Fire:
• The self-sustaining process of rapid oxidation of a fuel which produces heat and
light.
• Fire is an exothermic chemical reaction between oxygen and fuel at certain
temperature.
FIRE SIGNS
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4. FIRE TRIANGLE
• There are four elements that must be present for a fire to exist.
• There must be oxygen to sustain combustion, heat to raise the material to its
ignition temperature, fuel to support the combustion and a chemical reaction
between the other three elements.
• Remove any one of the four elements to extinguish the fire.
• The concept of fire protection is based upon keeping these four elements
separate.
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5. SOURCES OF FIRE HAZARDS
Solid fuels: wood, fabrics, synthetic materials, papers, packaging materials etc.
Liquid fuels:
1. Flammable liquid : ex: nitro phenol, ammonium nitrate, potassium chlorate,
paint & oil soaked rags, cotton or cellulose soaked with sulphuric acid etc.
2. Heat utilization equipment's
3. Chemical process equipment's
4. Lighting
5. Self combustible chemicals
6. Oven & furnace
7. Reactors 5

6. CAUSES
Improper storage of flammable oils, grease & fluids, combustible wastes etc.
Smoking by employees
Defective heating equipment, electrical equipment & wiring.
Explosive gas leakage
Ignition of gas vapours or combustible dust
Inadequate of electric motors
Sparking in electric wires and equipment
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7. Types of Fires:
Class A - Ordinary materials such as paper, wood, cloth
Class B - Flammable liquids or Combustible liquids such as gasoline, paint,
propane, kerosene
Class C - Electrical equipment fires, appliances, switches, panels
Class D - Certain metals such as magnesium, sodium, potassium, titanium, and
aluminium.
Class K - Fires involving commercial cooking appliances with vegetable oils,
animal oils or fats at high temperatures.
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8. Fire Protection and Prevention
 Fire protection includes procedures for preventing, detecting, and
extinguishing fire.
 The procedures in these three areas of fire prevention aim to protect
employees and property and to assure the continuity of a plant’s operations.
 To accomplish these goals, it is necessary to develop a plant wide fire
protection program
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9. Inspections
Set up a system of periodic fire inspections for every operation. Some buildings, operations,
and processes require daily inspection, while others can be inspected weekly, monthly, or at
other intervals.
Buildings that are well designed and provided with protective devices and construction
elements intended to act as fire safety features still need a periodic, detailed inspection
program.
In some establishments or plants, the safety and health committee locates and reports fire
hazards.
In large plants, this job is handled by a special subcommittee of the safety committee or by a
person trained to manage fire risk.
The inspector, fire chief, or other individual from the plant who is in charge of fire
prevention and fire protection should establish inspection schedules, determine the
direction-finding of reports, and have a complete list of all items to be inspected.
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Inspection of fire equipment should cover the following items:
o control valves on piping that supplies water for fire protection
o hydrants
o fire pumps
o hose houses and associated equipment
o sprinkler system water supplies including tanks
o automatic sprinkler systems
o special type of protection
o portable fire extinguishers
o fire doors, exits
o alarm and communication systems and routines
o communication to fire department

11. DETECTION OF FIRE HAZARDS
Many automatic fire detection systems are used today in industry.
Some include
Thermal expansion detectors,
Heat sensitive insulation,
 Photoelectric fires,
 Ionization or radiation sensors and
 Ultraviolet or I .R detectors.
These sound an alarm through which fire flames are detected
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12. PREVENTION OF FIRE HAZARDS
 Well planned design and layout
 Proper ventilated systems
 Chemical data sheets
 Proper training of personnel
 Proper maintenance of surroundings
 use of fire extinguishers, alarms ,sensors, detectors
 Fire fighting equipment
 Sprinkler systems 12

13. FIRE SAFETY DESIGN
Fire-resistant
construction
Vertical
openings
Adequate
lighting
Coordination
with fire
department
Vertical
transportation
Coordinationwith
mechanical and
electricalsystem
Compliance
with code
requirements
for specificuse
groups
Exit
enclosures
Meansof
egress
Lengthof
travel
Smoke
controls
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14. FIRE FIGHTING EQUIPMENT'S
• Standpipe and hose systems
• Fire alarm
• Sprinklers
• Fire Extinguisher
1. Water
2. Carbon dioxide
3. ABC dry powder
4. Dry powder
5. Foam Based extinguisher
6. Clean agent fire extinguisher
7. Other extinguisher
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15. STANDPIPE AND HOSE SYSTEMS
• Standpipe systems consist of piping, valves, hose connections,
and nozzles to provide streams of water for fire suppression.
I. Wet system
II. Dry system
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16. 37
I. WET SYSTEM
• A "wet" standpipe is filled with water and is pressurized at all times.
• Whenever the system is activated, water will charge into the connected hose immediately.
• Wet standpipes can be used by building occupants.
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II. DRY SYSTEM
• A “Dry” standpipe is NOT filled with water.
• The intakes of dry standpipes are usually located near a road or driveway so that a
fire engine can supply water to the system.
• This system can be used only by firefighters.
• Regulations in many countries require that standpipe systems be charged by hoses
from two
different pump trucks, which can be accomplished by using both sides of a Siamese
connection.
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18. FIRE ALARM
• It is a set of equipment working together to detect and alert people through visual and
audio appliances when smoke or fire is present
• Active from smoke, heat detector, water flow sensors which are automatic or from
manual fire alarm pull station
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AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
• Automatic sprinkler systems are integrated fire suppression systems consisting of a water
supply and a network of pipes, sprinkler heads, and other components to provide automatic
fire suppression in areasof abuilding.
• This system is the most effective for suppressing a Class A fires in buildings containing
ordinary
combustible materials, suchaswood, paper, and plastics.
• The design and installation of the system are strictly regulated by insurance companies and
in accordance with fire codes.
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20. SPRINKLERS
• Themajor component of an automatic sprinkler systemis the sprinkler, which discharge
water in specific pattern for extinguishing or controllingafire.
• Asprinkler head consists of three majorcomponents:
1. Nozzle
2. Detector: Fusible link type / Frangible bulb type
3. Water spray pattern deflector
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21. DETECTORS
FUSIBLELINKTYPE:
• The fusible link type of heat detector is
constructed of a “eutectic alloy” which
melt at a specific temperature rather
than gradually softening. When the link
temperature reaches its melting point,
the link is pulled apart by the water
pressure and opens nozzle.
FRANGIBLE BULB TYPE:
• The frangible bulb type of detector
contains a glass bulb partially filled with
a liquid that expands with temperature.
At the rated temperature, the liquid will
shatter the bulb and open the nozzle.
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22. TYPES OF SPRINKLERS
WETPIPE SYSTEM:
• Wet-pipe sprinkler systems employ automatic
sprinklers attached to a piping system
containing water and connected to a water
supply so that water discharges immediately
from sprinklers opened by a fire.
• This type is most reliable and simple.
• Only those sprinklers which have been
operated by heat over the fire will discharge
water.
 DRYPIPE SYSTEM:
• Dry-pipe sprinkler systems employ
automatic sprinkler attached to a piping
system containing air or nitrogen
• When sprinklers are open by a fire, the gas
is released and the dry pipe valve is open by
the water pressure. The water then flows
into the piping system and discharges only
from those sprinklers which have been open
by heat over the fire. 22

