This document summarizes a lecture on power system analysis. It covers:
1) Announcements about upcoming homework assignments and reading for the next lectures.
2) Descriptions of different types of transformers used in power systems - load tap changing transformers, phase shifting transformers, and autotransformers.
3) Models used for loads, generators, and the bus admittance matrix (Ybus) which are required for power flow analysis. Power flow determines how power flows through a network given load demands and generator outputs.
The document discusses demand side management (DSM) in the context of distribution generation and smart grids. It defines DSM as modifying consumer energy demand through methods like financial incentives or education. The goal is usually to encourage reducing energy use during peak hours or shifting it to off-peak times. This helps reduce the need for network and power plant investments to meet peak demand. The document then outlines various DSM programs and strategies like demand response, time-of-use pricing, and direct load control.
This document provides an overview of power system stability, including various types of stability issues like rotor angle stability, voltage stability, and small signal stability. It defines key concepts, classifies stability into different categories, and describes factors that affect stability issues like voltage stability. Analysis techniques for different stability problems are discussed, like transient stability analysis, PV curves for voltage stability assessment, and eigenvalue analysis for small signal stability. The role of controls like power system stabilizers is also mentioned.
Electrical Technology was founded on the remarkable discovery by Faraday that a changing magnetic flux creates an electric field. Out of that discovery, grew the largest and most complex engineering achievement of man : the electric power system. Indeed, life without electricity is now unimaginable. Electric power systems form the basic infrastructure of a country. Even as we read this, electrical energy is being produced at rates in excess of hundreds of giga-watts (1 GW = 1,000,000,000 W). Giant rotors spinning at speeds up to 3000 rotations per minute bring us the energy stored in the potential energy of water, or in fossil fuels. Yet we notice electricity only when the lights go out!
While the basic features of the electrical power system have remained practically unchanged in the past century, but there are some significant milestones in the evolution of electrical power systems.
This document discusses power system stability and microgrids. It defines power system stability and classifies it into several types including rotor angle stability, voltage stability, and frequency stability. It also discusses microgrids, their interconnection to main grids for availability and economic benefits, and methods for connecting microgrids using switchgear or static switches. In conclusion, it states that power system stability is important for normal operation and can be improved through devices like capacitors and FACTS controllers, and that microgrids satisfy local loads while reducing transmission losses through local renewable generation.
The topic of this presentation is part of unit -II in EMEC-II subject. It covers Synchronous Motor. Principle, Starting methods, Equilibrium, Hunting, Damping,Effect of field change, power factor correction , V-curves, Applications
Mr. Bishnu Charan Parida presented a seminar on the mechanical design of power systems under the guidance of Mr. Rajesh Panda. The presentation covered overhead lines, conductor materials such as aluminum and steel, types of line supports including wooden poles, RCC poles and steel towers. It also discussed insulator materials like porcelain and glass, and types of insulators including pin, suspension, and strain insulators. The presentation provided an overview of key components and considerations for designing power transmission and distribution systems.
The document discusses finite element methods and their applications in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). It covers the basic formulation of finite element methods, including discretization, selection of displacement functions, derivation of element stiffness matrices, and assembly of global equations. It also discusses specific applications of finite element analysis to problems in MEMS like heat transfer analysis, thermal stress analysis, and static/modal analysis. The finite element method is well-suited for complex geometries and materials and can model irregular shapes, general loads/boundary conditions, and nonlinear behavior.
This document summarizes a lecture on power system analysis. It covers:
1) Announcements about upcoming homework assignments and reading for the next lectures.
2) Descriptions of different types of transformers used in power systems - load tap changing transformers, phase shifting transformers, and autotransformers.
3) Models used for loads, generators, and the bus admittance matrix (Ybus) which are required for power flow analysis. Power flow determines how power flows through a network given load demands and generator outputs.
The document discusses demand side management (DSM) in the context of distribution generation and smart grids. It defines DSM as modifying consumer energy demand through methods like financial incentives or education. The goal is usually to encourage reducing energy use during peak hours or shifting it to off-peak times. This helps reduce the need for network and power plant investments to meet peak demand. The document then outlines various DSM programs and strategies like demand response, time-of-use pricing, and direct load control.
This document provides an overview of power system stability, including various types of stability issues like rotor angle stability, voltage stability, and small signal stability. It defines key concepts, classifies stability into different categories, and describes factors that affect stability issues like voltage stability. Analysis techniques for different stability problems are discussed, like transient stability analysis, PV curves for voltage stability assessment, and eigenvalue analysis for small signal stability. The role of controls like power system stabilizers is also mentioned.
