The document provides information on the foundation design and construction for a building project. It discusses different types of foundations including strip footing, which is a continuous strip of concrete placed under load bearing walls to spread the building load. Details are given on the reference design and on-site construction of the foundation, including excavation, formwork, reinforcement, and concrete pouring. Quality control measures are emphasized to ensure the strength and stability of the foundation.
The document provides information on a development project called Golden Hills located in Cameron Highlands, Malaysia. It includes a project introduction, table of contents, and sections on site and safety, external works, foundation, super structure, doors and windows, roof, and references. The development consists of residential and commercial properties including Barrington Homes, Barrington Square, and SomerSquare units.
The document provides information on the foundation design and construction for a building project. It discusses different types of foundations including strip footing, which is a continuous strip of concrete placed under load bearing walls to spread the building load. Details are given on the reference design and on-site construction of the foundation, including excavation, formwork, reinforcement, and concrete pouring. Quality control measures are emphasized to ensure the strength and stability of the foundation.
Building construction 1 experiencing construction (zone innovation park klang)Darshiini Vig
The document provides details about the construction of an industrial park project in Sungai Kapar Indah, North Klang, Malaysia. It was developed by Titijaya Land Berhad and consists of 100 semi-detached and bungalow style factory units. Construction began in August 2014 and was scheduled to complete in early 2016. The document then describes various aspects of the construction process including signage, safety measures, formwork, scaffolding, and excavation and earthmoving equipment used.
The document provides information about a construction site located in Banting, Selangor, Malaysia. It describes the location and surrounding roads of the site. It also lists the state, district, lot number, area, building type, and owning company. Additionally, it provides distances to nearby major developments like airports and cities. The site will involve earthworks, foundations, beams and columns, floor and wall systems, staircases, doors and windows, and a roof system. Soil testing will be conducted including boreholes and in-situ tests. Deep foundations using pile caps and piles will transfer building loads to a stronger soil layer below.
The document provides information on the site and safety plans, as well as external work, foundation, superstructure, doors and windows, and roofing for a construction project. It lists the group members and their assigned sections. It also includes site plans, layout plans, and architectural drawings of the proposed development.
The document provides information about a construction project taking place at Opus Lake Vicinity in Cyberjaya, Malaysia. It includes an introduction to the site, discussions of site safety measures, various plants and machinery being used, details on external work like drainage systems and roadwork, and explanations of setting out and earthwork processes. The contents page outlines 8 sections that will be covered related to different stages of the construction project.
The document provides details on the construction process of a residential development project in Antara Gapi, Selangor, Malaysia. It describes the site introduction, various plants and machinery used, external works like site clearance and setting out, foundation works including shallow foundations and different construction procedures. Foundation works include excavation, formwork, placing reinforcement bars and pouring of concrete. Shallow foundations like spread footings are commonly used for walls and columns of small to medium structures.
This document provides an overview of an assignment submitted by a group of architecture students for their Building Construction 1 course. It includes an introduction to the project aim of gaining knowledge of building construction elements and processes. It then describes two construction sites visited - a residential development and luxury condominium. The following sections cover site safety protocols, personal protective equipment, scaffolding, plants and machinery used at the sites like excavators, pile drivers, bulldozers and tower cranes. Construction elements discussed include foundation, beams, slabs, walls, staircases and formwork.
The document provides information on a development project called Golden Hills located in Cameron Highlands, Malaysia. It includes a project introduction, table of contents, and sections on site and safety, external works, foundation, super structure, doors and windows, roof, and references. The development consists of residential and commercial properties including Barrington Homes, Barrington Square, and SomerSquare units.
The document provides information on the foundation design and construction for a building project. It discusses different types of foundations including strip footing, which is a continuous strip of concrete placed under load bearing walls to spread the building load. Details are given on the reference design and on-site construction of the foundation, including excavation, formwork, reinforcement, and concrete pouring. Quality control measures are emphasized to ensure the strength and stability of the foundation.
Building construction 1 experiencing construction (zone innovation park klang)Darshiini Vig
The document provides details about the construction of an industrial park project in Sungai Kapar Indah, North Klang, Malaysia. It was developed by Titijaya Land Berhad and consists of 100 semi-detached and bungalow style factory units. Construction began in August 2014 and was scheduled to complete in early 2016. The document then describes various aspects of the construction process including signage, safety measures, formwork, scaffolding, and excavation and earthmoving equipment used.
The document provides information about a construction site located in Banting, Selangor, Malaysia. It describes the location and surrounding roads of the site. It also lists the state, district, lot number, area, building type, and owning company. Additionally, it provides distances to nearby major developments like airports and cities. The site will involve earthworks, foundations, beams and columns, floor and wall systems, staircases, doors and windows, and a roof system. Soil testing will be conducted including boreholes and in-situ tests. Deep foundations using pile caps and piles will transfer building loads to a stronger soil layer below.
The document provides information on the site and safety plans, as well as external work, foundation, superstructure, doors and windows, and roofing for a construction project. It lists the group members and their assigned sections. It also includes site plans, layout plans, and architectural drawings of the proposed development.
The document provides information about a construction project taking place at Opus Lake Vicinity in Cyberjaya, Malaysia. It includes an introduction to the site, discussions of site safety measures, various plants and machinery being used, details on external work like drainage systems and roadwork, and explanations of setting out and earthwork processes. The contents page outlines 8 sections that will be covered related to different stages of the construction project.
The document provides details on the construction process of a residential development project in Antara Gapi, Selangor, Malaysia. It describes the site introduction, various plants and machinery used, external works like site clearance and setting out, foundation works including shallow foundations and different construction procedures. Foundation works include excavation, formwork, placing reinforcement bars and pouring of concrete. Shallow foundations like spread footings are commonly used for walls and columns of small to medium structures.
This document provides an overview of an assignment submitted by a group of architecture students for their Building Construction 1 course. It includes an introduction to the project aim of gaining knowledge of building construction elements and processes. It then describes two construction sites visited - a residential development and luxury condominium. The following sections cover site safety protocols, personal protective equipment, scaffolding, plants and machinery used at the sites like excavators, pile drivers, bulldozers and tower cranes. Construction elements discussed include foundation, beams, slabs, walls, staircases and formwork.
The document provides details on the site analysis conducted by a group of eight members on two construction sites - a storey terrace house in Kesuma Lakes, Beranang and a lorry factory site in Semenyih. It includes sections on site details, safety issues observed at the sites, external works like fencing and drainage, and foundation construction. Photos were collected on various construction stages like foundation, columns and beams, walls, roofing, and window and door installations. Safety hazards in terms of falling objects, fire prevention, hygiene, electricity and improper protective equipment for workers were also highlighted.
Human: Thank you for the summary. Summarize the following document in 3 sentences or less:
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The document discusses the construction of a residential development project. It includes sections on the site introduction, site and safety planning, external works including boundary surveying and earthworks, foundation design and construction, and building of the superstructure including beams, columns, slabs, and walls. Temporary site facilities and accommodation for workers are also outlined.
Building construction i project 1 reportSamanthalee96
The document provides information on the foundation design and construction for a building project. It discusses different types of foundations including strip footing, which is a continuous strip of concrete placed under load bearing walls to spread the building load. Details are given on the reference design and on-site construction of the foundation, including excavation, formwork, reinforcement, and concrete pouring. Quality control measures are emphasized to ensure the strength and stability of the foundation.
The document provides information on site safety for a construction project, including:
- Introduction of first aid kits and preliminary safety measures like sanitation facilities.
- Explanations of common signboards used on construction sites to provide safety information and prohibitions.
- Descriptions of scaffolding components and safety nets used to prevent falls from heights.
- Details of personal protective equipment like hard hats, gloves, and ladders that construction workers must use.
The document provides details about the preliminary works for a construction project at Desiran Bayu in Puchong, Malaysia. It discusses site investigation, soil investigation, temporary facilities, earthworks, setting out, and site layout. The preliminary works involve assessing the site conditions, providing temporary infrastructure for workers, clearing the site, compacting soil, and accurately marking out the building layout.
The document outlines the process and components involved in constructing foundations for buildings, including excavating the soil, installing steel reinforcement bars, pouring concrete to form walls and footings, and underpinning existing foundations. Foundation systems must support and anchor the building, transmit loads to the ground, and resist various forces and movements. Proper design and construction of foundations are necessary to prevent differential settlement issues.
The document discusses the construction process of a building project, outlining the various stages from site preparation such as boundary surveying and earthworks, to foundation works including pile foundations, and superstructure elements like slabs, beams, walls and roofing. Safety measures on site like signage and personal protective equipment are also covered. The project involves the construction of 68 units of three-storey terrace houses in Setia Alam, Selangor and a semi-detached factory building in Johor.
This document appears to be a report on a site visit to Hermosa Villa @ Eco Sanctuary located near Kota Kemuning, Shah Alam, Malaysia. It discusses several sections of the site visit including:
1. An introduction to the site location and master plan.
2. The site safety measures in place including signage, scaffolding, safety nets, helmets, work attire, gloves, and boots.
3. An overview of the site layout, site clearing process including vegetation removal and topsoil excavation, the setting out process to mark boundaries and positions, and earthwork including topsoil and trench excavations.
4. An overview of the plants and machinery used
The document provides information about a low density housing development called Ramal Villa located in Kajang, Malaysia. It has 71 units including single detached homes and semi-detached homes. The development has a modern design with flat rooftops and simple facades. Each unit also has a rooftop garden. The site is well connected to major highways and is close to the LDP and Sungai Besi Highway. The location plan shows the site layout with single detached homes on one corner and three storey semi-detached duplex units and quadriplex units on the rest of the site, with a small recreational park in the center.
1. Site clearing involves removing vegetation from the construction site using machinery like excavators and bulldozers. Soil filling then levels the ground by cutting and filling soil.
2. Site layout includes temporary site facilities like offices, storage, and toilets. Retaining walls are built for sloped sites to prevent erosion. Fencing secures the boundary.
3. Setting out establishes horizontal and vertical control points to lay the foundations and guide subsequent construction stages according to the building plans.
A report on the procedures and construction process of buildings based on real life site visits at Taman Bukit Segar, Cheras and Glenmarie Cove, Klang.
