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FINAL_EAGE_MUD_ENGINEERING_PPT.pptx MUD_ENGINEERING
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- 2. Content :- Theoretical Drilling Fluid Definition Drilling Fluid Parameters Drilling Fluid Functions Mud Types Practical All tests of oil water base mud.
- 3. Drilling Fluid Definition • Apreparation of water with chemicals circulated in well drilling for lubricating and cooling the bit and flushing the cuttings into the surface • Drilling Fluids account for 5% to 10% of total well costs Technical performance is more important than cost
- 4. Drilling Fluid Parameters 1.Mud Weight • Measured in pounds per gallon (lbm/gal) (ppg) or pound cubic feet (pcf) by Mud Balance • It measures the hydrostatic pressure in the borehole. • Water Weight 8.3 ppg (62 pcf) • Diesel Weight 7 ppg (52 pcf)
- 5. Drilling Fluid Parameters 2.Viscosity • It’s Resistance to flow , and measured by Marsh funnel. • It’s measures the CARRYING CAPACITY AND GEL DEVELOPMENT of a drilling fluid so it affects on hole cleaning, drilling rate and hole stability • It’s affected by Plastic Viscosity (PV), Yield Point (YP) & Gel Strength (Rheology)
- 6. • Rheology isScience of fluid dynamics Plastic Viscosity Electromechanical collision forces between particles (Centipoise) Yield Point Electrochemical attraction forces between particles in dynamic state (lb/100ft2) Gel Strength Electrochemical attraction forces between particles in static state (lb/100ft2) Flat Gel Progressive Gel Fragile Gel • All Rheology parameters are measured by V.G meter
- 7. Solids Types According toits S.G According to its Solubility High S.G >2.75 low S.G < 2.75 Soluble Insoluble • Weighted Martial: Caco3 : 2.75 Barite : 4.2 Hematite: 5 Galena : 7 Drilled solids (Undesired solids) Commercial solids • Any chemical additives • Any salt: NACL.KCL,CACL2,.. • High and low gravity solids. • Suspended.
- 8. Drilling Fluid Functions 1.Control formation pressures 2. Suspend & Release cuttings 3. Seal Permeable formation 4. Minimize reservoir damage 5. Maintain wellbore stability (shale inhibition) 6. Cooling and lubricating the drill bit and BHA 7. Control Corrosion 8. Helps in MWD, LWD and Logging jobs
- 9. • The fluidMUST maintain control of these pressures through the HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE of the fluid column. – The FLOW PROPERTIES must also be considered. Hydrostatic Pressure Hydrostatic pressure (psi) = Height (ft) X Density (ppg) X 0.052 1-Control formation pressure Fp Hp Hp Hp
- 10. Failure to ControlPressures • Failure to control pressures may cause the following: – Lost circulation – Hole instability – Stuck pipe • More serious problem is a blowout.
- 12. 2- Suspend &release cutting • Suspending cutting inside hole during POOH, RIN and avoid cutting form settling in bottom in astatic motion ( depends on Gel structure strength). • Releasing cutting from hole during drilling or circulation in a dynamic motion ( depends on Y.P) • Y.P must be 1.5 * hole size to make a perfect carrying capacity. • In case of deviated well, there is LSYP must be 1-1.25 * hole size in case of D.D to avoid any accumulation in cutting bed area. Cutting bed
- 13. 3- Seal permeableformation • Make a deal in front of permeable fm ( sandstone) by forming Filter cake. • Good Filter cake properties: Thin Elastic Impermeable • If filter cake becomes thick : Differential stuck , Tight spots, Poor logging job Filter Cake
- 14. Good bridging &low LGS content = thin, tough and slick filter cake Poor bridging & high LGS content = thick, sticky and mushy filter cake high filtrate invasion low moderate filtrate invasion filtrate invasion
- 15. Thin Filter Cake ThickFilter Cake
- 16. 4- Minimize FormationDamage • Protecting the reservoir from damage • Solid particles from drilling fluid plug the porous formation
- 17. 5- Cooling andLubricating the bit and BHA • Mud absorb heats which is generated between metal stringsBIT and formation, and being cold during it’s circulation . • Lubricant : like oil base mud, and we can adding some lubricant with water base in case of critical situations .
