petroleum engineering

1. CONFIDENTIAL:
For
Internal
Use
Only.
May
not
be
disclosed,
used
or
reproduced
without
written
permission
from
Smith
International,
Inc.
Bit Selection

2. CONFIDENTIAL:
For
Internal
Use
Only.
May
not
be
disclosed,
used
or
reproduced
without
written
permission
from
Smith
International,
Inc.
Procedure
Define Objective
Offset Analysis
Geological Analysis
Dull Bit Analysis
Selection Process

3. CONFIDENTIAL:
For
Internal
Use
Only.
May
not
be
disclosed,
used
or
reproduced
without
written
permission
from
Smith
International,
Inc.
Define Objective
 Usually trying to achieve lowest cost per foot
 But some cases - try to maximize
 ROP
 Meters Drilled
 Good dull
Footage
Trip
Drill
t
Rig
Bit
ft
Cost
)
(
cos
/




4. CONFIDENTIAL:
For
Internal
Use
Only.
May
not
be
disclosed,
used
or
reproduced
without
written
permission
from
Smith
International,
Inc.
Define Objective
Factors to consider
 Interval length and diameter
 Well paths
 Directional considerations, Hit the Target
 BHA
 Stabilization
 Drive Types: Rotary Steerable System, PDM, Turbine
 Mud systems
 Water Based, Gel Chem, Silicate, Oil Based
 Rig Capabilities
 Single, Double, Triple, Pumps, Motors

5. CONFIDENTIAL:
For
Internal
Use
Only.
May
not
be
disclosed,
used
or
reproduced
without
written
permission
from
Smith
International,
Inc.
Objective Example - Motors
 Roller cone
 Premium bearing package for high speed application
 Premium gage package for side loading
 PDC
 Features to limit torque and maintain toolface control
 Features to aid in steerability
 Gage protection

6. CONFIDENTIAL:
For
Internal
Use
Only.
May
not
be
disclosed,
used
or
reproduced
without
written
permission
from
Smith
International,
Inc.
Procedure
Define Objective
Offset Analysis
Geological Analysis
Dull Bit Analysis
Selection Process

7. CONFIDENTIAL:
For
Internal
Use
Only.
May
not
be
disclosed,
used
or
reproduced
without
written
permission
from
Smith
International,
Inc.
Offset Analysis
 Historical search on bits ran in the area
 Radial search or select similar formation (fields)
 Don’t go back more than 2 years
 Define intervals and similar drilling conditions
 Select a short list of 5 – 8 top bits
 For detailed study
 12 – 20 bits for graphing purpose
 For field study

8. CONFIDENTIAL:
For
Internal
Use
Only.
May
not
be
disclosed,
used
or
reproduced
without
written
permission
from
Smith
International,
Inc.
Offset Analysis – Considerations
 Are offsets relevant
 Similar drilling conditions
 Similar mud system
 Similar well profile
 Similar rigs
 Sometimes there are no adequate offset
 Need to go by formation data

9. CONFIDENTIAL:
For
Internal
Use
Only.
May
not
be
disclosed,
used
or
reproduced
without
written
permission
from
Smith
International,
Inc.
Offset Analysis – Benchmarking
 Definition
 The study of a competitor's product or business
practices in order to improve the performance of
one's own company
 Measuring performance
 Comparative analysis

10. CONFIDENTIAL:
For
Internal
Use
Only.
May
not
be
disclosed,
used
or
reproduced
without
written
permission
from
Smith
International,
Inc.
Offset Analysis – Benchmarking
 Review the past performance
 Determine “yardsticks”
 Benchmark bit – best bit in the application
 It must be consistently better to be
considered

11. CONFIDENTIAL:
For
Internal
Use
Only.
May
not
be
disclosed,
used
or
reproduced
without
written
permission
from
Smith
International,
Inc.
Offset Analysis – Benchmarking
 From benchmarking
 Questions – why is there difference in
performance
 Have a standard to compare subsequent
runs to

12. CONFIDENTIAL:
For
Internal
Use
Only.
May
not
be
disclosed,
used
or
reproduced
without
written
permission
from
Smith
International,
Inc.
Sample Benchmarking
 Northern Canada
 Gunnell Field
 Drillout at 250m
 Must drill to at least to 800m
 Trip for BHA change
 Trace progression of bit usage