Electrical Technology was founded on the remarkable discovery by Faraday that a changing magnetic flux creates an electric field. Out of that discovery, grew the largest and most complex engineering achievement of man : the electric power system. Indeed, life without electricity is now unimaginable. Electric power systems form the basic infrastructure of a country. Even as we read this, electrical energy is being produced at rates in excess of hundreds of giga-watts (1 GW = 1,000,000,000 W). Giant rotors spinning at speeds up to 3000 rotations per minute bring us the energy stored in the potential energy of water, or in fossil fuels. Yet we notice electricity only when the lights go out!
While the basic features of the electrical power system have remained practically unchanged in the past century, but there are some significant milestones in the evolution of electrical power systems.
This document discusses power system stability and microgrids. It defines power system stability and classifies it into several types including rotor angle stability, voltage stability, and frequency stability. It also discusses microgrids, their interconnection to main grids for availability and economic benefits, and methods for connecting microgrids using switchgear or static switches. In conclusion, it states that power system stability is important for normal operation and can be improved through devices like capacitors and FACTS controllers, and that microgrids satisfy local loads while reducing transmission losses through local renewable generation.
The topic of this presentation is part of unit -II in EMEC-II subject. It covers Synchronous Motor. Principle, Starting methods, Equilibrium, Hunting, Damping,Effect of field change, power factor correction , V-curves, Applications
Mr. Bishnu Charan Parida presented a seminar on the mechanical design of power systems under the guidance of Mr. Rajesh Panda. The presentation covered overhead lines, conductor materials such as aluminum and steel, types of line supports including wooden poles, RCC poles and steel towers. It also discussed insulator materials like porcelain and glass, and types of insulators including pin, suspension, and strain insulators. The presentation provided an overview of key components and considerations for designing power transmission and distribution systems.
The document discusses finite element methods and their applications in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). It covers the basic formulation of finite element methods, including discretization, selection of displacement functions, derivation of element stiffness matrices, and assembly of global equations. It also discusses specific applications of finite element analysis to problems in MEMS like heat transfer analysis, thermal stress analysis, and static/modal analysis. The finite element method is well-suited for complex geometries and materials and can model irregular shapes, general loads/boundary conditions, and nonlinear behavior.
This document discusses unit commitment in power systems. Unit commitment aims to schedule generating units to meet forecasted load at minimum cost while maintaining reliability. It considers startup costs, operating costs, and shutdown costs over a daily load cycle. Dynamic programming is used to solve the unit commitment problem by evaluating combinations of generating units at each time interval and carrying minimum costs backward from the final interval to find the overall lowest-cost solution. The objective is to determine the optimal set of units to operate at each time period to supply predicted load economically.
This document discusses active and reactive power flow control using a Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC). The SSSC injects a controllable voltage in series with a transmission line to regulate power flow. It can control both real and reactive power flow to improve transmission efficiency. The SSSC consists of a voltage source converter connected to the line via a transformer. It provides advantages like power factor correction, load balancing, and reducing harmonic distortion.
This document discusses static shunt compensation on transmission lines. Shunt compensation can increase steady-state transmittable power and control voltage profiles by using shunt reactors to minimize overvoltage under light loads and shunt capacitors to maintain voltage levels under heavy loads. Midpoint shunt compensation regulates voltage along line segments by exchanging only reactive power at the midpoint, significantly increasing transmittable power as the midpoint has the maximum voltage sag. End of line shunt compensation also provides voltage support to prevent instability.
Digital control systems (dcs) lecture 18-19-20Ali Rind
This document discusses digital control systems and related topics such as difference equations, z-transforms, and mapping between the s-plane and z-plane. It begins with an outline of topics to be covered including difference equations, z-transforms, inverse z-transforms, and the relationship between the s-plane and z-plane. Examples are provided to illustrate difference equations, z-transforms, and mapping poles between the two planes. Standard z-transforms of discrete-time signals like the unit impulse and sampled step are also defined.
Application of Capacitors to Distribution System and Voltage RegulationAmeen San
Application of Capacitors to
Distribution System and Voltage
Regulation
POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENT,
System Harmonics
Voltage Regulation
Methods of Voltage Control
The document discusses various objectives and applications of static shunt compensation on transmission lines. Shunt compensation can increase steady-state transmittable power, control voltage profiles, minimize line overvoltage under light loads using shunt reactors, and maintain voltage levels under heavy loads using shunt capacitors. Midpoint shunt compensation significantly increases transmitted power and is best located at the midpoint where voltage sag is maximum. End of line shunt compensation effectively increases voltage stability limits and regulates terminal voltages to prevent voltage instability. Shunt compensation can also improve transient stability and damp power oscillations on transmission lines.
This presentation on Power Quality Improvement Techniques: A Review presented by Sahid Raja Khan student of B. Tech. Electrical Engineering of Compucom Institute of Technology and Management Jaipur. It describes the improvement technique of Power Quality at GSS and other Substations including Generating Stations.