By students of Bsc(Hons) Architecture of Taylor's University.
The document provides information on two construction sites - Elmina Valley Phase EV1A residential development and a residential project in Mukim Lunas, Kedah.
It describes the location, layout and details of the projects such as unit types, project duration, and completion dates. Safety protocols at the Elmina Valley site are stringent, requiring workers to wear protective equipment and register with security. Signage and bulletin boards provide safety information.
The document also outlines the site layout and facilities at Elmina Valley, including amenities for workers. Preliminary works such as site access, drainage and storage areas are discussed. Various plant and machinery used are described, including earthmoving, lifting, transport and concrete mixing equipment.
This document provides an overview of construction site safety and machinery used at a construction site in Bangi, Malaysia. It discusses personal protective equipment, site security measures, welfare facilities, and hazards/safety procedures for machinery, elevated work areas, scaffolding, and fall protection. Specific machinery covered include earth moving equipment like loaders, backhoes, excavators, and trucks. For each construction element, the associated hazards and solutions are outlined. The document aims to identify and properly manage safety aspects at the construction site.
The document discusses the preliminary works being carried out at a construction site. It describes how site clearance is the first step, involving demolishing existing structures, removing vegetation, and leveling the land. Formwork and scaffolding are then erected to support concrete works during construction. Temporary site facilities like welfare buildings and storage areas are also set up to support workers.
Here are the key steps in the construction of columns:
1. Formwork is erected around the location where the column will be cast. Formwork provides the mould for the column and is usually made of timber or steel.
2. Reinforcing steel (rebar) is assembled and tied together inside the formwork according to design specifications. The rebar helps reinforce the column and improves its load bearing capacity.
3. Concrete is poured into the formwork and around the reinforcing steel. Concrete vibrators are used to consolidate the concrete and remove air pockets.
4. The formwork is stripped after the concrete has cured, typically after 14-21 days. This reveals the finished column.
5.
The document provides information about the construction of a building project located in Opus Lake Vicinity, Cyberjaya. It includes an introduction to the site, discussions of site safety measures, various plants and machinery used, external work including drainage systems and roadwork, the setting out process, and foundations. Scaffolding, signage, personal protective equipment, excavators, backhoes, cranes, compactors, and cement mixers are some of the equipment described. Steps like installing drainage pipes, constructing temporary fences, and laying out baselines are also outlined.
The document outlines the process and components involved in constructing foundations for buildings, including excavating the soil, installing steel reinforcement bars, pouring concrete to form walls and footings, and underpinning existing foundations. Foundation systems must support and anchor the building, transmit loads to the ground, and resist various forces and movements. Proper design and construction of foundations are necessary to prevent issues like differential settlement.
This document provides details on the construction process of building foundations. It discusses the different types of foundation systems, including shallow foundations and deep foundations. The process on site involves excavating the soil to create molds, installing steel reinforcement bars, and pouring concrete to form the foundation. Foundations are the lowest and most important part of the building, as they are designed to support and transmit the building loads safely into the ground.
The document provides an overview of two construction sites visited by students - the BSP Village Commercial Centre and Kelab Ukay Residence. It describes the location, layout, and key features of each project. It also covers safety procedures and equipment used at construction sites, including signage, personal protective gear, scaffolding, safety nets, excavators, mobile cranes, backhoe-loaders, and concrete mixer trucks.
The document discusses construction site safety and the machinery used at a construction site for a low to mid-rise building project. Various safety equipment are required for all workers, including helmets, high visibility jackets, safety shoes, and other protective gear depending on the job. Scaffolding and safety nets are used and emergency equipment like fire extinguishers and first aid kits are available. Mobile cranes are used to lift materials due to the smaller size of the buildings. Other machinery discussed include excavators, piling rigs, steamrollers, concrete mixer trucks, and backhoe loaders, which are used during different construction stages.
An architecture design process typically involves conceptual, design, and construction stages. This document discusses construction elements and technology used in a construction site for low to medium rise buildings. It provides details on the types of semi-detached houses being built, safety procedures and equipment, machinery used at different stages, and foundation types. Foundations include shallow foundations, deep foundations, and pile foundations, with the deep pile foundation process explained.
The document provides details on the site analysis conducted by a group of eight members on two construction sites - a storey terrace house in Kesuma Lakes, Beranang and a lorry factory site in Semenyih. It includes sections on site details, safety issues observed at the sites, external works like fencing and drainage, and foundation construction. Photos were collected on various construction stages like foundation, columns and beams, walls, roofing, and window and door installations. Safety hazards in terms of falling objects, fire prevention, hygiene, electricity and improper protective equipment for workers were also highlighted.
Human: Thank you for the summary. Summarize the following document in 3 sentences or less:
[
The document discusses the construction of a residential development project. It includes sections on the site introduction, site and safety planning, external works including boundary surveying and earthworks, foundation design and construction, and building of the superstructure including beams, columns, slabs, and walls. Temporary site facilities and accommodation for workers are also outlined.
Building construction i project 1 reportSamanthalee96
The document provides information on the foundation design and construction for a building project. It discusses different types of foundations including strip footing, which is a continuous strip of concrete placed under load bearing walls to spread the building load. Details are given on the reference design and on-site construction of the foundation, including excavation, formwork, reinforcement, and concrete pouring. Quality control measures are emphasized to ensure the strength and stability of the foundation.
The document provides information on site safety for a construction project, including:
- Introduction of first aid kits and preliminary safety measures like sanitation facilities.
- Explanations of common signboards used on construction sites to provide safety information and prohibitions.
- Descriptions of scaffolding components and safety nets used to prevent falls from heights.
- Details of personal protective equipment like hard hats, gloves, and ladders that construction workers must use.
The document provides details about the preliminary works for a construction project at Desiran Bayu in Puchong, Malaysia. It discusses site investigation, soil investigation, temporary facilities, earthworks, setting out, and site layout. The preliminary works involve assessing the site conditions, providing temporary infrastructure for workers, clearing the site, compacting soil, and accurately marking out the building layout.
The document outlines the process and components involved in constructing foundations for buildings, including excavating the soil, installing steel reinforcement bars, pouring concrete to form walls and footings, and underpinning existing foundations. Foundation systems must support and anchor the building, transmit loads to the ground, and resist various forces and movements. Proper design and construction of foundations are necessary to prevent differential settlement issues.
The document discusses the construction process of a building project, outlining the various stages from site preparation such as boundary surveying and earthworks, to foundation works including pile foundations, and superstructure elements like slabs, beams, walls and roofing. Safety measures on site like signage and personal protective equipment are also covered. The project involves the construction of 68 units of three-storey terrace houses in Setia Alam, Selangor and a semi-detached factory building in Johor.
This document appears to be a report on a site visit to Hermosa Villa @ Eco Sanctuary located near Kota Kemuning, Shah Alam, Malaysia. It discusses several sections of the site visit including:
1. An introduction to the site location and master plan.
2. The site safety measures in place including signage, scaffolding, safety nets, helmets, work attire, gloves, and boots.
3. An overview of the site layout, site clearing process including vegetation removal and topsoil excavation, the setting out process to mark boundaries and positions, and earthwork including topsoil and trench excavations.
4. An overview of the plants and machinery used
The document provides information about a low density housing development called Ramal Villa located in Kajang, Malaysia. It has 71 units including single detached homes and semi-detached homes. The development has a modern design with flat rooftops and simple facades. Each unit also has a rooftop garden. The site is well connected to major highways and is close to the LDP and Sungai Besi Highway. The location plan shows the site layout with single detached homes on one corner and three storey semi-detached duplex units and quadriplex units on the rest of the site, with a small recreational park in the center.
1. Site clearing involves removing vegetation from the construction site using machinery like excavators and bulldozers. Soil filling then levels the ground by cutting and filling soil.
2. Site layout includes temporary site facilities like offices, storage, and toilets. Retaining walls are built for sloped sites to prevent erosion. Fencing secures the boundary.
3. Setting out establishes horizontal and vertical control points to lay the foundations and guide subsequent construction stages according to the building plans.
A report on the procedures and construction process of buildings based on real life site visits at Taman Bukit Segar, Cheras and Glenmarie Cove, Klang.
By students of Bsc(Hons) Architecture of Taylor's University.
The document provides information on two construction sites - Elmina Valley Phase EV1A residential development and a residential project in Mukim Lunas, Kedah.
It describes the location, layout and details of the projects such as unit types, project duration, and completion dates. Safety protocols at the Elmina Valley site are stringent, requiring workers to wear protective equipment and register with security. Signage and bulletin boards provide safety information.
The document also outlines the site layout and facilities at Elmina Valley, including amenities for workers. Preliminary works such as site access, drainage and storage areas are discussed. Various plant and machinery used are described, including earthmoving, lifting, transport and concrete mixing equipment.
This document provides an overview of construction site safety and machinery used at a construction site in Bangi, Malaysia. It discusses personal protective equipment, site security measures, welfare facilities, and hazards/safety procedures for machinery, elevated work areas, scaffolding, and fall protection. Specific machinery covered include earth moving equipment like loaders, backhoes, excavators, and trucks. For each construction element, the associated hazards and solutions are outlined. The document aims to identify and properly manage safety aspects at the construction site.
The document discusses the preliminary works being carried out at a construction site. It describes how site clearance is the first step, involving demolishing existing structures, removing vegetation, and leveling the land. Formwork and scaffolding are then erected to support concrete works during construction. Temporary site facilities like welfare buildings and storage areas are also set up to support workers.
Here are the key steps in the construction of columns:
1. Formwork is erected around the location where the column will be cast. Formwork provides the mould for the column and is usually made of timber or steel.
2. Reinforcing steel (rebar) is assembled and tied together inside the formwork according to design specifications. The rebar helps reinforce the column and improves its load bearing capacity.
3. Concrete is poured into the formwork and around the reinforcing steel. Concrete vibrators are used to consolidate the concrete and remove air pockets.
4. The formwork is stripped after the concrete has cured, typically after 14-21 days. This reveals the finished column.
5.