13. CONFIDENTIAL:
For
Internal
Use
Only.
May
not
be
disclosed,
used
or
reproduced
without
written
permission
from
Smith
International,
Inc.
2004 – Drilled vs ROP
Meters Drilled vs. ROP
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
10 15 20 25 30
ROP (m/hr)
Meters
Drilled
(m)
D51
EBXS20S
EP5524
EP5621
FGI08BV
FI16VPS

14. CONFIDENTIAL:
For
Internal
Use
Only.
May
not
be
disclosed,
used
or
reproduced
without
written
permission
from
Smith
International,
Inc.
2004 – Depth vs ROP
Drilled Interval vs ROP
D51 EBXS20S
EBXS20S EBXS20S
EP5524
EP5621
EP5621
FGI08BV
FI16VPS
FI16VPS
FI16VPS
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
10 15 20 25 30
ROP (m/hr)
Depth
(m)

15. CONFIDENTIAL:
For
Internal
Use
Only.
May
not
be
disclosed,
used
or
reproduced
without
written
permission
from
Smith
International,
Inc.
Late 2005 – Drilled vs ROP
Meters Drilled vs. ROP
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
10 15 20 25 30
ROP (m/hr)
Meters
Drilled
(m)
CH24MS
D44
DSX210
EBXS22S
EP5621
ER7214VPS
GX20
HP44
MER20272BVPX
MGR70PX

16. CONFIDENTIAL:
For
Internal
Use
Only.
May
not
be
disclosed,
used
or
reproduced
without
written
permission
from
Smith
International,
Inc.
Late 2005 – Depth vs ROP
Drilled Interval vs ROP
CH24MS
D44
DSX210
EBXS22S ER7214VPS
ER7214VPS
GX20
GX20
GX20
HP44
MER20272BVPX
MGR70PX
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
10 15 20 25 30
ROP (m/hr)
Depth
(m)

17. CONFIDENTIAL:
For
Internal
Use
Only.
May
not
be
disclosed,
used
or
reproduced
without
written
permission
from
Smith
International,
Inc.
Early 2006 – Drilled vs ROP
Meters Drilled vs. ROP
800
850
900
950
1000
1050
1100
15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
ROP (m/hr)
Meters
Drilled
(m)
DSX210
DSX305
HC506ZX
M516VHBPX
M92BHVPX
UD513

18. CONFIDENTIAL:
For
Internal
Use
Only.
May
not
be
disclosed,
used
or
reproduced
without
written
permission
from
Smith
International,
Inc.
Early 2006 – Depth vs ROP
Drilled Interval vs ROP
DSX210
DSX210
DSX210
DSX305
DSX305
DSX305
HC506ZX
HC506ZX
HC506ZX
M516VHBPX
M516VHBPX
M92BHVPX
UD513
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
ROP (m/hr)
Depth
(m)

19. CONFIDENTIAL:
For
Internal
Use
Only.
May
not
be
disclosed,
used
or
reproduced
without
written
permission
from
Smith
International,
Inc.
Procedure
Define Objective
Offset Analysis
Geological Analysis
Dull Bit Analysis
Selection Process

20. CONFIDENTIAL:
For
Internal
Use
Only.
May
not
be
disclosed,
used
or
reproduced
without
written
permission
from
Smith
International,
Inc.
Geological Analysis
 Logs
 DBOS
 Understand its limitation
 Identify
 Homogeneous vs. Interbedded zones
 Stringers
 Abrasiveness
 Compressive strength
 Impact damage
 Bit balling

21. CONFIDENTIAL:
For
Internal
Use
Only.
May
not
be
disclosed,
used
or
reproduced
without
written
permission
from
Smith
International,
Inc.
Selection Process
 How a bit will drill determined primarily by
 Rock-bit interaction
 Different type of formation require different modes of
interaction

22. CONFIDENTIAL:
For
Internal
Use
Only.
May
not
be
disclosed,
used
or
reproduced
without
written
permission
from
Smith
International,
Inc.
Cutting Action – Roller Cone Bits
 Most aggressive cutting action
 Soft formation
 High ROP applications
 Greater cone offset
 more twisting and turning of tooth or insert as it
moves into and away from the formation
 Like a garden shovel
Gouging - Scraping

23. CONFIDENTIAL:
For
Internal
Use
Only.
May
not
be
disclosed,
used
or
reproduced
without
written
permission
from
Smith
International,
Inc.
Cutting Action – Roller Cone Bits
Gouging - Scraping