The document discusses conductor materials used for electric power transmission and distribution. It describes the properties and characteristics of commonly used materials like copper, aluminum, steel-cored aluminum, and galvanized steel. It also explains the Ferranti effect, where the receiving end voltage is higher than the sending end voltage under light or no load conditions due to the charging current of transmission lines. This effect can be reduced by using shunt reactors at the receiving end to compensate for the capacitive current from long transmission lines.
This document provides information about flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) including opportunities for FACTS, types of FACTS controllers, and their relative importance. It discusses how FACTS controllers can control parameters like line impedance, phase angle, and voltage injection to regulate power flow. The key types of FACTS controllers are series, shunt, and combined series-series or series-shunt configurations. Series controllers directly impact current and power flow, while shunt controllers control voltage. Combined controllers allow coordinated control and real power transfer between elements.
1) A load curve shows the variation of load on a power station over time, with daily, monthly, and yearly curves. It is important for generation planning and economic dispatch.
2) A load duration curve arranges all load levels in descending order, with area under the curve representing total energy demanded. It is used for planning, dispatch, and reliability evaluation.
3) An integrated load duration curve plots units generated against load demand, obtained from the load duration curve. A mass curve plots accumulated supply or demand over time and is used to determine required storage capacity.
The document discusses two methods of Lyapunov stability analysis. The first method requires solving differential equations, while the second method uses a Lyapunov function to check stability without solving equations. This second method is considered a direct method. The document also defines stability, asymptotic stability, and instability and provides examples of analyzing stability for continuous and discrete linear time systems using Lyapunov's method.
The document discusses the concepts of controllability and observability in state space analysis of dynamic systems. It defines controllability as the ability to transfer a system state to any desired state using control inputs. Observability is defined as the ability to identify the system state using output measurements. Gilbert's and Kalman's tests are described to check for complete controllability and observability by examining the system and output matrices. No cancellation of poles and zeros in the transfer function is a necessary condition for complete controllability and observability.
This document summarizes control of active and reactive power in a power system. It discusses that active power control is related to frequency control, while reactive power control is related to voltage control. It then discusses how active power and frequency are controlled through load-frequency control (LFC) to maintain a constant frequency for satisfactory power system operation. The document also discusses generator response to load changes and how speed governing works to reduce speed variations through a transfer function relationship between electrical and mechanical torques. It describes how system load responds to frequency deviations and provides an overall system block diagram.
This document discusses economic load dispatch in power systems. It begins by listing the names and IDs of 5 presenters. It then outlines the contents which include introductions to economic dispatch, constraints in economic load dispatch, operating costs of thermal plants, and economic dispatch with and without losses. The document defines economic dispatch as operating generation facilities to produce energy at lowest cost while meeting demand. It describes the constraints and factors that influence minimizing generation costs such as generator efficiencies, fuel costs, and transmission losses. Equations for economic dispatch with and without losses are provided.
The document summarizes a seminar presentation on AC-DC converters given by Ankur Mahajan. The presentation covered single phase half wave and full wave converters. It discussed various rectifier types including uncontrolled, half controlled, and fully controlled bridges. It provided calculations for average and RMS voltage values for different converter configurations under resistive and inductive loads. The presentation also covered single phase half controlled and fully controlled bridge converters in both continuous and discontinuous conduction modes.
This document provides an overview of solar photovoltaic power systems. It discusses that solar PV systems convert sunlight directly into electricity using photovoltaic cells. The document covers different types of solar PV systems including off-grid, grid-tied, and hybrid systems. It also discusses the components of solar PV systems such as solar panels, batteries, charge controllers, and inverters. The document summarizes the advantages of solar PV including being renewable, having no emissions, and having low operating costs.
Power System Dynamics and Control Presentation on Unit 3Chaitra Panat
In this presentation we see the concept of power system stability with their classification, concept of power system stabilizer and types then basic concept of control signals in Power system stabilizers, its structure and tuning, field implementation and operating Experiences, Advantages, disadvantages, applications, future scope and conclusion
FINITE DIFFERENCE.ppt slides for studentsMoneebMughal
The finite difference method involves establishing nodal networks, deriving finite difference approximations for the governing equations at interior and exterior nodal points, and developing and solving a system of simultaneous algebraic nodal equations. This method is commonly used for heat transfer problems and involves discretizing the domain, deriving equations for each node, and solving the resulting system of equations numerically.
This document discusses unit commitment in power systems. Unit commitment aims to schedule generating units to meet forecasted load at minimum cost while maintaining reliability. It considers startup costs, operating costs, and shutdown costs over a daily load cycle. Dynamic programming is used to solve the unit commitment problem by evaluating combinations of generating units at each time interval and carrying minimum costs backward from the final interval to find the overall lowest-cost solution. The objective is to determine the optimal set of units to operate at each time period to supply predicted load economically.
