This document provides an overview of an assignment submitted by a group of architecture students for their Building Construction 1 course. It includes an introduction to the project aim of gaining knowledge of building construction elements and processes. It then describes two construction sites visited - a residential development and luxury condominium. The following sections cover site safety protocols, personal protective equipment, scaffolding, plants and machinery used at the sites like excavators, pile drivers, bulldozers and tower cranes. Construction elements discussed include foundation, beams, slabs, walls, staircases and formwork.

1.
SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING & DESIGN
Bachelor of Science (Honours)(Architecture)
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION 1 [ARC 1413]
Assignment 1: Experiencing Construction
CHEANG EILEEN – CHIN PUI MAN – CHU SZI WEI – HIEW YEN NEE – LEONG CARMEN -LIEW HUI EN – TAN HENG YEE – YONG SEH LI
1006A77249
0310331
0314160
0314212
0314953
0314920
0314941
0314345

2. Table of content
Chin
Pui
Man
Chin
Pui
Man
(2.0)
&
Yong
Seh
Li
(2.1)
Tan
Heng
Yee
&
Hiew
Yen
Nee
Cheang
Eileen
&
Chu
Szi
Wei
Carmen
Leong
(5.1,5.2,5.3)
Tan
Heng
Yee
(5.2)
Cheang
Eileen
(5.4)
Liew
Hui
En
(5.5)
Hiew
Yen
Nee
(5.6)
Yong
Seh
Li
(5.7)
Chin
Pui
Man
(6.0)
Liew
Hui
En
(6.1)
1.0
Introduction
1.1
Introduction of
Site
2.0
Sites and Safety
2.1
Plants and
Machinery
3.0
External Work
4.0
Foundation
3.1
Setting out
and Earth
Work
4.1
Foundation type
and construction
process
(from site visit &
reference)
5.1
Beam and Column
5.2
Slab
6.0
Roof
Cheang
Eileen
Chu
Szi
Wei
7.0
Summary
5.3
Wall
5.4
Staircase
5.5
Formwork
5.6 Door
5.7 Windows
6.1
Roof type and
construction
process (from
site visit &
reference)
7.1
Reference

3. 1.0 Introduction
As architects and the building industry continue to
design and build structures that differ in design,
type, materials and building method, it has
become important that each party stay familiar
with both basic and new concepts of building
construction.
As time pass by, construction methods are
constantly being replaced by new and more
efficient and cost effective methods to construct
buildings. Therefore, architects need to improve
with knowledge of building construction in order
to follow trend of technology.
AIM :
This project is to produce architects with
knowledge of building construction by
identifying difference types of building
elements, construction process, details and
materials. This report includes the studies
and records of site and safety, external work,
foundation, superstructure, roof and doors.

4. 1.1Introduction of Sites
a.
b.
De’ bunga Residence
Altitude 236, Luxury Condominium
Ukay Perdana
Bukit Manda’rina
@
@
Construction starts: September 2011.
Estimated of completion date: October 2014
Date of plan approval: Mac 2013
Project title
Developer & Contractor
3 strata landed housing scheme
(gated community) build 68 units of
3-storey semi-detached houses,
14 units of 3-storey house, 1 unit of
electrical substations and 1 unit of
guardhouse.
Sierra Ukay Sdn. Bhd
&
Ijm Building Systems Sdn. Bhd.
Ground Floor, Wisma IJM,
Jalan Yong Shook Lin,
46050 Kuala Lumpur.
Project title
One block of medium cost apartments of
38-storey high with 31-storey
apartments (236 units), 1-storey
residential facilities, 4-storey car park, 2
floor of M&E and services and 1 block
annex parking 4 and ½ floor and 1 floor
recreational facilities.
Owner
Ijm Building Systems Sdn. Bhd.
Ground Floor, Wisma IJM,
Jalan Yong Shook Lin,
46050 Kuala Lumpur.
Owner & Developer
STAR BASE SDN. BHD.
Contractor
MANDA ‘RINA SDN. BHD.
[Company no: 521591-H]
Level 22, Menara Maxisegar,
Jalan Pandan Indah,
4/2 Pandan Indah
65100 Kuala Lumpur.
Architect
Ar. Lee Be Hsin
43-3 Jalan 1/1 16B Kuchai Entrepreneur Park,
Off Jalan Kuchai Lama
58200 Kuala Lumpur.
Ground Floor, Wisma IJM,
Jalan Yong Shook Lin,
46050 Kuala Lumpur.
Architect
PTA Design Sdn. Bhd.
No. 37, Jalan Damai,
Off Jalan Tun Razak,
55000 Kuala Lumpur.