24. CONFIDENTIAL:
For
Internal
Use
Only.
May
not
be
disclosed,
used
or
reproduced
without
written
permission
from
Smith
International,
Inc.
Cutting Action – Roller Cone Bits
 Most durable cutting action
 Hard formation
 Low ROP applications
 Usually little or no cone offset
 Straight indentation of the formation
 Like a hammer and chisel
Chipping - Crushing

25. CONFIDENTIAL:
For
Internal
Use
Only.
May
not
be
disclosed,
used
or
reproduced
without
written
permission
from
Smith
International,
Inc.
Cutting Action – Roller Cone Bits
Chipping - Crushing

26. CONFIDENTIAL:
For
Internal
Use
Only.
May
not
be
disclosed,
used
or
reproduced
without
written
permission
from
Smith
International,
Inc.
Cutting Action – Roller Cone Bits
 These two action are the extreme ends of cutting
structure spectrum
 Most design use a combination of these actions
High ROP Low ROP
Gouging
Scraping
Chipping
Crushing

27. CONFIDENTIAL:
For
Internal
Use
Only.
May
not
be
disclosed,
used
or
reproduced
without
written
permission
from
Smith
International,
Inc.
Cutting Action – Fixed Cutter Bits
 Shearing action
 Most efficient cutting action
 Rocks typically fracture more easily with shear
loading
 Require less energy and WOB
PDC

28. CONFIDENTIAL:
For
Internal
Use
Only.
May
not
be
disclosed,
used
or
reproduced
without
written
permission
from
Smith
International,
Inc.
Cutting Action – Fixed Cutter Bits
 Ploughing and grinding action
 Point contact in cutting structure
 Require higher RPM for better performance
Impreg

29. CONFIDENTIAL:
For
Internal
Use
Only.
May
not
be
disclosed,
used
or
reproduced
without
written
permission
from
Smith
International,
Inc.
Cutting Action – Shearing
 Not a direct vertical penetration of the formation,
energy directed into a lateral cutting action
 Require sufficient energy to shear formation
 WOB – to penetrate formation (Fv)
 Torque – to supply lateral (Fcut) force
WOB
Torque

30. CONFIDENTIAL:
For
Internal
Use
Only.
May
not
be
disclosed,
used
or
reproduced
without
written
permission
from
Smith
International,
Inc.
Geological Analysis
 Understanding the geology is the key to bit
selection

31. CONFIDENTIAL:
For
Internal
Use
Only.
May
not
be
disclosed,
used
or
reproduced
without
written
permission
from
Smith
International,
Inc.
Procedure
Define Objective
Offset Analysis
Geological Analysis
Dull Bit Analysis
Selection Process

32. CONFIDENTIAL:
For
Internal
Use
Only.
May
not
be
disclosed,
used
or
reproduced
without
written
permission
from
Smith
International,
Inc.
Dull Bit Analysis
 Best if have actual dull
 Next best – Dull photos
 Last case – dull grades from bit records

33. CONFIDENTIAL:
For
Internal
Use
Only.
May
not
be
disclosed,
used
or
reproduced
without
written
permission
from
Smith
International,
Inc.
Dull Bit Analysis
 Compare the dull conditions of bits from offset
 Is the dull consistent with geology?
 Does something stand out?
 Look for things out of the ordinary and ask why
 Reevaluate bit selections based on dull conditions
and objectives

34. CONFIDENTIAL:
For
Internal
Use
Only.
May
not
be
disclosed,
used
or
reproduced
without
written
permission
from
Smith
International,
Inc.
Dull Bit Analysis
 Tooth Wear
 Off-Center – cutting structure too hard
 Tracking
 Cutting structure design
 Operating parameters
 Flat Crested
 Operating parameters
 High wear – carbide, bit type
 Broken compacts – carbide type, shape

35. CONFIDENTIAL:
For
Internal
Use
Only.
May
not
be
disclosed,
used
or
reproduced
without
written
permission
from
Smith
International,
Inc.
Dull Bit Analysis
 Gauge wear
 Undergauge
 High RPM application
 High abrasion application
 Directional drilling (sliding)
 Solutions
 Diamond gauge or heel protection
 Bit with greater carbide volume on gauge
 Low offset bit