This document discusses active and reactive power flow control using a Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC). The SSSC injects a controllable voltage in series with a transmission line to regulate power flow. It can control both real and reactive power flow to improve transmission efficiency. The SSSC consists of a voltage source converter connected to the line via a transformer. It provides advantages like power factor correction, load balancing, and reducing harmonic distortion.
This document discusses static shunt compensation on transmission lines. Shunt compensation can increase steady-state transmittable power and control voltage profiles by using shunt reactors to minimize overvoltage under light loads and shunt capacitors to maintain voltage levels under heavy loads. Midpoint shunt compensation regulates voltage along line segments by exchanging only reactive power at the midpoint, significantly increasing transmittable power as the midpoint has the maximum voltage sag. End of line shunt compensation also provides voltage support to prevent instability.
Digital control systems (dcs) lecture 18-19-20Ali Rind
This document discusses digital control systems and related topics such as difference equations, z-transforms, and mapping between the s-plane and z-plane. It begins with an outline of topics to be covered including difference equations, z-transforms, inverse z-transforms, and the relationship between the s-plane and z-plane. Examples are provided to illustrate difference equations, z-transforms, and mapping poles between the two planes. Standard z-transforms of discrete-time signals like the unit impulse and sampled step are also defined.
Application of Capacitors to Distribution System and Voltage RegulationAmeen San
Application of Capacitors to
Distribution System and Voltage
Regulation
POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENT,
System Harmonics
Voltage Regulation
Methods of Voltage Control
The document discusses various objectives and applications of static shunt compensation on transmission lines. Shunt compensation can increase steady-state transmittable power, control voltage profiles, minimize line overvoltage under light loads using shunt reactors, and maintain voltage levels under heavy loads using shunt capacitors. Midpoint shunt compensation significantly increases transmitted power and is best located at the midpoint where voltage sag is maximum. End of line shunt compensation effectively increases voltage stability limits and regulates terminal voltages to prevent voltage instability. Shunt compensation can also improve transient stability and damp power oscillations on transmission lines.
This presentation on Power Quality Improvement Techniques: A Review presented by Sahid Raja Khan student of B. Tech. Electrical Engineering of Compucom Institute of Technology and Management Jaipur. It describes the improvement technique of Power Quality at GSS and other Substations including Generating Stations.
The document discusses conductor materials used for electric power transmission and distribution. It describes the properties and characteristics of commonly used materials like copper, aluminum, steel-cored aluminum, and galvanized steel. It also explains the Ferranti effect, where the receiving end voltage is higher than the sending end voltage under light or no load conditions due to the charging current of transmission lines. This effect can be reduced by using shunt reactors at the receiving end to compensate for the capacitive current from long transmission lines.
This document provides information about flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) including opportunities for FACTS, types of FACTS controllers, and their relative importance. It discusses how FACTS controllers can control parameters like line impedance, phase angle, and voltage injection to regulate power flow. The key types of FACTS controllers are series, shunt, and combined series-series or series-shunt configurations. Series controllers directly impact current and power flow, while shunt controllers control voltage. Combined controllers allow coordinated control and real power transfer between elements.
1) A load curve shows the variation of load on a power station over time, with daily, monthly, and yearly curves. It is important for generation planning and economic dispatch.
2) A load duration curve arranges all load levels in descending order, with area under the curve representing total energy demanded. It is used for planning, dispatch, and reliability evaluation.
3) An integrated load duration curve plots units generated against load demand, obtained from the load duration curve. A mass curve plots accumulated supply or demand over time and is used to determine required storage capacity.
The document discusses two methods of Lyapunov stability analysis. The first method requires solving differential equations, while the second method uses a Lyapunov function to check stability without solving equations. This second method is considered a direct method. The document also defines stability, asymptotic stability, and instability and provides examples of analyzing stability for continuous and discrete linear time systems using Lyapunov's method.
The document discusses the concepts of controllability and observability in state space analysis of dynamic systems. It defines controllability as the ability to transfer a system state to any desired state using control inputs. Observability is defined as the ability to identify the system state using output measurements. Gilbert's and Kalman's tests are described to check for complete controllability and observability by examining the system and output matrices. No cancellation of poles and zeros in the transfer function is a necessary condition for complete controllability and observability.
This document summarizes control of active and reactive power in a power system. It discusses that active power control is related to frequency control, while reactive power control is related to voltage control. It then discusses how active power and frequency are controlled through load-frequency control (LFC) to maintain a constant frequency for satisfactory power system operation. The document also discusses generator response to load changes and how speed governing works to reduce speed variations through a transfer function relationship between electrical and mechanical torques. It describes how system load responds to frequency deviations and provides an overall system block diagram.