The document provides information about the construction of a building project located in Opus Lake Vicinity, Cyberjaya. It includes an introduction to the site, discussions of site safety measures, various plants and machinery used, external work including drainage systems and roadwork, the setting out process, and foundations. Scaffolding, signage, personal protective equipment, excavators, backhoes, cranes, compactors, and cement mixers are some of the equipment described. Steps like installing drainage pipes, constructing temporary fences, and laying out baselines are also outlined.
The document outlines the process and components involved in constructing foundations for buildings, including excavating the soil, installing steel reinforcement bars, pouring concrete to form walls and footings, and underpinning existing foundations. Foundation systems must support and anchor the building, transmit loads to the ground, and resist various forces and movements. Proper design and construction of foundations are necessary to prevent issues like differential settlement.
This document provides details on the construction process of building foundations. It discusses the different types of foundation systems, including shallow foundations and deep foundations. The process on site involves excavating the soil to create molds, installing steel reinforcement bars, and pouring concrete to form the foundation. Foundations are the lowest and most important part of the building, as they are designed to support and transmit the building loads safely into the ground.
The document provides an overview of two construction sites visited by students - the BSP Village Commercial Centre and Kelab Ukay Residence. It describes the location, layout, and key features of each project. It also covers safety procedures and equipment used at construction sites, including signage, personal protective gear, scaffolding, safety nets, excavators, mobile cranes, backhoe-loaders, and concrete mixer trucks.
The document discusses construction site safety and the machinery used at a construction site for a low to mid-rise building project. Various safety equipment are required for all workers, including helmets, high visibility jackets, safety shoes, and other protective gear depending on the job. Scaffolding and safety nets are used and emergency equipment like fire extinguishers and first aid kits are available. Mobile cranes are used to lift materials due to the smaller size of the buildings. Other machinery discussed include excavators, piling rigs, steamrollers, concrete mixer trucks, and backhoe loaders, which are used during different construction stages.
An architecture design process typically involves conceptual, design, and construction stages. This document discusses construction elements and technology used in a construction site for low to medium rise buildings. It provides details on the types of semi-detached houses being built, safety procedures and equipment, machinery used at different stages, and foundation types. Foundations include shallow foundations, deep foundations, and pile foundations, with the deep pile foundation process explained.
The document provides information on two construction sites - Elmina Valley Phase EV1A residential development and a residential project in Mukim Lunas, Daerah Kulim, Kedah. It discusses the site layout, safety measures, plants and machinery used, and construction processes for foundations, superstructure, roofs and services at the sites. Safety is taken very seriously, with signage, bulletin boards, and requirements for personal protective equipment. Various earthmoving, lifting, transport and construction equipment are used, including excavators, compactors, cranes, concrete mixers, trucks and bar bending machines. Preliminary works establish site access, drainage and storage areas to facilitate construction.
The document provides information on two construction sites - Elmina Valley Phase EV1A residential development and a residential project in Mukim Lunas, Daerah Kulim, Kedah. It discusses the site layout, safety measures, plants and machinery used, and construction processes for foundations, superstructure, roofs and services at the sites. Detailed site plans and photographs are included to illustrate the various construction elements and safety protocols like signage, personal protective equipment. Preliminary works covered include site access, drainage, storage areas, and green zones. Foundation types, construction steps for beams, columns, walls and staircases are described.
1. The document provides details about the construction process and safety procedures for a building construction project. It discusses site planning, preliminary works like setting up drainage and scaffolding, and safety hazards and solutions at various stages of construction.
2. The document also outlines the functions of various construction plants and machinery used including excavators, dump trucks, cranes, concrete pumps, and their uses in earthwork, material handling, concrete works etc.
3. Key preliminary works discussed include establishing the construction entrance, access roads, signboards, storage areas and site office. The external works section explains the drainage system and techniques for horizontal and vertical control setting out the construction layout.
The document provides details on the construction of a 2-storey terrace house project, including:
- An introduction to the project which is located in Elmina West, Shah Alam and comprises 309 terrace units.
- Details on the site and safety requirements including required personal protective equipment and safety measures like scaffolding and signage.
- An overview of the plants and machinery needed for the project including excavators, concrete mixers, tile cutters, power generators, concrete trucks, cranes and trucks.
- Sections on the preliminaries work, foundation work and roof construction outlining the processes for each stage of the project.
The document provides details on the construction of a 2-storey terrace house, including:
- An introduction to the project which is a 309 unit development in Shah Alam, Selangor.
- Sections on site and safety planning, preliminary works including site layout, and foundation construction.
- Details on the roof construction including the gable roof type and construction process.
- Sections on the superstructure including beams and columns, slabs, walls, and staircases.
- Doors and windows installation.
- A conclusion with a summary and references.
The document outlines the various components and steps of constructing a 2-storey terrace house development.
The document provides details on the construction of a 2-storey terrace house, including:
- An introduction to the project which is a 309 unit development in Shah Alam, Selangor.
- Sections on site and safety planning, preliminary works including site layout, and foundation construction.
- Details on the roof construction including the gable roof type and construction process.
- Sections on the superstructure including beams and columns, slabs, walls, and staircases.
- Doors and windows installation.
- A conclusion with a summary and references.
The document outlines the various components of constructing a 2-storey terrace house development through detailed sections written by
The document provides details on the construction of a 2-storey terrace house, including:
- An introduction to the project which is a 309 unit development in Shah Alam, Selangor.
- Sections on site and safety planning, preliminary works including site layout, and foundation construction.
- Details on the roof construction including types of roofs and insulation methods.
- Sections on the superstructure including beams and columns, slabs, walls, and staircases.
- Doors and windows installation.
- A conclusion with a summary and references.
The document outlines the various components of the construction project with details on planning, design and execution of the different aspects of
This document provides details about a construction project assignment conducted by a group of 8 students. It summarizes information from their site visits to 3 construction sites, including site details, construction stages, and responsibilities of group members. The document covers various aspects of construction processes from site preparation such as marking, excavation and drainage, to superstructure elements like beams, columns, slabs, and roofing. Safety measures at the sites and uses of common construction machinery are also discussed. Plans and diagrams supplement the text to illustrate concepts.
This document provides details about a construction project assignment conducted by a group of 8 students. It summarizes their visits to 3 construction sites - a private residence in Kota Damansara, another private residence in SS14 Subang Jaya, and a shoplot development in Bandar Seri Coalfields. The document describes the various stages and components of construction observed at the different sites, including site preparation, foundation works, superstructure works involving beams, columns, slabs, walls and staircases, as well as external works like drainage and sewerage systems. Safety measures and plants/machinery commonly used at construction sites are also discussed.
Building Construction Project 01 Final ReportjolynnTJL
This document provides details about a construction project assignment conducted by a group of 8 students. It summarizes their visits to 3 construction sites - a private residence in Kota Damansara, another private residence in SS14 Subang Jaya, and a shoplot development in Bandar Seri Coalfields. The document describes the various stages and components of construction observed at the different sites, including site preparation, foundation works, superstructure works involving beams, columns, slabs, walls and staircases, as well as external works like drainage and sewerage systems. Safety measures and plants/machinery commonly used at construction sites are also discussed.
The document summarizes the construction process observed at a construction site visited by the authors. It describes the site location and type of buildings being constructed. Safety measures at the site include signage and required protective equipment. Various plants and machinery used at different stages are discussed, including excavators, backhoes, cranes and concrete mixers. Foundations works involving piling and excavations are mentioned.
Here are the key steps in the construction of columns:
1. Formwork is erected around the location where the column will be cast. Formwork provides the mould for the column and is usually made of plywood or metal.
2. Reinforcing steel (rebar) is assembled and tied together inside the formwork according to the structural drawings. The rebar helps reinforce the column and improves its load bearing capacity.
3. Concrete is poured into the formwork and around the reinforcing steel using buckets, pumps or skips. Concrete vibrators are used to consolidate the concrete and remove air pockets.
4. The formwork is stripped after the concrete has gained sufficient strength, usually after 7-14 days.
The document discusses different types of foundations used for terrace or link houses in Malaysia. Pad footing is used when the ground has good bearing capacity. Raft footing is implemented when the ground is hard and soft intermittently or for buildings over two storeys to prevent uneven settlement. Pile foundation is utilized when the ground is soft or filled, as piling transfers load from the surface deep into firmer ground.
Here are the key steps in the construction of columns:
1. Formwork is erected around the location where the column will be cast. Formwork provides the mould for the column and is usually made of timber or steel.
2. Reinforcing steel (rebar) is assembled and tied together within the formwork according to the structural drawings. The rebar helps reinforce the column and improves its load bearing capacity.
3. Concrete is poured into the formwork and around the reinforcing steel. Concrete vibrators are used to consolidate the concrete and remove air pockets.
4. The formwork is stripped after the concrete has cured, revealing the finished column.
5. Columns may be pre-cast off
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like depression and anxiety.
This project management report outlines a proposed handicraft heuristic centre for the Malaysian Handicraft Development Corporation. The 3-5 storey building located on Titiwangsa Lake Garden will provide 1800-2000 sqm of space for workshops, exhibitions, and public learning areas focused on sustaining Malaysian handicraft traditions. The design concept incorporates passive design, natural lighting and ventilation, and interactive public spaces. An open tendering process will be used to procure the project, which is estimated to cost RM7.2 million. The goals are to broaden the local economy, contribute to culture expansion, and demonstrate leadership in sustainability.
This document provides details of a proposed recreational station project for a university, including:
1. The client, Taylor's Management, has approached the architectural firm Wabi Sabi Associates to design and build a recreational station for students by August 2018 on an existing parking site.
2. The project objectives, budget of RM1.5 million, and requirements including recreational and operational facilities are outlined.
3. The project management plan includes success criteria focusing on being on time and on budget, a work breakdown structure dividing tasks among architects, landscape architects, civil/structural engineers and MEP engineers, and a Gantt chart and PERT chart to monitor schedule and risks.
4. Details of the
The document summarizes four texts related to architectural theory:
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Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
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The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...