5. 2.0 Sites and Safety
Safety management is established;
a.
b.
Prevent injuries and illness
To avoid direct and indirect cost that related to injuries and properties damages
Ways to prevent injuries and accidents;
a.
b.
c.
Train all employees on safety steps.
Material handling and mobile equipment safety.
Provide protective equipment
Standard vest with
stripes.
Long-sleeved work
shirt. Nothing less
than 4-inch sleeves.
Site Safety
Signs warn hazards at locations where hazards exist.
Hard hats
Close-fitting or
medium-fitting jeans.
Figure
2.0.2:
Signs
Signals are moving signs provided by workers (eg: flagman, flash lights, honks,
alarms) to warn possible or existing hazards.
Safety work shoes
or boots.
Accident-Prevention Tags is used for temporary warning. (figure 2.2)
Figure
2.0.1:
Work
Clothing
Head Protection
Hard outer shell;
to resists and defects
blows to the head.
Protective hard hats are to minimize the rate and level which impact forces are
transmitted to the brain, neck and spine. Refer to figure 2.3
Shock-absorbing
lining; incorporate a
headband and straps.
Clip on sweatband;
absorb sweats before
trickles into eyes.
Figure
2.0.3:
Signs
Figure
2.0.4:
Accident-­‐prevention
tag
Figure
2.0.5:
Hard
Hat
Type
2
Peak; to protect eyes
and face.

6. Scaffolding & Planking
Scaffold is a temporary structure used to support people and materials.
Wooden
guardrails
secured to frame
Tube-and-clamp
guardrails to
protect outrigger/side
platform
Safety Net
Safety net is setup to provide fall protection.
-Can be adjustable in
height and width.
Frames
Figure
2.0.7:
Planking
on
scaffold
to
provide
walking
underneath
Figure
2.0.6:
Scaffolding
at
De’bunga
Figure
2.0.9:
Walk-­‐through
scaffold
• Walk-through scaffold is frequently used by
masonry trade to provide greater height per
tier and easier distribution of materials on
platforms at intermediate levels.
Figure
2.0.8:
Proper
planking
system
Figure
2.0.11:
Walkway
on
scaffold
in
between
building
and
safety
net

7. 2.1 Plants and Machinery
Figure
2.0.10:
Scaffolding
at
Altitude
236
Excavator
Pile Driving Equipment
A pile driver is used to drive poles or piles into the soil to give foundation support for
buildings or structures. It is placed on a pile or pole
Excavator is heavy machinery composed of a boom, stick, bucket and cab upon rotating
platform known as the ‘house’. The house sits on top of an undercarriage with tracks or
wheels.
Function movement of excavator are achievable through the use of hydraulic fluid,
motors and cylinders. Is used to dig holes, foundations and trenches.
Figure
2.1.1:
Pile
Driving
Equipment
at
De’Bunga
Hydraulics, steam, diesel or manual labor is
used to raise weight. Once the weight reaches
its optimum point, it will immediately released
and smashes on to pile or pole in order to
drive it into the ground soil.
Figure
2.1.4:
Views
and
measurement
of
excavator
Figure
2.1.3:
Excavators
at
De’
Bunga
Compactor
Figure
2.1.2:
Parts
of
Pile
Driving
Equipment
Guide consists heavy
weight to enable to
slide up and down
easily in single vertical
line. It is placed on a
pole or pile.
A machine used to minimize the size
of waste materials or soil through
compaction.
Figure
2.1.5:
Compactor
at
Altitude
236

8. Backhoe Loader
Bulldozer
Is an excavating equipment consists of digging bucket on the end of the two-part
articulated arm.
It is also used in construction, demolitions, light transportation of building materials,
excavation, landscaping and paving roads.
A bulldozer is a crawler consist of a substantial metal plate, also known as blade, used
to push large quantities of sand, soil and other materials during construction and
generally equipped at the rear with a ripper to loosen compacted materials.
Figure
2.1.8:
Ripper
Figure
2.1.6:
Backhoe
loader
at
Altitude
236
Figure
2.1.7:
Backhoe
loader
at
De’Bunga
Figure
2.1.0:
Overall
view
of
bulldozer
Figure
2.1.7:
Part
of
backhoe
loader
Figure
2.1.9:
Blade

9. Dump Truck
Tower Crane
Is used to transport loose material like sand, soil and dirt. It is equipped with an openbox bed, which is hinged at the rear and consists of hydraulic piston to lift up the front,
enabling the material in the bed to be dumped on the ground behind the truck.
Tower crane is fixed to the ground on a concrete slab. It gives the best combination of
height and lifting capacity and is used in construction of tall buildings. The base is
attached to the mast that gives its height. It is further attached to the slewing unit,
which enables the crane to rotate. On the top of the slewing unit, there are the long
horizontal jib, shorter counter-jib, and the operator's cab.
Figure
2.1.11:
Dump
truck
at
De’Bunga
Figure
2.1.12:
View
of
dump
truck
Figure
2.1.15:
Tower
crane
at
Altitude
236
Rebar Bender
A device used to bend steel bars and other heavy metals.
Figure
2.1.16:
Sectional
view
of
tower
crane
Forklift
Forklift truck is used to lift and transport
building materials. Its components include
the truck frame, counterweight, cab,
overhead guard, power source, tilt
cylinders, mast, carriage, load backrest
and attachments.
Figure
2.1.17:
Forklift
at
Altitude
236
Figure
2.1.13:
Rebar
Bender
at
De’Bunga
Figure
2.1.14:
Brief
explanation
of
rebar
bender