This document discusses economic load dispatch in power systems. It begins by listing the names and IDs of 5 presenters. It then outlines the contents which include introductions to economic dispatch, constraints in economic load dispatch, operating costs of thermal plants, and economic dispatch with and without losses. The document defines economic dispatch as operating generation facilities to produce energy at lowest cost while meeting demand. It describes the constraints and factors that influence minimizing generation costs such as generator efficiencies, fuel costs, and transmission losses. Equations for economic dispatch with and without losses are provided.
The document summarizes a seminar presentation on AC-DC converters given by Ankur Mahajan. The presentation covered single phase half wave and full wave converters. It discussed various rectifier types including uncontrolled, half controlled, and fully controlled bridges. It provided calculations for average and RMS voltage values for different converter configurations under resistive and inductive loads. The presentation also covered single phase half controlled and fully controlled bridge converters in both continuous and discontinuous conduction modes.
This document provides an overview of solar photovoltaic power systems. It discusses that solar PV systems convert sunlight directly into electricity using photovoltaic cells. The document covers different types of solar PV systems including off-grid, grid-tied, and hybrid systems. It also discusses the components of solar PV systems such as solar panels, batteries, charge controllers, and inverters. The document summarizes the advantages of solar PV including being renewable, having no emissions, and having low operating costs.
Power System Dynamics and Control Presentation on Unit 3Chaitra Panat
In this presentation we see the concept of power system stability with their classification, concept of power system stabilizer and types then basic concept of control signals in Power system stabilizers, its structure and tuning, field implementation and operating Experiences, Advantages, disadvantages, applications, future scope and conclusion
FINITE DIFFERENCE.ppt slides for studentsMoneebMughal
The finite difference method involves establishing nodal networks, deriving finite difference approximations for the governing equations at interior and exterior nodal points, and developing and solving a system of simultaneous algebraic nodal equations. This method is commonly used for heat transfer problems and involves discretizing the domain, deriving equations for each node, and solving the resulting system of equations numerically.
1) The document presents the analysis of heat transfer through a triangular fin using finite difference methods. Temperature profiles were calculated at 8 nodes along the fin using energy balance equations and a numerical solution in Mathcad.
2) The temperatures decrease along the fin from 115°C at the base to 31.55°C at the tip. The effectiveness of the fin is 2.58 and efficiency is 50.5%.
3) The total heat flow rate at the base is 824.807 W, which is equal to the sum of the convective heat transfer rates calculated at each node.
This file contains slides on NUMERICAL METHODS IN STEADY STATE 1D and 2D HEAT CONDUCTION – Part-I.
The slides were prepared while teaching Heat Transfer course to the M.Tech. students.
Contents: Why Numerical methods? – Advantages – Finite difference formulation from differential eqns – 1D steady state conduction in cartesian coordinates – formulation by energy balance method – different BC’s – Problems
Numerical methods for 2 d heat transferArun Sarasan
This document presents a numerical study comparing finite difference and finite volume methods for solving the heat transfer equation during solidification in a complex casting geometry. The study uses a multi-block grid with bilinear interpolation and generalized curvilinear coordinates. Results show good agreement between the two discretization methods, with a slight advantage for the finite volume method due to its use of more nodal information. The multi-block grid approach reduces computational time and allows complex geometries to be accurately modeled while overcoming issues at block interfaces.
Graphical methods for 2 d heat transfer Arun Sarasan
This document discusses numerical methods for solving two-dimensional heat transfer problems. It begins by explaining that analytical solutions are often not available for modern engineering problems due to complex geometries and boundary conditions. Numerical methods using computers can provide useful approximate solutions. The finite difference method and finite element method are introduced as two common numerical techniques. The finite difference method involves discretizing the domain into a nodal network and deriving finite difference approximations of the governing heat equation at each node to develop a system of algebraic equations that can be solved numerically. Iterative methods like Jacobi and Gauss-Seidel are often used to solve large systems of equations. The document provides examples of applying these concepts to model heat conduction problems.
This document summarizes the finite difference method for numerically solving heat transfer problems. The method involves establishing a nodal network to discretize the domain, deriving finite difference approximations of the governing heat equation at each node, developing a system of simultaneous algebraic equations relating all nodal temperatures, and solving the system of equations using numerical techniques like matrix inversion or iterative methods. Examples are provided to illustrate the finite difference approximations, formation of the algebraic system, and solution via the Jacobi and Gauss-Seidel iteration methods.
A CPW-fed Rectangular Patch Antenna for WLAN/WiMAX ApplicationsIDES Editor
This paper presents a CPW fed Rectangular
shaped patch antenna for the frequency 3.42GHz which
falls in WiMAX and 5.25GHz for WLAN applications.