- 18. 6- Control Corrosion •By adjust PH of mud to be alkaline, that’s keep all BHA and strings works good and increase it’s life. 7- Helps in MWD, LWD and Logging Jobs • Mud Transports rays and information's between formation and MWD, LWD and logging tools, and some of tools running in WBM and others in OBM.
- 19. Drilling fluids Types Oilbased Mud Water based Mud Continuous phase : Oil Continuous phase : water Oil/water = 97% / 3% Or 60% / 40% Oil/water = 0% / 100% Or 40% / 60% Expensive, dangerous on Environment Cheap, safe for environment Oil may be: Diesel or Safra Oil Water my be: fresh water , saline water Types: Normal OBM & All Oil (Invert Emulsion) Types: Spud Mud, Poly Gel Mud, KCL Polymer Mud & Salt Saturated
- 20. Mud preparations Firstlywe have to check for water salinity and hardness • Fresh water ( 0-5000 mgl), Saline water (5000- … mgl) • We have to check for Ca & Mg (Total Hardness) Make up water by adding Caustic Soda (NaOH) (0.5-1 lbbbl) >> to increase PH and reduce corrosion inside drilling pipes, and reduce Mg concentration in water • Adding Soda Ash (NA2CO3) or Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCO3) to reduce Ca concentration in water to make polymers working better
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- 23. Mixing Water BasedMud (WBM) • Make up water (Add Caustic Soda & Soda Ash) • Add Viscosifire • Add Fluid Loss Reducer • Add Weighting Material • Check up for the water salinity and hardness • Add Salt
- 24. 1- Spud mud •Used in surface hole. • Check salinity of water ( must be less than 5000 mgl) • Make up water by adding ( 0.51 lb.) caustic soda ( pH= 9 – 11 ), soda ash ( 0.25 - 0.5 lb ) • Bentonite ( 15 – 15 lb. ) to viscosity, and let them to hydrate (6-8 hours)
- 25. 2- KCL PolymerMud “ Shale zones “ • Check water salinity and hardness. • Make up water by adding caustic soda and soda ash • Add KCL • Viscosifier (0.5- 1.5 lbbbl) • Fluid loss reducer (4-6 lbbbl) • Weighting martial according to desired weight .
- 26. 3-Salt Saturated Mud“ Salt zones “ • Check water salinity and hardness. • Make up water by adding caustic soda and soda ash. • Salt ( NACL, CACL2,…) • Viscosifier • Fluid loss reducer • Weighting material We notice that Ph. decreases rapidly during drilling salts, that’s due to salt’s acidic nature .