Bcon 1
1. TOPIC PAGE
01 Introduction (BRIDGET TAN) 2
01.1 Introduction to Site 2
02 Site and Safety (AMOS TAN) 7
02.1 Site and Safety 7
02.2 Plants and Machinery 10
03 External Work (BENJAMIN CHENG) 16
03.1 Setting out and Earth Work 16
04 Foundation (NGE JIA CHEN) 21
04.1 Foundation - Reference 21
04.2 Foundation - On Site 23
05 Superstructure 26
05.1 Beam and Column (LEE CZEN SHING) 26
05.2 Slab (KHOR YEN MIN) 30
05.3 Wall (BRIDGET TAN) 34
05.4 Staircase (AIDA JUNITA) 43
06 Doors and Windows 47
06.1 Doors (AIDA JUNITA) 47
06.2 Windows (KHOR YEN MIN) 53
07 Roof (WONG ZHEN FAI) 57
07.1 Roof - Reference 57
07.2 Roof - On Site 59
08 Summary 64
08.1 References 64
1
2. BRIDGET TAN SU TING
Ixora Residences is the fresh bloom of Bandar Seri Coalfields, the largest mixed development of self-sustaining
community living in Sungai Buloh.
The 1000-acre Bandar Sri Coalfields is home to a collection of freehold property developments, comprising of
exclusive residences brimming with bungalows, semi-detached homes, superlink homes and link homes, as well as
dedicated business hub with shop offices and commercial lots.
Features
• Built-up area from 212 squaremeter / 2281 square feet
• Low density, 11 units per acre
• Distinct architectural styling
• 4 bedrooms with attached bathrooms
• Approximately 12-feet high ceiling
SITE PLAN MASTER PLAN LAYOUT PLAN
2
3. BRIDGET TAN SU TING
Project Team Information
Developer: KL-Kepong Country Homes Sdn Bhd
Architect: Architect N. Kang
Civil and Structural Engineer: KEMASEPAKAT Sdn Bhd
Mechanical and Electrical Engineer: Syterra Consult Sdn Bhd
Quantity Surveyor: Northcroft Lim Perunding Sdn Bhd
Contractor: CNH Construction (M) Sdn Bhd
3
4. BRIDGET TAN SU TING
Architectural Drawings
TYPE 1
TYPE 2 4
5. BRIDGET TAN SU TING
Kepayang Heights 2, Seremban, (under the developer GUH Properties) is a prestigious township with uniquely
designed residential units for modern day living. The 24-acre Kepayang Heights 2 is a home to a collection of
freehold property developments, comprising of exclusive residences brimming with bungalows, semi-detached and
terrace homes,
Features
• Built-up area from 228 square meters / 2458 square feet
• 4 bedrooms with attached bathrooms
• 12-feet height high ceiling (approximately)
SITE PLAN LAYOUT PLAN
5
6. BRIDGET TAN SU TING
Architectural Plans (Terrace Units)
6
7. The construction industry is among the most dangerous work sectors in the world. Construction sites create a risk
not only for the construction worker, but also for the surrounding public.
AMOS TAN CHI YI
The Department of Occupational
Safety and Health (DOSH) is a
government body that lays down
the regulations to ensure the
safety and health of not just
workers but also the public.
The regulations are covered by
the Occupational Safety and
Health Act 1994 (Act 514), the
Factories and Machineries Act
1967 (Act 139) and all the
regulations made under.
The main contractor of a
worksite that employs 40 or
more persons has to establish
a Safety and Health Committee,
which reviews the conditions of
the site and keeps it under
regulation. Two important
persons in the committee are:
Safety and Health Officer
Any works of construction that
has a total contract price of
RM20,000,000 and over has to
employ a safety and health
officer to oversee the site.
Site Safety Supervisor
A part time position hired for
projects under RM20,000,000,
the supervisor must spend at
least 15 hours a week on site
supervision and promoting safe
conduct of work.
Every developer and contractor
has to ensure that all workers
are properly informed of the
hazards, and also to develop a
safety and health manual, and
that adequate steps be taken to
develop and promote safety
and health programmes.
Architects, engineers and other
professionals also have a duty
not to include anything in a
design that would necessitate
the use of dangerous structural
procedures. Engineers should
take into account the safety
problems associated with the
subsequent maintenance of
plant where this would involve
hazards.
7
8. AMOS TAN CHI YI
Every employer has the duty to ensure that each worker is wearing
their own personal protective equipment, which consists of:
HELMET
EAR
PROTECTION
SAFETY
GLASSES
RESPIRATORY
EQUIPMENT
REFLECTIVE
CLOTHING
SAFETY SHOES
GLOVES
LONG
TROUSERS
1. Helmet
2. Gloves
3. Ear protection
4. Safety shoes
5. Safety glasses
6. Reflective clothing
7. Respiratory equipment
Safety Helmet
Safety helmets come in different colours, each denoting the
wearer’s occupation.
White Supervisor (engineer, architect, contractor, etc)
Yellow General worker
Red Specialist worker (electrician, plumber, etc)
Green Safety officers
8
FIGURE 2.1.1: PERSONAL PROTECTIVE
EQUIPMENT
9. AMOS TAN CHI YI
Hoardings are a metal barricade
that protects the general public
from the works in progress.
The hoarding should not be less
than 1.8 metres in height and
continuous to the ground, and a
safety distance between the
hoarding and the worksite be
observed.
The entrances should be
discreet, and security to
maintained to prevent
unauthorized persons.
All construction sites must have
adequate signage.
The signage above must be
present, which lists the
municipal authority, name of the
project, the developer, architect,
civil & structural engineer,
mechanical & electrical engineer,
the supplier, contractor and the
referral number.
An emergency response plan is
a set plan that identifies and
potential for accidents and
emergency situations, and
addresses them. It should:
1. Ensure necessary information,
internal communication and
coordination are provided to
protect people in the event of
an emergency
2. Provide information and
communication with relevant
authorities
3. Provide first aid, fire fighting
and evacuation
4. Provide relevant information
and training to all workers.
9
10. Plants and machinery are vital to the construction industry as they accelerate the construction process. Without
them, some works such as excavations and earthworks would take an exorbitantly long time and others like high-
rise construction would be downright impossible.
AMOS TAN CHI YI
Most heavy duty plants employ
tracks instead of wheels for
mobility. Tracks give less ground
pressure, and thus stops the
plants from sinking into the soil
under its weight.
Wheels allow faster movement,
and can be used (with government
approval) on roads, but are not
suited for soft soil environments.
Generally heavy machines (over
10 tonnes) would employ tracks,
while lighter machines would
employ wheels.
Hydraulics take advantage of the
fact that some liquids are
incompressible, and they act as a
force multiplier, allowing it to move
heavy loads.
Hydraulics plants such as pile
drivers and excavators are more
complex, but due to liquid’s non-
absorbance of energy, it is capable
of moving higher loads and
providing higher forces to drive the
pistons of heavy duty plants.
Thus, they are commonly found in
heavy duty plants and machinery.
Pneumatics use highly
compressed air to drive pistons.
Pneumatic plants such as
jackhammers and nail guns are
typically hand-held, and are often
not featured in heavier machinery.
This is due to the fact that gas is
compressible, and thus load
bearing capabilities are
compromised.
10
11. Excavators are used primarily in earthworks; they remove massive amounts of soil in a short period of time and are
used from digging trenches, holes, foundations to even driving piles and demolition work with appropriate
attachments to the boom.
AMOS TAN CHI YI
CABIN
ENGINE/COUNTERWEIGHT
TRACKS
BUCKETDIPPER
BOOM
Roller compactor plants are used to flatten and compress the earth using their weight as well as mechanical
vibrations to exert a large amount of force.
ROLLER
DRUM
ENGINE CONTROL
PANEL
11
12. Backhoes are excavating plants that combine a dozer blade at the front and a small excavating arm at the back.
Backhoe-loaders are general purpose machines, and can be outfitted with a variety of attachments to both ends of
the machine to suit the needs of the situation.
AMOS TAN CHI YI
EXCAVATING
BUCKET
STABILIZER
LEGS
DIESEL
ENGINE
LOADER
BOOM
DOZER
BLADE
CABIN
TEETHED
BUCKET
PALLETIZING
FORK
SWING
BLADE
DRILL &
PNEUMATIC
HAMMER
12
13. Pile drivers are machines that are used to drive piles into the earth during the construction of the foundation. There
are many types of pile drivers in use. The hydraulic hammer uses a hydraulic piston to hammer the pile repeatedly
until it reaches a suitable depth.
AMOS TAN CHI YI
TOP SHEAVE
PILE
BACK STAY
HYDRAULIC
PILE DRIVER
LEADER
CABIN
ENGINE/
COUNTERWEIGHT
13
14. Mobile cranes can be moved around the site, and are used to hoist and lift objects using a hydraulic-powered crane
with a telescoping boom. They are easily set up and mobile, and require to be stationary with its outriggers deployed
while working to stabilize the plant.
AMOS TAN CHI YI
FLY JIB
HOIST
COUNTERWEIGHT
CABIN
OUTRIGGER
JIB
HOOK BLOCK
ENGINE
3 TON
CONCRETE
BUCKET
2.5 TON
CONCRETE
BUCKET
14
15. Concrete mixer trucks are provided by the concrete supplier to ensure the concrete does not set prematurely while it
is being transported to the site. The rotating mixing drum (depending on the model) could hold 34 tonnes, or 10
cubic metres of concrete, and is kept spinning to ensure the concrete does not set.
AMOS TAN CHI YI
Skid loaders are small plants with lift arms and, depending on the attachment, used from excavating small amounts
of soil, to transporting heavy materials like bricks on pallets, to drilling holes and even creating trenches.
CABIN
SIDEGUARD
MIXING
DRUM
BRACKET
ROLLER
INLET/OUTLET
CONTROL
SYSTEM
LOADER
BOOM
BUCKET
CABIN
DIESEL
ENGINE
15
16. BENJAMIN CHENG JIA YEOW
Boundaries are set to
differentiate land between
different occupiers. Hoarding
and the Signage are one of
the preliminary infrastructures
of the site. Based on this
figure, the site boundary can
be seen in red.
16
17. BENJAMIN CHENG JIA YEOW
Site clearance and earthworks are done to
ensure that all construction works be carried
out smoothly in a conducive environment. This
includes the clearance of trees, shrubs, rubbish
and other rubbles from the site. Approximately
300mm of topsoil is removed to ensure that the
earth is suitable for foundation works, otherwise
known as topsoil excavation.