The measured -10dB impedance bandwidth is about
650MHz (2.98GHz-3.63GHz) for WiMAX and 833MHz
(4.95GHz-5.78GHz) for WLAN applications. The effect of
slot width, rectangular patch height, and substrate
dielectric constant have been evaluated. The results of
antenna are simulated by using Zeeland’s MOM based
IE3D tool. Two dimensional radiation patterns with
elevation and azimuth angles, VSWR<2, Return loss of
-24dB and -18dB for WiMAX and WLAN applications,
antenna efficiency about 90%, gain above 3.5dB are
obtained. The compact aperture area of the antenna is
46.2 X 41.66 mm2.
This document describes a novel design of ternary logic gates using carbon nanotube field-effect transistors (CNTFETs). The authors propose a CNTFET-based design for ternary logic gates that eliminates the need for large off-chip resistors used in previous designs. Simulation results show the proposed ternary logic gates consume significantly lower power and delay compared to previous resistive-load CNTFET gate implementations. When used in arithmetic circuits like a full adder and multiplier, the proposed ternary gates combined with binary gates can reduce power delay product by over 90%.
EVALUATION OF RADIATED EMISSIONS FROM PCB AND CABLES AT POST-LAYOUT LEVELPiero Belforte
This document presents a study evaluating methods to predict radiated emissions from printed circuit boards (PCBs) and attached cables at the design stage. It tests models of the radiated emissions of simple two-layer PCBs with and without an attached cable by comparing simulations to measurements. For PCBs alone, a model using Hertzian dipoles accurately predicts differential mode emissions. A more accurate model is then presented which considers both differential and common mode emissions, where common mode radiation is caused by ground noise on the PCB. The document finds that accounting for this ground noise is important when a cable is attached to the PCB, as the cable can be excited by this common mode signal. Improving the models to predict emissions earlier
This document describes research using an artificial neural network (ANN) to model the behavior of a single chamber solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) without relying on physical equations. Experimental data from a previous study was used to train and validate the ANN model. The ANN was able to adequately predict the cell voltage based on inputs of current density and temperature. Genetic algorithms were then used to optimize the ANN model and determine the operating conditions that achieve maximum power density of 381.54 A/m2 at 687°C and 0.44V cell voltage. The results demonstrate the capabilities of ANNs and genetic algorithms for modeling and optimizing SOFC performance without detailed physical knowledge.
This document discusses modelling errors introduced in the deterministic calculational path for analyzing a mini-core reactor problem. It presents the methodology used to quantify individual and combined effects of simplifications like energy group condensation, spatial homogenization, and the diffusion approximation. The results show that spectral, diffusion, and environmental errors are significant for a 6-group model of the mini-core problem, with combined errors over 4000 pcm. Equivalence theory resolved errors except for a remaining 733 pcm environmental error. Future work will further investigate environmental errors and apply these findings to improve reactor modelling calculations.
FINITE DIFFERENCE MODELLING FOR HEAT TRANSFER PROBLEMSroymeister007
This report provides a practical overview of numerical solutions to the heat equation using the finite difference method (FDM). The forward time, centered space (FTCS), the backward time, centered space (BTCS), and Crank-Nicolson schemes are developed, and applied to a simple problem in1volving the one-dimensional heat equation. Complete, working Matlab and FORTRAN codes for each program are presented. The results of running the codes on finer (one-dimensional) meshes, and with smaller time steps are demonstrated. These sample calculations show that the schemes realize theoretical predictions of how their truncation errors depend on mesh spacing and time step. The Matlab codes are straightforward and allow us to see the differences in implementation between explicit method (FTCS) and implicit methods (BTCS). The codes also allow us to experiment with the stability limit of the FTCS scheme.
Precision based data aggregation to extend life of wsnGaurang Rathod
The fast advancement of hardware technology has enabled the development of tiny and powerful sensor nodes, which are capable of sensing, computation and wireless communication. This revolutionizes the deployment of wireless sensor network for monitoring some area and collecting regarding information. However, limited energy constraint presents a major challenge such vision to become reality. Data communication between nodes consumes a large portion of the total energy consumption of the WSNs. Consequently, Wireless sensor nodes are very small in size and have limited processing capability with very low battery power. This restriction of low battery power makes the sensor network prone to failure.
Data aggregation may be effective technique because it reduces the number of packets to be sent to sink by aggregating the similar packets. Data aggregation has been put forward as an essential technique to achieve power efficiency in sensor networks. The main goal of data aggregation is to gather and aggregate data in an energy efficient manner so that network lifetime is enhanced.
The data aggregation technique of precision allocation helps to balance the energy consumption of network. By optimum precision allocation given to node, helps to control the frequency of communication between node and base station. This way, effectively it reduces less communication between sources and sink, which helps to reduce the energy consumption.