36. CONFIDENTIAL:
For
Internal
Use
Only.
May
not
be
disclosed,
used
or
reproduced
without
written
permission
from
Smith
International,
Inc.
Dull Grade
 Bearing Failure
 High RPM application
 Mud type
 Other Dull Characteristics
 Balled
 Operating parameters
 Hydraulics features – Mini, X-flow, V-flow

37. CONFIDENTIAL:
For
Internal
Use
Only.
May
not
be
disclosed,
used
or
reproduced
without
written
permission
from
Smith
International,
Inc.
Procedure
Define Objective
Offset Analysis
Geological Analysis
Dull Bit Analysis
Selection Process

38. CONFIDENTIAL:
For
Internal
Use
Only.
May
not
be
disclosed,
used
or
reproduced
without
written
permission
from
Smith
International,
Inc.
Selection Process
 How a bit will drill determined primarily by
 Rock-bit interaction
 Other considerations

39. CONFIDENTIAL:
For
Internal
Use
Only.
May
not
be
disclosed,
used
or
reproduced
without
written
permission
from
Smith
International,
Inc.
Selection Process – FAROPS
 Design Factors
 Cutting Structure
 Inserts/Cutters
 Bearing Structure
 Formation Properties
 Bit Weight
 Bit RPM
 Hydraulics
 Drilling Fluids

40. CONFIDENTIAL:
For
Internal
Use
Only.
May
not
be
disclosed,
used
or
reproduced
without
written
permission
from
Smith
International,
Inc.
Selection Process
Decisions Choices
1 Type of Bit Milltooth, TCI, PDC
2 CS1 – Drillability Aggressive vs. durability
3 CS2 – Cutting Element Type of inserts, cutters
4 CS3 – Specifics Gage durability, etc
5 Features Additional features
6 Hydraulics Nozzle size and configuration

41. CONFIDENTIAL:
For
Internal
Use
Only.
May
not
be
disclosed,
used
or
reproduced
without
written
permission
from
Smith
International,
Inc.
Selection Process – 1
Formation
Soft formation
Balling issue
Hard formation
Interbedded formation
Homogeneous
formation
Mill tooth TCI PDC

42. CONFIDENTIAL:
For
Internal
Use
Only.
May
not
be
disclosed,
used
or
reproduced
without
written
permission
from
Smith
International,
Inc.
Selection Process
 2. CS1
 Drillability
 3. CS2
 Cutting element
 4. CS3
 5. Features
 6. Hydraulics
00-90
Chisel vs conical
Insert extension
Gage carbide
Bit offset
Leg protection
Diamond protection
TFA
Nozzle configuration
Blade number
Cutter size
Cutter type
Cutter layout
Bit Profile
Impact, Gage
TFA
TCI PDC

43. CONFIDENTIAL:
For
Internal
Use
Only.
May
not
be
disclosed,
used
or
reproduced
without
written
permission
from
Smith
International,
Inc.
Matching Technology to Application
Formation
Type
Operating
Environment
Operating
Parameter
Operating
Constraints
Interbedded
Stringers
Cmp Strength
Abrasiveness
Impact
Balling
Shearing
Fracture
Hole size
Directional
BHA
Mud type
WOB
RPM
Flow rate
Rig constraints
Torque limit
RPM limit
Reaming
Junk in Hole

44. CONFIDENTIAL:
For
Internal
Use
Only.
May
not
be
disclosed,
used
or
reproduced
without
written
permission
from
Smith
International,
Inc.
Summary
 Understanding the formation is the key
 Use offset to benchmark application
 Verify bit performance with dulls

45. CONFIDENTIAL:
For
Internal
Use
Only.
May
not
be
disclosed,
used
or
reproduced
without
written
permission
from
Smith
International,
Inc.
Example of Offset Study for
Bit Selection

46. CONFIDENTIAL:
For
Internal
Use
Only.
May
not
be
disclosed,
used
or
reproduced
without
written
permission
from
Smith
International,
Inc.
Case Study
 Northern BC, Canada
 Field: Cutbank
 Drill out bit
 Casing point: 350-400m
 Vertical application
 Through Paddy
 To Falher

47. CONFIDENTIAL:
For
Internal
Use
Only.
May
not
be
disclosed,
used
or
reproduced
without
written
permission
from
Smith
International,
Inc.
Case Study
 Geology – DBOS
 Dulls
 Offset
 Application Matrix