There were other types of excavation done to
clear the land before the setting out can begin.
Some examples of excavation carried out are
earth excavation and rock excavation. This is
carried out to reconfigure the topography of the
site, also stabilizing slopes in certain areas.
Slopes that are subject to
erosion from the runoff of
surface water require some
means of stabilization. The
principle mechanical means of
protecting an embankment
against erosion is the building of
a retaining wall.
Crib walls were used in the site
to hold back steep
embankments.
FIGURE 3.1.5: AFTER SITE CLEARANCE
FIGURE 3.1.6: CRIB WALL
Topsoil
Excavated
face
Granular fill
Precast
concrete
Concrete foundation
Drainage
Height in accordance
with manufacturer’s
requirements.
FIGURE 3.1.7: EXCAVATIONS
FIGURE 3.1.8: SKETCH OF CRIB WALL 17
18. BENJAMIN CHENG JIA YEOW
Profile boards
Base line
Site
boundary
Diagonal
checks
Main setting out lines
Tripod
Corner post
Plumb rod
Telescopes at right angles
Setting out lines
Nails positioning
trench and walls
Pointed posts
driven into
ground
Position of trench plumbed down
FIGURE 3.1.1: SETTING OUT FIGURE 3.1.2: SETTING OUT
FIGURE3.1.3 – SITESQUARE. Figure 3.1.4: PROFILE BOARD
The first task is to establish a base line from which
the whole building can be set out. After the base line
has been set out, the main lines of the building are
set out and marked with a picket. The setting out
lines act as a boundary of which the building must
not exceed.
Then, a check using a sitesquare is carried out to
ensure that right-angles and correct lengths have
been established (Figure 3.1.3).
When completed, wooden profile boards are set up
to locate the foundation trenches, foundations and
walls (Figure 3.1.4). They are required at all
trenches and wall intersections. The procedure of
earthworks and setting out is important as the final
dimensions of the building and the sizes of various
rooms depend on this operation.
18
19. During excavations, signboards
and warning signs must be
placed at all existing entrances
to the work area.
In addition, proper illumination
must be provided during
darkness. The excavation site
also must be checked after
every rainstorm to ensure
landslides do not occur.
The developer has the duty to
ensure every scaffold to be of
good construction, of suitable
material and adequate strength.
The scaffolds cannot be erected
or modified without the
supervision of a designated
person, called a Scaffold Erector.
The Scaffold Erector has to be
registered with DOSH, must
always adopt a safe system of
work.
Scaffolds must be inspected
during these times:
1. Before first use
2. After substantial alteration
3. After heavy rain, heavy wind
4. Regular intervals not
exceeding 7 days.
Any machineries leaving the
construction site are required to
undergo washing at the wash
trough. The washing includes
thorough washing from mud or
soil. This is to keep the public
road clean from the dirt from the
construction site.
There are 2 different types of
wash trough used in both sites
(Figure 3.1.9). Once construction
completed, the wash troughs will
be covered entirely by soil.
FIGURE 3.1.9: WASH TROUGH
FIGURE 3.1.9: DRIVE THROUGH SYSTEM
19
BENJAMIN CHENG JIA YEOW
20. Rumah Kongsi are the temporary accommodation
built by and for the foreign workers (Figure 3.1.10).
Their temporary quarters are made of plywood and
corrugated zinc sheets. They are also slightly raised
from the ground to prevent flooding and water entry
whenever there is heavy rain.
A typical Rumah Kongsi or workers quarters has
about 10 units, where each unit houses up to 3
workers.
Site offices are used for meetings among consultants,
contractors, architects and engineers. It is a place that
keeps all data, documents and information about
every construction methods, work progresses and
material specifications.
The site office is also where visitors go to obtain
permission upon entering the site.
FIGURE 3.1.10: RUMAH KONGSI/WORKERS QUARTERS
20
BENJAMIN CHENG JIA YEOW
21. NGE JIA CHEN
Foundation is part of a structural system that supports and anchors the superstructure of a building and transmit its
load directly to the earth. It is constructed partly or wholly below the surface of the ground.
A type of foundation which transfers building loads to the earth very near the surface, rather than to a subsurface layer or
a range of depths as does deep foundation.
Strip Footing
• A strip of concrete, continuous below load
bearing wall in building to spread load.
• Placed centrally under the walls and used in
majority of buildings up to 4 storeys in height.
Raft Footing
• A reinforced concrete slab that covers the
whole area of a building and usually extends
beyond it.
• Best suited for use on soft natural ground or fill
or on ground that is liable to subsidence to
eliminate differential settlement.
Spread/ Pad Footing
• Individual/ isolated foundations to support
column.
• A generally rectangular prism of concrete,
larger in lateral dimensions than
the column or wall it
supports; used to distribute the load of a
column or wall to the subgrade.
Uniformly
Distributed
Load (UDL)
Mass concrete
strip foundation
formed at base of
excavated trench
Wall constructed off
strip foundation
Point Loads
Light loads
Heavy loads & Heavy
isolated point loads
Light loads & Point
loads
Heavy uniform
loads
Raft foundation
supports walls and
acts as a floor slab
Concrete raft
foundation reinforced
with steel mesh
Hardstanding to
prevent erosion
of soil & edge of
raft foundation
SQUARE FOOTING RECTANGULAR FOOTING CIRCULAR FOOTING
21
22. NGE JIA CHEN
A type of foundation which transfers building loads to the earth farther down from the surface than a shallow
foundation does, to a subsurface layer or a range of depths.
Piled Foundation
• ‘Columns’ extending into the ground.
• Used in incompetent soil to transfer load to
competent load bearing soil or rock deeper
within earth.
Pile Cap
• Piles are generally driven closely together in group or
clusters that contain from two to twenty-five piles
each.
• The load is distributed over the head of the piles in the
group by means of a reinforced cast in-situ concrete
pile cap.
PRECAST
R.C PILE
STEEL
H PILE
SHELL
PILE
R.C
PILE
BORED
PILE
CAST
IN-SITU
PILE
R.C. COLUMN
PILE CAP
FOUR PILES
FIVE
SETS
THREE
SETS
TWO
SETS
FOUR
SETS
22
23. NGE JIA CHEN
FIGURE 4.2.1 : FOUNDATION - SITE 1
FIGURE 4.2.2 : FOUNDATION - SITE 2
Column reinforcement starter bars
or holding down bolts
8” x 8” R.C. Column
APPROVED FOUNDING MATERIAL
Footing Reinforcement, ½” dia.
bars at 8” ctrs. each way use
BRC A252 mesh for lightly
loaded columns
PLAN
D= 12”
L= L
Finished Grade
4” to 6”
4” Slab
2’
6”
1’
8”
1’
8”
1’
Remove
landscape / top
soil prior to
excavation
COMPACTED FILL
• Columns of structural frame to a building
• Individual pad foundation to support each column
23
24. NGE JIA CHEN
Starts with pegging of the site with
correction position of foundation.
Excavation commences, down to
desired level. Softlift of footing with
allowance for thickness of lean
concrete.
Lay a layer of lean concrete to
prepare a clean and firm base for
footing.
Building the formwork.
Spacer blocks are placed before
reinforcements been laid. This is
meant to provide sufficient concrete
cover for the rebars.
Rebars were bent and tied to form a
‘basket’ in advanced before the
whole thing been lowered and
placed inside the formwork. Make
sure it sits properly on spacer
blocks to avoid touching the lean
concrete.
Stump reinforcements are erected.
Length of rebars should be
extended beyond stump level and
act as starter bars for column
above.
Provide addition ties to formwork, if
necessary.
Concreting commences. Don’t
forget to compact the concrete
during process.
Concrete will set and curing shall be
performed to avoid excessive lost of
water during hardening. When the
concrete has gained sufficient
strength (usually 14 days),
formwork can be dismantled.
24
25. NGE JIA CHEN
R.C. pile is
lifted and
straighten
to be
hammered
into the
ground.
The pile is
driven into the
ground using
drop hammer
and hammered
until it cannot
be driven into
the soil any
further / until a
certain depth.
The concrete
is then cut /
crushed by a
Pneumatic
hammer and
finished pile
with
excavation for
pile cap.Most commonly used
pile in low- rise housing
projects.
Standard length of 6m,
9m and 12m.
Four Piles
Foundation
WallR.C. column
FIGURE 4.2.3 : R.C. PILE FIGURE 4.2.4 : SETS OF PILE READY TO BE CUT. FIGURE 4.2.5: PILE CAPS FORMWORKS DONE
USING PLYWOOD.
25
26. LEE CZEN SHING
Beams are rigid structural members designed to carry and transfer transverse loads across space to supporting
elements. The non concurrent pattern of forces subjects a beam to bend and deflect. Thus, it has to be resisted by
the internal strength of the material
Timber Box Beam
Timber Joist
Universal Beam
Hollow Steel Tubing
Castellated Beam
Concrete is then poured into wooden formwork and It is then set to dry.
26
27. LEE CZEN SHING
• Rebar is incorporated into concrete
• It provides extra tensile strength which in return creates tension
• Comprises of either single rebar or double rebar
• Divided into precast concrete and cast in-situ concrete
STEP 1: Rebar beam is
assembled on site,
which is also known as
cast in-situ.
COLUMN
STARTER BAR
REBAR CAGE
FORM WORK
STEP 4: Finally, concrete is
then poured into form
work and left to dry
STEP 2: Rebar steel is
then added as it good at
reducing tension force
STEP 3: Form work is then
added around the rebars.
COLUMN REINFORCEMENT
BEAM REINFORCEMENT
CONCRETE BEAM
REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMN
COLUMN REINFORCEMENT
Beam to Column Connection
27
28. LEE CZEN SHING
KERN AREA BUCKLING
SHAFT
BASE
Form work (Wooden plank)
• It is a structure, usually temporary
• Contains poured concrete to mould it to the required dimensions
and support it until it is able to support itself
Columns is a supporting pillar and a structural element which transfers the load of the structure and its live load
through to the foundation and into the hard strata. Failure occurs when direct stress from axial load exceeds the
compressive strength of the material available in the cross section. On the other hand, an eccentric load can
produce bending and results in an uneven stress distribution in the section.