In experiment work, assigning same precision, random precision and precision based on distance and residual energy of node to all nodes in network and summarize energy consumption of node. By periodically adjusting the precision of node extend the life time of network compared to without aggregation and random precision allocation method. This technique suits to problem of continues data measuring, like temperature, humidity, water level, etc.
Application of thermal error in machine tools based on Dynamic Bayesian NetworkIJRES Journal
In recent years, the growing interest toward complex manufacturing on machine tools and the
machining accuracy have solicited new efforts in the area of modeling and analysis of machine tools machining
errors. Therefore, the mathematical model study on the relationship between temperature field and thermal error
is the core content, which can improve the precision of parts processing and the thermal stability, also predict
and compensate machining errors of CNC machine tools. It is critical to obtain the thermal errors of a precision
machine tools in real-time. In this paper, based on Dynamic Bayesian Network (DBN), a pioneering modeling
method applied in thermal error research is presented. The dependence of thermal error and temperature field is
clearly described by graph theory, and the fuzzy classification method is proposed to reduce the computational
complexity, then forming a new method for thermal error modeling of machine tools.
This document discusses heat transfer through conduction and various methods for solving the heat equation using finite difference approximations. It introduces the heat equation in Cartesian, cylindrical and spherical coordinates. It discusses boundary conditions and describes setting up a nodal network to discretize the domain. It then presents the finite difference form of the heat equation and describes different cases for nodal finite difference equations, including for interior nodes, nodes at corners or surfaces with convection, and nodes at surfaces with uniform heat flux. It discusses solving the finite difference equations using matrix inversion, Gauss-Seidel iteration, and provides examples.
Modeling and simulation of three phases cascaded H-bridge grid-tied PV inverterjournalBEEI
In this paper a control scheme for three phase seven level cascaded H-bridge inverter for grid tied PV system is presented. As power generation from PV depends on varing environmental conditions, for extractraction of maximum power from PV array, fuzzy MPPT controller is incorporated with each PV array. It gives fast and accurate response. To maintain the grid current
sinusoidal under varying conditions, a digital PI controller scheme is adopted. A MATLAB/Simulink model is developed for this purpose and results are presented. At last THD analysis is carried out in order to validate the performance of the overall system. As discussed, with this control strategy the balanced grid current is obtained keeping THD values with in the specified range of IEEE-519 standard.
Improving The Performance of Viterbi Decoder using Window System IJECEIAES
An efficient Viterbi decoder is introduced in this paper; it is called Viterbi decoder with window system. The simulation results, over Gaussian channels, are performed from rate 1/2, 1/3 and 2/3 joined to TCM encoder with memory in order of 2, 3. These results show that the proposed scheme outperforms the classical Viterbi by a gain of 1 dB. On the other hand, we propose a function called RSCPOLY2TRELLIS, for recursive systematic convolutional (RSC) encoder which creates the trellis structure of a recursive systematic convolutional encoder from the matrix “H”. Moreover, we present a comparison between the decoding algorithms of the TCM encoder like Viterbi soft and hard, and the variants of the MAP decoder known as BCJR or forward-backward algorithm which is very performant in decoding TCM, but depends on the size of the code, the memory, and the CPU requirements of the application.
This document summarizes research conducted on calculating phonons in monolayer graphene and molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) using density functional theory and plane wave methods. Key findings include generating phonon dispersion plots for both materials on different k-point grids and processor counts. Future work involves further discretization of the Brillouin zone for thermal conductivity calculations.
Similar to Finite difference method for charge calculation (20)
Flow chart & Program for CAAD of choke coilSmit Shah
This document provides information about an electrical engineering student named Smit Shah who is in the 2nd semester of their 3rd year. The document relates to the subject of computer aided design and deals with the topic of creating a flow chart and program to model a choke coil using CAD software.
Line to Line & Double Line to Ground Fault On Power SystemSmit Shah
This document discusses line-to-line faults and double line-to-ground faults on power systems. For a line-to-line fault, the positive and negative sequence networks are connected in parallel through a fault impedance. This satisfies the fault conditions. For a double line-to-ground fault, the positive sequence network is in series with the parallel combination of the negative and zero sequence networks, connected through a fault impedance. Equations are derived relating the sequence currents and voltages for determining the fault current values. Sequence networks are used to model and calculate faults on power systems.
This document discusses a parallel inverter circuit. It contains two SCRs that act as the main load carrying components. Diodes allow reactive power from the load to be fed back to the DC supply. When SCR1 conducts, the load voltage is positive and equal to the input voltage. When SCR1 turns off, the energy stored in the capacitor is fed back to the load through the transformer. This reverses the load voltage polarity. The parallel inverter has advantages over series and bridge inverters in that the load voltage is not dependent on the load, only two SCRs are needed, and commutation components do not carry the full load current.