- 27. Oil Based Mud(OBM) advantages • Reduce tendency to pipe sticking • Good lubricant • Works at high temperature • Good for drilling in shale formation • Reuse
- 28. Mixing Oil BasedMud (OBM) • Add Primary Emulsifier • Add Brine (water + CaCl2) (20%) • Add Fluid Loss Reducer • Add Weighting Material • Diesel or Safra Oil (80%) • Add Lime • Add Viscosifire • Add Secondary Emulsifier
- 29. Mud Return Mud tanks Desilter Desander Shale Shaker Swivel Rotary hose Kelly Drillingfloor Stand pipe Mud pumps BOP Casing Drill pipe Bit Clean mud Circulating System
- 30. Circulation System Drill Collar Mud House Borehole Shaleslide Mudpit Shale shaker Chemical tank Mud return line Discharge Mud pump Swivel Kelly Drill pipe Annulus Reserve pit Bit Standpipe Rotary hose
- 31. Circulating System Mud isprepared in the pits Rig pumps circulates mud through: Stand pipe Rotary hose Swivel Kelly Or Top Drive String Bit Annulus Flow line Shale Shakers/Desander/Desilter Settling tanks/mud cleaners Pits again
- 32. Mud Tanks Sand trap Tankdirectly below the shakers. Settling tank Allows solids to settle out, not as efficiently like desanders & desilters Slug tanks Relatively small tank for mixing slug Suction tank Tank directly connected to the pumps Reserve Pit Large pit dug out of the ground to throw waste mud& runoff from the rig Trip Tank Small tank used to measure small pipe displacement while tripping Reserve tank Not part of the active system, used to hold excessive Mud
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- 34. Water base mudtests I. Mud weight test. II. Viscosity and rheology tests . III. API filter press test. IV. Retort test. V. Determine PH. Chemical analysis tests: Chlorides Hardness
- 35. 1- Mud weight( density) test • Mud density measured by Normal mud balance or pressurized mud balance (PPG , PCF). • Mud density reflects H.P which represented as vertical mud column. • Measure mud weight at temperature ( 32- 200 F). • Filling the cup with mud , then close it’s cup after removing all bubbles from mud . • Wash and dry mud balance and cup. • Adjusting the sliding weight on scale till the air bubbles becomes in the middle. • Calibrated by water which gives 8.3 ppg , 62.3 pcf.
- 36. 2- Viscosity andrheology tests • Measuring funnel viscosity by marsh funnel. • Put your finger at the bottom of funnel, and pour mud through screens form above, till mud reaches to the bottom of screens. • Hold your finger till start your stopwatch, till mud reaches to (I-L) mark on the cup, then stop your stopwatch . • Funnel viscosity by ( sec per quart.) March funnel calibration : • By filling funnel by fresh water, will be 26 sec per quart.
- 37. Mud Rheology • Placemud sample into container and immerse rotor sleeve in the container, and rotate with 600 rpm then 300 rpm to get PV “ PV= 600 rpm-300 rpm “ • Then calculate Y.P= PV-300 rpm. • Rotate at 200 rpm and 100 rpm, and take readings. • Rotate at 6 rpm and 3 rpm , and take reading. • For Gel strength: wait 10 sec. and take 3 rpm reading wait 10 min. and take 3 rpm reading.
- 38. 3- API filterpress test • Measure how much fluid loss from mud to formation under certain pressure and temperature. • Put cell below filter paper then O-ring and full all the cup with mud and conduct with the instruments . • Apply 100 psi from co2 capsule on mud and wait 30 min. • Put test tube under the cell to collect filtrate. • After finishing, be careful when you extract Cake from the cell. • Wash and dry Cell and cup. • Measure filter cake by ruler.
- 39. 5- Determine pH •By using pH meter or pH strips • Immerse Pin of pH meter in mud and take the reading directly or immerse pH strips in mud filtrate. 6- Retort solids • Fill the sample cup with mud. • Fill the chamber with steel wool. And lubricate the area between chamber and sample cup with grease to avoid any problems during releasing . • Contac cup sample into retort chamber and switch it on ( heat ) with condenser and , take its time to condensate all liquid. • Take reading of water %, oil %, solids %.
- 40. Chlorides (salinity ) 1 ml filtrate + 5 drops Potassium Chromate (color changed to yellow) Titration AgNO3 (10000) End Point (red color) End Point X AgNO3 (10000) = Cl concentration (mg/l)
- 41. Hardness test •1ml filtrate + Versenate Hardness indicator + Versenate Hardness indicator and titrate with EDTA 400 to end point ( blue color). • End pint number * 400 = hardness • 1ml filtrate + 1ml NaOH and titrate with EDTA 400 to end point ( blue color). • End pint number * 400 = hardness Calcium test Mg conc = Total Hardness – Ca conc
- 42. oil base mudtests • The most important different tests: HPHT test. Retort Electrical stability Chemical analysis ( excess lime ( POM), chlorides, hardness)
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