28
29. LEE CZEN SHING
STEP 4: Wooden planks
are then placed as the
form work
STEP 2: Layout work is
then carried out
STEP 3: Starter bar is
installed then followed by
rebar cage
STARTER BAR
STUMP
REINFORCED
BAR CAGE
FORMWORK
FORMWORK
STUMP
REBAR
STEP 1: Grid lines are
drawn to dimensions
(to determine where the
columns would be
placed).
PLACEMENT OF COLUMNS FIGURE 5.11: CONSTRUCTION PROCESS - SITE 1 FIGURE 5.1.2: CONSTRUCTION PROCESS - SITE 2
29
30. Slab is a horizontal plane in a building structure. It provides space as floor and cover as ceiling of a building. Slabs
are plate structures that are reinforced to span either one or both directions of a structural bay.
KHOR YEN MIN
One-Way Slab
• Has an even thickness
• Reinforced in one direction
• Cast integrally with parallel
supporting beams
One-Way Joist Slab
• Cast integrally with a series of
closely spaced joists
• Supported by parallel sets of beams
• More suitable for heavy loads and
longer spans compared to
One-Way Slab
Two-Way Slab and Beams
• Has an even thickness
• Reinforced in two directions
• Cast integrally with supporting
beams and columns on all four
sides of square bays
• Suitable for medium spans and
heavy loads
Two-Way Waffle Slab
• Reinforced by ribs in two
directions
• Able to carry heavier loads and
has longer span than flat slabs
Two-Way Flat Plate
• Has an even thickness
• Reinforced in two/more directions
• Supported by columns without
beams or girders
• Commonly used in apartment
and hotel construction
Two-Way Flat Slab
• A flat plate thickened at its
column support
• Increase shear strength and
moment-resisting capacity
30
31. KHOR YEN MIN
One-Way Slab (Site 1 and Site 2) Two-Way Slab and Beam (Site 2)
FIGURE 5.2.3: PORCH - SITE 2FIGURE 5.2.1: DINING AREA - SITE
1
FIGURE 5.2.2: LIVING AREA - SITE
2
• Ratio of longer side
to shorter side is
more than 2
• Main tension
reinforcement bars in
one single direction
• Load will be transferred
to only two opposing
beam or load bearing wall
in both site buildings
• It is suitable for
light and moderate
load
• Load will be
transferred to four
support beams at all
four sides of nearly
square bays.
• It is effective for
medium spans and
it will support the
load of master
bedroom above it.
• Main tension
reinforcement bars
span both
directions, parallel
to the length and
the width of the
panel
• Ratio of longer
side to shorter
side is less than 2
or close to 1
31
32. KHOR YEN MIN
STEP 1: Props are erected to
support ledgers which will support
the formwork for beams.
STEP 2: Props are then erected to
support the ledgers for slab
formworks. Bearers are then
supported by the ledgers.
STEP 3: Pieces of plywood will be
decked on the bearers.
STEP 5: Cleaning process will be
done to remove small particles
(dust, stone, sand) in the
formwork. Then, concrete will be
poured.
STEP 6: After curing of 14 days,
the formwork will be removed.
LEDGER
BRC
MESH
REINFORCED
CONCRETE
SLAB
BEARER
PLYWOOD
STEP 4: Then, BRC mesh are
placed accordingly to its place in
the formwork.
32
33. KHOR YEN MIN
Material Specifications
Formwork : Plywood
Concrete Grade : 25 N/mm
Material Density : 24.0 kN/mm3
Reinforcement : BRC mesh (size : 2.2 x 2.4)
FIGURE 1: SITE 1 WOODEN FORMWORK FIGURE 2: SITE 2 WOODEN FORMWORK
33
34. A wall is a structure that defines an area, carries a load, or provides shelter or security. Walls are the vertical
constructions of a building that enclose, separate, and protect its interior spaces. They may be load bearing
structures of homogeneous or composite construction designed to support imposed loads from floors and roofs, or
consist of a framework of columns and beams with non-structural panels attached to or filling in between them.
BRIDGET TAN SU TING
Some of the functions of wall include:
• To provide protection from weather;
• To separate interior spaces;
• To support upper floors and roofs together with their superimposed loads;
• To provide adequate thermal and sound insulation;
• For aesthetics and privacy
Wall Classification
In terms of their function, all walls are either load bearing or non-load bearing walls.
Common types of walls in construction are:-
1. Concrete Walls
2. Retaining Walls
3. Masonry Walls (Site 1 and Site 2)
4. Dry Walls
5. Glass Walls
6. Curtain Wall System
CONCRETE WALL
MASONRY
WALL
NON-LOAD
BEARING WALLS
UNREINFORCED REINFORCED
34
35. BRIDGET TAN SU TING
• Masonry is the building of structures from individual units laid in and bound together by mortar; the term masonry
can also refer to the units themselves.
Characteristics
• Load bearing or non- load bearing
• One of the most common materials for wall construction in Malaysia
• Durable
• Good sound insulation, fire insulation and thermal insulation
• Offers great flexibility in form and appearance
Common Types of Masonry
1. Bricks (heat-hardened clay units)
• Clay bricks (Site A)
• Cement bricks (Site A and Site B)
2. Concrete/cement blocks (chemically hardened units)
35
36. BRIDGET TAN SU TING
• Brick is one of the most popular exterior materials - it is beautiful and provides a solid,
well-made structure. A brick is a unit of material used in masonry construction by skilled
masons using mortar. Bricks come in many sizes, but usually in a width and weight
suitable to grasp in one hand while holding a trowel in the other.
Common Types of Bricks
1. Clay brick (Site A)
2. Smooth surface
3. Sand cement brick (Site A and Site B)
4. Autoclaved aerated concrete block
FIGURE 1: CLAY BRICK - SITE 1 FIGURE 2: SAND CEMENT BRICK
– SITE 1
FIGURE 3: SAND CEMENT BRICK
- SITE B
Brick Data
HEADER
FACE
FROG STRETCHER
FACE
• Usually reddish in colour
• Formed by pressing in moulds
• Dried and fried in high temperature
• Grey in colour
• Formed by machine, hand or pressing in moulds
• Require plastering and rendering after construction
• Cheaper than clay brick
36
37. BRIDGET TAN SU TING
FIGURE 1: RUNNING BOND – SITE 1
FIGURE 2: FLEMISH BOND – SITE 2
Running bond, commonly used for cavity and veneer walls, is composed of overlapping stretchers.
Flemish bond has alternating headers and stretchers in each course, each header being centred
above and below a stretcher. Flare headers with darker ends are often exposed in patterned
brickwork.
37
38. BRIDGET TAN SU TING
STEP 1: The outline of a
wall is drawn to scale,
normally starting at a
right-angled corner, on
alternate courses and
the quoin header is
drawn in opposite
directions on each
course.
STEP 2: Queen closers
are inserted next to the
quoin header and they
are continued until they
intersect the back line of
the wall produced.
STEP 3: Alternate
headers and stretchers
are drawn on the front
faces in the case of
Flemish bond, and
headers on one face
and stretchers on the
other with English bond.
The exposed header
and stretcher faces of
the quoin header
determine the nature of
the faces of the other
bricks.
STEP 4: The facework is
continued to the back
faces. If the wall is one-
and-a-half or two-and-
a-half-bricks thick and
stretchers appear on
one face, then headers
will occur on the other
side of the wall in the
same course.
38
39. BRIDGET TAN SU TING
Flush
mortar joint
Concave
joint
Weathered
mortar joint
Struck
mortar joint
Raked
mortar joint
Weeping
mortar joint
Properly
prepared
joint
V-joint
Improperly
prepared
joint – too
shallow
Improperly
prepared
joint –
furrow
should be
eliminated
Beaded
mortar joint
FLUSH MORTAR JOINT (SITE 1 AND 2)
39
40. BRIDGET TAN SU TING
STEP 1: Reference
strings are placed to
indicate brick wall
construction.
STEP 2: Bricks are
positioned accordingly
following the reference
strings.
STEP 3: Cement mortar
are applied on the
header and stretcher.
STEP 4: Bricks are
placed firmly.
STEP 5: The bricks are
hit to improve bonding
between bricks.
STEP 6: Normal-sized
bricks are hammered
and cut into queen-
sized bricks (half of the
normal size) with a
chisel.
STEP 7: Queen-sized
bricks are cut
accordingly to the
structural arrangement
of the brick bonding.
STEP 8: Pegs are used
to ensure the right angle
and spirit level for
correct levelling.
40
41. BRIDGET TAN SU TING
Step 4 : Finishing -
desired colour paints
are applied for
aesthetic purposes.
Step 1 : Construction
bricks are applied
Step 2 : Plastering -
bricks are plastered
over.
Step 3 : Coating -
skim coat is applied
for a smoother
surface.
41
42. BRIDGET TAN SU TING
ANGLE BEAD
Metal angle beads are
used for precise wall
angles.
REFERENCE STRING
Strings are nailed on
the brick walls for even
plastering work.
CEMENT
PIT Pits are used to mark
the thickness of
plastering for even
layering.
PLASTER
PLASTIC
MESH
Plaster plastic mesh
are used to avoid dry
cracks on the brick
surfaces.
EXPANDED STEEL
WIRE MESH
Expanded steel wire
mesh are placed in
between the bricks to
strengthen the hold of
the brick wall
construction.
Few final courses of
bricks are slanted to fill
in the gap between the
bricks and slab for a
better hold of the
ground beam that will
be placed.