The document discusses dry type transformers, which are air-cooled rather than liquid-cooled. It describes how dry type transformers do not require maintenance-intensive liquid cooling systems or fireproof vaults. The main types of dry type transformers are cast resin dry type transformers and vacuum pressure impregnated transformers. Dry type transformers provide reliable power in a safe and environmentally-friendly way, making them well-suited for applications such as buildings, tunnels, and industrial facilities where fire safety is important.
The document describes two types of AC lap windings for electrical machines:
1) A single-phase, single-layer lap winding is developed for a 4-pole, 24-slot AC machine. The winding table is provided.
2) A double-layer lap winding is developed for a 3-phase, 4-pole, 24-slot AC machine. The slot distribution and winding table for the RYB phases are provided. A diagram of the complete main winding is included.
1. The document provides block diagrams of various control systems and describes reduction techniques to find the transfer functions.
2. Examples are worked out step-by-step applying techniques like combining blocks in parallel/cascade, moving summing/pickoff points, and eliminating feedback loops.
3. For each block diagram example, the transfer function is obtained by systematically applying the reduction rules until a single transfer function is obtained.
This document discusses frequency domain representation of periodic signals. It defines spectrum as the measurable range of a physical property like frequency or wavelength. A signal's frequency domain representation plots amplitude and phase versus frequency, rather than versus time as in the time domain. The frequency domain reveals the frequencies and proportions of frequency components that make up the signal's shape. It can be obtained from the signal's Fourier series or Fourier transform. Sinusoids in continuous and discrete time are used as examples to demonstrate how their frequency domain representations graph amplitude versus frequency and phase versus frequency.
Divergence Theorem & Maxwell’s First EquationSmit Shah
This document discusses divergence of vector fields and Maxwell's first equation. It defines divergence as the net outward flux of a vector field per unit volume as the volume approaches zero. It also discusses the integral and differential forms of Gauss' law, which state that the electric flux through a closed surface is equal to the total enclosed charge. Examples are given of calculating the divergence of D, the electric flux density vector, for simple charge configurations like a point charge and uniform line charge.
1) The document discusses parallel adders and subtractors for n-bit binary numbers. It specifically examines a 4-bit parallel adder that uses full adders connected in cascade, with the carry output of one full adder connected to the next's carry input.
2) A 4-bit parallel subtractor is also examined, which takes the 2's complement of the number to be subtracted and adds it to the other number using a 4-bit parallel adder.
3) Carry propagation time is discussed, which is the time it takes the carry to ripple through all the full adders in the parallel adder from the least to most significant bit.
In this slide given description about different Type of Single phase induction Motor.
i.e.Capacitor start motor
Permanent capacitor motor
Capacitor start capacitor run motor
Fluid Properties Density , Viscosity , Surface tension & Capillarity Smit Shah
This document discusses several fluid properties including capillarity, density, surface tension, and viscosity. It defines capillarity as the ability of a liquid to flow in narrow spaces against forces like gravity. Capillarity can occur through rise or fall and is responsible for phenomena like water moving up plants and oil rising in wicks. Surface tension is caused by stronger attractive forces between liquid molecules than between liquids and gases, creating inward pressure on the surface. Viscosity is a fluid's resistance to flow, defined by Newton's law of viscosity as proportional to the velocity gradient. It describes the drag force on objects moving through fluids.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
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The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
1. Name :- Smit Shah -140410109096
T.Y Electrical 2 Sem 6
Subject:-High Voltage Engineering
Topic :-Finite Difference Method For
Charge Calculation 1
2. FINITE DIFFERENCE
In numerical analysis, two different approaches are commonly used: The
finite difference and the finite element methods. In heat transfer problems,
the finite difference method is used more often and will be discussed here.
The finite difference method involves:
Establish nodal networks
Derive finite difference approximations for the governing
equation at both interior and exterior nodal points
Develop a system of simultaneous algebraic nodal equations
Solve the system of equations using numerical schemes
2
9. Summary of nodal finite-difference relations for
various configurations:
9
Case 1 Interior Node
04TTTTT nm,n1,mn1,m1nm,1nm,
10. Case 2
Node at an internal corner with convection
10
1, , 1 1, , 1 ,2( ) ( ) 2 2(3 ) 0m n m n m n m n m n
h x h x
T T T T T T
k k
11. Case 3
Node at a plane surface with convection
11
1, , 1 , 1 ,(2 ) 2 2( 2) 0m n m n m n m n
h x h x
T T T T T
k k
12. Case 4
Node at an external corner with convection
12
, 1 1, ,( ) 2 2( 1) 0m n m n m n
h x h x
T T T T
k k
13. Case 5
Node at a plane surface with uniform heat
flux
13
04
''2
)2( ,1,1,,1
nmnmnmnm T
k
xq
TTT