23. FIRE EXTINGUISHER
• A Fire extinguisher is a device which can be used to
control a fire. Fire extinguishers can help remove the fire,
and may stop it from burning.
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24. THINGS TO REMEMBER BEFORE INSTALLATION OF
FIRE EXTINGUISHERS.
• Brass Valve Chrome Plated Heavy duty
• BIS Approved
• CE Certified.
• Maintenance should be done as per IS 2190:2010
• Must Check the color band according to need.
• Extinguisher/ Equipments must be according to guidelines
given by concerned disaster authority.
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25. TYPES OF FIRE EXTINGUISHERS
1. Water
2. Carbon dioxide
3. ABC type dry powder
4. Dry powder
5. Foam based extinguisher
6. Clean agent Fire extinguisher
7. Other extinguishers 25

26. 1. Water
• Water extinguishers are for Class A fires only.
• Extinguish effect: water extinguishes by absorbing the heat and so cooling the fire. It
has a greater cooling effect when applied as a fine spray or mist. There is also some
smothering effect from the steam generated by the application of a fine spray or mist.
Sprays may have surfactants added (these reduce surface tension and assist in forming
a uniform distribution) to aid the penetration.
• Limitations: do not use on fires involving liquid (oils, paints, cleaning fluids, etc.) or
Can not be used on electrical fires.
• The discharge stream could spread the flammable liquid in a Class B fire or could
create a shock hazard on a Class C fire.
• Color Band- Red
• Easy and No Maintenance and Service.
• Used in- Schools ,Theaters, Apartments, Office, Textile / Wood
Industry, Warehouses 26

27. 2.CARBON DIOXIDE
• Carbon dioxide can be used on Class B & C fires.
• They are usually ineffective on Class A fires.
• Color Band- Black
• Features- Colorless, Odorless
• Used in -Rail Yards / Warehouses Construction
Sites,Airports,Electrical Substation, Power Sector.
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28. 3.A B C TYPE DRY POWDER
• ABC or multi-purpose extinguishers comprise of a special
fluidized and siliconized mono ammonium phosphate dry
chemical
• It is use for class A fires and breaks the chain reaction of class B fires
• Easy and more economical to maintain and service
• Used in- homes, offices,
buildings, warehouses, cinema
halls.
• Color band- blue
• Capacity-1-9kg
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29. 4.DRY POWDER
• Dry Chemical powder extinguishers utilize a
specially siliconized Sodium Bicarbonate.
• It insulates class B , C fires by forming a cloud and cutting
off the oxygen supply.
• Used in- Homes, Offices, Buildings, Warehouses,Pump
Room, Refinery
• Color band- Blue
• Capacity- 4kg-9kg
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30. 5.FOAM BASED EXTINGUISHER
• Foam has the ability to form an aqueous film which quickly over water-
insoluble hydrocarbon fuel surfaces causing rapid fire extinguishment and
vapour suppression for class B fires.
• Also it provides excellent penetrating and wetting qualities when used on
class A fires.
• Foam extinguishers are ideal for fires involving volatile liquids and freely
burning materials such as lubricant, oil fires, paper, cloth, wood, etc.
• Only for fighting class A and B fire.
• Easy and Maintenance and Service.
• Do not use on electrical fires.
• Used in-Paints, Lubricants, Chemical Industry, Oil Fire/Refinery,
Kitchen/Restaurant, Boiler Room.
• Color Band- Yellow 30

31. 6.CLEAN AGENT FIRE EXTINGUISHER
• CLEAN AGENT replaces Halon 1211 as the agent-of-choice for
applications where the agent must be clean, electrically
nonconductive, environment-friendly, extremely low in toxicity and
exceptionally effective.
• Suitable for Class A, B and C fires.
• Low Global Warming Potential.
• Low Ozone Depletion Potential.
• Short Atmospheric Lifetime
• Useful for- Computer Rooms / Laboratories, Essential
Communication Area, Server-data Room / Tele- communications,
Aerospace- Warehouse, Hospitals - Medical Equipment's,
• Sensitive Expensive Equipment.
• Color Band- Green 31

32. 7.OTHER FIRE EXTINGUISHER
• Sand Bucket
• Water Bucket
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