42
43. AIDA JUNITA BINTI ZULKIFLEE
Tread
The horizontal surface of a step
on which the foot is placed
Nosing
The exposed edge of a tread,
usually projecting with a square,
rounded or splayed edge
Riser
The vertical member
between two consecutive
treads
Step
Riser plus tread
Going
The horizontal distance between two
consecutive risers or, the horizontal
dimensions from front to back of a tread
less any overlap with the next tread above
Rise
The vertical height between two
consecutive treads
Newel
Post forming the junction of
flights of stairs with landings or
carrying the lower end of strings
Strings
The members receiving the ends of
steps, which are generally housed to the
string and secured by wedges, called
wall or outer strings according to their
position
Handrail
Protecting member usually parallel
to the string and spanning between
newels
Baluster
The vertical infill member
between a string and handrail
Pitch line
A line connecting the nosings of
all treads in any one flight
Stairs provide means for access and moving from one level to another, which makes it an important link in the overall
circulation scheme of a building. Staircase does not always affect the exterior form of a building, but they influence the
internal organization of spaces and the pattern of the structural system.
43
45. Both Site 1 and Site 2 used half-landing concrete staircase in their construction.
Concrete stairs are designed as inclined, one-way reinforced slab with steps formed on the upper surface.
They require careful analysis of load, span and support conditions.
AIDA JUNITA BINTI ZULKIFLEE
The following are the basic requirements for the construction of simple
reinforced concrete stairs:
• Concrete mix usually specified as 1:1.5:3/3-10 mm aggregate (25-30
N/mm2)
• Minimum cover of concrete over reinforcement 15mm or bar diameter,
to give a 1-hour fire resistance
• Waist thickness between 100-2500 mm (depending on stair type)
• Mild steel or high yield steel bars as reinforcement
FIGURE 5.4.1: SECTION OF CONCRETE STAIRCASE
FIGURE 5.4.2: LONGITUDINAL SECTION
OF CONCRETE STAIRCASE
SHEAR KEY
STEEL DOWELS
HORIZONTAL BARS EXTEND
INTO SIDE WALL
STEEL
REINFORCEMENT
BEAM FOR SUPPORT
NOSING BARS
45
46. AIDA JUNITA BINTI ZULKIFLEE
FIGURE 5.4.2: THE FORMWORK OF CONCRETE
STAIRCASE
FIGURE 5.4.3: COMPLETED
CONCRETE STAIRCASE
STEP 1: Formwork of staircase is
set without riser board. Wooden
stakes are added as bracing,
every 300mm.
STEP 2: Steel reinforcement bars
are placed in the formwork.
STEP 4: The concrete is poured
from top and gradually flow to
spread evenly to the bottom, and
left to dry for 3 to 4 days. The
concrete is left to cure for 30 days
so the staining will occur properly.
STEP 3: After the steel
reinforcement is placed, stringer
and riser board is then nailed into
formwork so the riser and thread
can be formed after pouring the
concrete.
1
2
3
4
46
47. AIDA JUNITA BINTI ZULKIFLEE
Rough opening
The wall opening into which a
doorframe is fitted
Head
The uppermost member of a doorframe
Jamb
Refers to either of the two side
members of a doorframe
Stop
The projecting part of a
doorframe against which a door
closes
Casing
The trim that finishes the joint
between a doorframe and its
rough opening
Threshold
The sill of a doorway, covering
the joint between two flooring
materials or providing weather
protection at an exterior door
Saddle
A raised piece of flooring between the jambs of
a doorway, to which a door fits closely so as to
prevent binding when opened.
Doors and doorways provide access from outside into the interior of a building as well as passage between interior
spaces. Doorways should be large enough for ease of movement and to accommodate moving of furnishings and
equipment. All doors should be evaluated for their ease of operation, durability under anticipated frequency of use,
security provisions as well as light, ventilation and view they may offer.
47
48. There are several types of doors available for use in construction in terms of operation and design, as listed below:
AIDA JUNITA BINTI ZULKIFLEE
Swinging
• Exterior and interior use
• Door turns on hinges about a side jamb
• Requires space around doorway for door swing
• Most convenient operation for entry and passage
• Most effective door type for thermal and acoustic
insulation and for weather resistance
Bypass Sliding
• Exterior and interior use
• Door slides on overhead track and along
guides/track
• Requires no operating space but difficult to seal
against weather and sound
• Offers access only through 50% of doorway width
• Used on exterior as sliding glass doors and in
interiors for visual screening
Surface Sliding
• Exterior and interior use
• Provides access through full width of doorway
• Door is surface-hung on exposed overhead track
• No operating space required but difficult to
weatherproof
Pocket Sliding
• Interior use
• Door slides on an overhead track into and out of a
recess within the width of the wall
Folding
• Interior use
• Hinged door panels fold flat against one another
when opened 48
49. There are several types of doors available for use in construction in terms of operation and design, as listed below:
AIDA JUNITA BINTI ZULKIFLEE
FLUSH GLASS VISION NARROW LIGHT FULL-LOUVERED VISION/LOUVERED
A door frame is attached to the opening in which a door is to be fitted. It provides a surround for the door and is the
member to which a door is fixed or hung. Frames should be securely fixed to the wall in which they sit, using frame
fixings for masonry and screws for timber.
MASONRY WALLS WOOD STUD WALLS STEEL STUD WALLS
49
50. Site 1 had a variety of doors used throughout its construction. The following are the types of doors used:
• Main Entrance – Painted solid timber door with architrave and timber frame
• Bedrooms, bathrooms and store room – Painted waterproofed timber flush door with metal frame
• Others – Clear glass sliding door with aluminium frame & aluminium louvred door with aluminium frame (shoerack)
Site 2 used timber flush door with zinculum frame.
AIDA JUNITA BINTI ZULKIFLEE
FIGURE 6.1.1: TIMBER DOOR WITH
TIMBER FRAME - SITE 1
FIGURE 6.1.2: GLASS SLIDING DOOR - SITE 1 FIGURE 6.1.3: ALUMINIUM LOUVRED
DOOR WITH ALUMINIUM FRAME
50
51. AIDA JUNITA BINTI ZULKIFLEE
STANDARD DOUBLE-RABBET FRAME
Both Site 1 and Site 2 used metal door frame.
Site 1 used double repeated aluminium door frame where as Site 2 used single repeated zinculum frame.
SINGLE RABBET FRAME
FIGURE 6.1.4: ALUMINIUM DOOR FRAME - SITE 1 FIGURE 6.1.5: ZINCULUM DOOR FRAME - SITE 2
51
52. AIDA JUNITA BINTI ZULKIFLEE
STEP 1: Location of the doors is
measured and marked. A few
layers of bricks are then placed
beside the markings.
STEP 2: The door frame is slotted
into the marked position. The jamb
of the door is nailed into the
masonry wall for support. Bricks
are then continued to be laid.
STEP 3: Pre-cast concrete lintel is
bind with mortar and placed on
top of the door head. Lintel is
constructed so that no excessive
vertical force is exerted on the
door frame.
STEP 4: For timber door frame,
wall is plastered and main frame is
installed. For aluminium door
frame, mortar is filled in the space
between the gap and masonry wall
before the wall is plastered.
STEP 5: Shims are placed on the
hinges’ side to form a continuous
gap in between. The hinge is then
nailed into the side door jamb.
STEP 6: Casing (architrave) is
installed to ensure cracks and
flaws in the joining is hidden.
52
53. Windows are openings in the wall or roof of a building that is fitted with glass or other transparent material in a frame
to admit light or air and allow people to see out.
KHOR YEN MIN
JAMB
FRAME
HINGE
GLASS
UNIT
WINDOW
BAR
BOLT
RESPONSE
PLATE
HANDLE
Fixed
• Ventilation : 0%
• Consists of a frame and
stationary sash
Casement
• Ventilation : 100%
• Consists of operating
sashes that are side-hinged
and usually swing outwards.
Awning & Hopper
• Ventilation : 100%
• Consists of operating sashes that
swing outward on hinges attached to
the top of their frame.
Sliding
• Ventilation : 50%
• Consists two or more sashes which
at least one slides along horizontal
grooves or tracks
Double-Hung
• Ventilation : 50%
• Consists of two vertically sliding
sashes which each in separate
grooves or tracks.
Jolousie
• Ventilation : 100%
• Consists of horizontal glass or wood
louvers that is slanted in a fixed angle
in a common frame.
Pivoting
• Ventilation : 100%
• Consists of sashes that rotate 90° or
180° about a vertical or horizontal
axis at or near their centers.
Window Terminology
53
54. KHOR YEN MIN
Casement Window
Location : Kitchen
Type of frame: Natural Anodized Aluminium
Ventilation: 50%
• Consists four sashes which allows them to slide
along horizontal grooves.
• Clear glass is used to allow user to see outside and
to allow natural light in.
Location: Bedrooms
Type of frame: Natural Anodized Aluminium
Ventilation: 100%
• Consists of three operating sashes that are side
hinged which swing outwards.
• Clear glass is used to allow user to see outside and
to allow natural light in.
54
Sliding Window Awning & Hopper + Fixed
Location: Bathroom
Type of frame: Natural
Anodized Aluminium
Ventilation: 100%
• Consists of an operating
sash that swing outward
on hinges attached to
the top of their frame.
• Upper window
• Frosted glass is used as
privacy purposes but
allows natural light in.
Location: Bathroom
Type of frame: Natural
Anodized Aluminium.
Ventilation: 0%
• Consists of a frame
and stationary sash.
• Act as privacy.
• Lower window
• Frosted glass is used
as privacy purposes
but allows natural light in.
55. KHOR YEN MIN
Both site uses precast concrete lintel which are placed
above the window openings. Lintel is used as a
support beam and transfers the load to the wall either
side of the window. This can prevent the framework of
the window from bending due to the weight of the
wall, floor and roof produce above the window
opening.
FIGURE 6.2.3: WOODEN
FORMWORK - SITE 1
FIGURE 6.2.4: DEFORMED
REBARS FOR LINTEL - SITE 1
FIGURE 6.2.6: PRECAST
CONCRETE LINTEL - SITE 1
FIGURE 6.2.1: WINDOW
OPENINGS - SITE 1
FIGURE 6.2.2: WINDOW
OPENINGS - SITE 2 –
DEFORMED
REBAR
PRECAST
CONCRETE
LINTEL
BRICK WALL
Cross-Section of Precast Concrete Lintel
Precast Concrete Lintel on Site 1
FIGURE 6.2.5: MAKING OF LINTELS
BY A WORKER - SITE 1
LINTEL
55
56. KHOR YEN MIN
STEP 1 – Framework
is placed on the
window opening
STEP 2 – Check (✓)
framework and wall
STEP 3 – Drill a hole by
using the framework
hole as reference.
STEP 4 - Place a
window frame screw
into the hole.
STEP 5 – Place and
install the window
carefully.
STEP 6 – Finish the
wall with sealant
FIGURE 6.2.7: NATURAL
ANODIZED ALUMINIUM
FRAMEWORK - SITE 1
FIGURE 6.2.8: ZINCULUM
FRAMEWORK - SITE 2
Material Specifications
Formwork : Plywood
Framework :
Site 1 - Natural Anodized
Aluminium
Site 2 – Zinculum (Aluminium
coated with zinc)
✓
✓
56
57. WONG ZHEN FAI
There are several significant functions of a roof structure and it can be categorised into 4 main purposes:
2. Strength & Stability
Another purpose of a roof is to have load-bearing
abilities. The roof must be able to support weight of
roof covering and structure and still be able to resist
the wind forces and applied load of snow. The roof
structure should be built as light as possible without
sacrificing safety and efficiency to keep imposed loads
on the supporting walls to a minimum. This is to
minimise the economic means to construct the roof
structure.
3. Fire Protection
Another significant function of roof is to prevent fire
from spreading to and from adjacent or adjoined
structures. The roof would need to have fire resistant
properties to ensure user safety and to prevent the fire
from affecting the structure’s integrity.
4. Aesthetics
Different roof types and coverings can greatly affect
the appearance of the structure. There are various
colours and textures as elements for the design of roof
covering which would increase user appeal towards
the finished structure. The slope of the roof also
significantly affect the aesthetics.
1. Climate Barrier
The primary purpose of a roof is to prevent the weather
from entering interior spaces of a building/Structure. it
is also responsible for keeping the warm/cool air in
(depending on local climate). These 2 factors would
significantly improve user comfort and allow them to
carry out regular activities in a comfortable manner.
EXTERNAL CLIMATE
WIND FORCE + SNOW LOAD
WALLS IMPOSED LOAD
INTERNAL FIRE
EXTERNAL FIRE
DIFFERENT ROOF TYPE & COVERING
57
58. WONG ZHEN FAI
There are numerous roof types and coverings available. Shown and illustrated below are the roof types and
coverings that are popularly used:
HIP ROOF GABLE ROOF GULL WNG ROOF
GAMBREL ROOFFLAT ROOF MONO-PITCHED ROOF
• Poor ventilation
• Stable during extreme
winds
• Weak during extreme winds
• Allows placement of window
for natural light
• Requires careful construction
• Improper construction would
lead to leaks and expensive
repairs
• Shaped like a gull
• Cost-efficient
• Requires less materials
• Stronger than pitched roofs
• Roof space can be used
• Single-sloped roof • Allows maximum use of
the attic
• Also known as French roof
• Allows wider buildings
• Shorter rafters
DORMER ROOF
MANSARD ROOF
58
59. WONG ZHEN FAI
Our chosen site was Kepayang Heights 2 developed by GUH Properties located in Seremban. The roof type of the
houses are mono-pitched roofs and flat roofs.
What is a Mono-pitched roof?
Mono-pitched roofs are roofs with only one sloping surface. They
are usually not attached to any other parts of the roof.
It is also known as a pent roof, shed roof, lean-to roof or skillion
roof.
Advantages
This type of roof is gaining its popularity in homes nowadays
because of its modern aesthetics. Installation of the mono-
pitched roof is relatively simple compared to other types of roofs
because it only has one slope. Therefore, the construction cost is
usually lower.
RUN
RISE
PITCH
OVERHANG
59
60. WONG ZHEN FAI
ROOF SLOPE ON SITE: 2/12
12 INCHES
1 4.5 FLAT ROOF
2 9.5
4 18.5 LOW-PITCHED ROOF
3 14
5 22.5
6 26.5
PITCH DEGREE
Slope is used to prevent accumulation of water
which would increase load-bearing weight.
8 33.75
9 37
10 40
11 42.5
7 30.5 MEDIUM-PITCHED ROOF
12 45 HIGH-PITCHED ROOF
60
61. WONG ZHEN FAI
• A support brace is installed on the top plate of the wall bracing.
• A ridge beam is added to the support brace. Struts are then
added to the ridge beam to create a higher end for the slope.
• Rafters are added to the structure to allow roof covering to be
placed on later. After that, the outrigger and purlin will then be
attached to the structure.
• The trusses are then added to increase the strength of the mono
pitched roof.birds mouth
Material Used: Steel
61
62. WONG ZHEN FAI
STEEL
RAFTERS
ALUMINIUM FOIL
ROCKWOOL
METAL DECK
(ZINCULUM)
STEP 4: Steel trusses and rafters act
as the base for the roof covering.
STEP 3: Aluminium foil is then placed
because it reflects thermal radiation
very well and emits very little heat.
STEP 2: After that, RockWool is
layered because of its ability to
provide thermal and sound protection
for the roof. Since it is made from
stone, it also acts as a fire barrier.
STEP 1: No tiles are used for the roof
covering. Zinculum is used because
of its durability and strength. It is also
thermal efficient which is suitable for
the warm local climate.
62
64. SITE AND SAFETY
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PLANTS AND MACHINERY
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equipment/skid-steer.htm
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EXTERNAL WORK & SETTING OUT AND EARTH WORK
Ching, F. (2008). Building construction illustrated. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons.
Chudley, R. (1973). Construction technology. London: Longman.
Elkink, A. (2010). Retaining walls | BRANZ Build. BRANZ Build. Retrieved 10 October 2015, from http://www.buildmagazine.org.nz/articles/show/retaining-walls/
Varghese, P. (2007). Building construction. New Delhi: Prentice-Hall of India.
FOUNDATION
Barkauskas, F. (2002). Foundations. In Concrete construction manual (Detail ed., p. 168). Munich, Berlin: Birkhauser.
Deep Foundation. (n.d.). Retrieved October 18, 2015, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_foundation
Don's Works. (n.d.). Retrieved October 18, 2015, from http://cgetechnology.blogspot.my/2011/12/simple-method-statement.html
Foundations. (n.d.). Retrieved October 18, 2015, from http://www.concretecentre.com/technical_information/building_solutions/foundations.aspx
SUPERSTRUCTURE
BEAM AND COLUMN
Ching, F., & Adams, C. (2001). Building construction illustrated (3rd ed.). New York: Wiley.
Håvard Vasshaug,. 'Concrete Reinforcement'. N.p., 2013. Web. 20 Oct. 2015.
Reinforcing.com.au,. 'Reinforcing - Bar'. N.p., 2015. Web. 20 Oct. 2015.
SLAB
Cheah, D. (2012, January 25). Don's Works. Retrieved October 15, 2015, from http://cgetechnology.blogspot.my/2012/01/method-statement-casting-of-first-floor.html
Ching, F., & Adams, C. (2008). 4.05 - Concrete Slabs. In Building construction illustrated (4rd ed., p. 106). New York: Wiley.
Parker, H., & Ambrose, J. (1991). Simplified design of concrete structures (6th ed.). New York: Wiley.
Neufert, E. (2012). Floor Slabs. In Neufert Architects' data (Fourth ed., p. 80). Oxford: Blackwell Science.
Building Contruction I. (2015, July 13). Retrieved October 17, 2015, from http://www.slideshare.net/jernjack/building-contruction-i-
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42669612?ref=http://jsernphua.blogspot.my/2014/12/building-construction-1a-site-analysis.html
64
65. WALL
Brick Construction. (2005) (1st ed., pp. 1-19). North Carolina. Retrieved from http://www.pinehallbrick.com/userfiles/constructionguide_000.pdf
Ching, F., & Adams, C. (2001). Building construction illustrated. New York: Wiley.
DIY,. (2013). All About Ceiling and Wall Construction. Retrieved 18 September 2015, from http://www.diynetwork.com/how-to/rooms-and-spaces/walls-and-ceilings/all-
about-ceiling-and-wall-construction
Mishra, G. (2014). WALLS- TYPES, FEATURES AND DESIGN CONCEPT. The Constructor. Retrieved 18 September 2015, from
http://theconstructor.org/building/buildings/walls-types-features-and-design-concept/819/
Seeley, I. (1995). Building technology. Houndmills, Basingstoke: Macmillan.
STAIRCASE & DOORS
Ching, F., & Adams, C. (2001). Building construction illustrated. New York: Wiley.
Chudley, R., Greeno, R., Hurst, M., Topliss, S. (2011). Construction technology. Essex: Pearson Education Limited.
Chudley, R., Greeno, R. (2004). Advanced construction technology. Essex: Pearson Education Limited.
Neufert, E. (2012). Neufert Architects' data. Oxford: Blackwell Science.
WINDOWS
The Purpose Of A Lintel Over A Window Is To? (n.d.). Retrieved October 17, 2015, from http://home-garden.blurtit.com/808962/the-purpose-of-a-lintel-over-a-window-is-to
Ching, F., & Adams, C. (2008). 8.22 - Window Elements. In Building construction illustrated (4th ed., p. 293). New York: Wiley.
Parker, H., & Ambrose, J. (1991). Simplified design of concrete structures (6th ed.). New York: Wiley.
Neufert, E. (2012). Glass. In Neufert Architects' data (Fourth ed., p. 104). Oxford: Blackwell Science.
Neufert, E. (2012). Windows. In Neufert Architects' data (Fourth ed., p. 96). Oxford: Blackwell Science.
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42669612?ref=http://jsernphua.blogspot.my/2014/12/building-construction-1a-site-analysis.html
ROOFS
Roof Styles. (n.d.). Retrieved October 18, 2015, from http://www.roofapedia.com/Roof-Info-Centre/1/Roof-Styles.aspx
(n.d.). Retrieved October 18, 2015, from http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/mono-pitched roof
Parker Roofing. (n.d.). Retrieved October 18, 2015, from http://parkerroofing.net/what-is-a-mono-pitched-roof/
The Product Types Ontology: Class Definition for "Mono-pitched roof" (n.d.). Retrieved October 18, 2015, from http://www.productontology.org/id/Mono-pitched_roof
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65