10. 3.0 External Work
3.1 Setting out & Earth Work
1. Soil Testing
2. Land Surveying
3. Site Clearance
4. Cutting, Filling &
5. Leveling and Grading
Compacting
Collecting and identifying the
sample of soil on site
Purpose
a) To ensure no hidden
chemical/physical condition on
site
b) Help to choose suitable footing
type.
c) To know the ground water
level to help whether need to
carry out dewatering.
How?
a ) Excavation of Trial Hole
( 2m x1m)
I. Using machinery exactor
II. Allow good visual
inspection of the strata
b) Drilling boreholes
I. Using hand auger
II. Inspection of strata can
only be done by excavated
material brought up by
auger
Purpose
a) To ensure the
boundaries of the
property is set
precisely
b) To ensure building
build at a
right boundary
c) To avoid legal
problem when
construction start
Who ?
By Land Surveyor
How ?
By using Theodolite
Removal of vegetation,
stumps, roots and topsoil at
least 2’ below subgrade
Purpose
a) To prevent soil
movement
caused by decaying
organic matter which
may threaten the
foundations or other
elements of the
surrounding site.
b) To prevent future
problems like insect
infestation, diseased
wood and lawnmower
damage
Earthmoving operation in
which the material excavated
and removed from one
location is used as fill material
at another location.
Why?
a) The land being filled is
going to be used for
building foundations.
b) Compacting earth is to
avoid settling.
Device
Bulldozer
Reshaping of the field surface to
a planned grade
Purpose
a) To level the field to its best
condition with minimal earth
movement
b) To provide a slope which fits
water supply
How?
Dumpy level measures the height
of two points on a horizontal
plane, allowing the builder to
measure whether a bit of ground
is level or not.
Phases of Land leveling
operations
1. Rough grading
2. Land levelling
3. Land smoothing.
Device
Skid-Steer loaders
Plate compactor
Dumpy level

11. 6. Setting Out
6a. Pegging Out
6b. Setting Out Corner
6c. Mark Builder’s Line
Profiles
Purpose
To ensure that the various
elements of the scheme are
positioned correctly in all three
dimensions.
Equipment
a) Wooden Pegs
- provide with nail fixed at the
top center to locate the
station point
b) Profile Boards
- help to indicate the
thickness of the wall and
width of the foundation
c) Builder’s Lines
- made out of hemp, string or
wire
- must not stretch, sag or taut
which can cause the profile
board to displace or the line
itself breaks
Device
Theodolite
Dumpy level
Tripod
2. Mark two corner of the
1.When the positions of
the corners of the
building are known,
profile board will be
used to mark the
positions and widths of
the wall, foundations
and excavation .
building to set out the front
line.
2.Saws cut in top of
1. One of the building
corners will be set up as a
temporary benchmark
by placing a wooden peg
in the ground with a nail on
top.
3. The lines of all the other
walls are measured from this
front line using Pythagoras
theorem.
4. After placing 4 pegs at
corner, measure the
diagonals (Line x & y) and
make sure both are in same
lengths
profile board set
horizontal and to
know level
6d. Marking Out on the
Ground from the Profiles
1.Saws cut in the top of
Profile board act as marks
and allow builder's line
stretching from notch to
notch in opposite profile
board
-intersection of string
mark corner of various
part of substructure
this black dot mark
the corner of the wall to be
built and should be exactly
over the original wooden
peg
1. Marking out on the
ground follow the
builder’s line as closely
as possible by
sprinkle old
cement, lime or
saw dust on
ground.
2. Remove the builder
line to allow excavation
to carry on as the line
will disturb the
subsequent work.

12. 7. Trench Excavation
With the outline of the
concrete marked on the
ground, excavator digged
out between the lines to
form a trench
How?
By using JCB excavator
8. Subsoil Drainage System
A drainage system above
natural water table that drain
away surface water
Purpose ?
a. Increase the stability of the
ground and footings of
building
b. Reducing foundation
movement due to the
variation in the soil moisture
content.
Type of pipes
a. Rigid-concrete pipe
b. FlexibleHDPE Corrugated
Pipe
9. Backfilling
Used to surround pipes that
are buries beneath the surface
Why?
a. Helps to protect the pipe
from damage.
b. Acts as a foundation for the
road pavement.
How?
a. Flowable type backfill
b. Granular type backfill
10. Pavement
Made up of three layers:
a. Subgrade: Earth that has
been graded to the desired
elevation.
b. Subbase: A course of
material that is placed on
the subgrade to provide
drainage and stability.
c. Base is placed on the subbase to provide a stable
platform for the concrete
pavement slab.
Why?
a. These are essential for a
strong,durable concrete
pavement system.
b. To maintain a good system
of roads which is the
underlying backbone of our
infrastructure.

13. 4.0 Foundation
4.1 Foundation type and construction process
A pile cap is a thick concrete mat that rests on concrete or timber piles that hav
e been driven into soft or unstable ground to provide a suitable stable foundati
on. It usually forms part of the foundation of a building, typically a multi-story b
uilding, structure or support base for heavy equipment. The cast concrete pile c
ap distributes the load of the building into the piles. A similar structure to a pile
cap is a "raft", which is a concrete foundation floor resting directly onto soft soil
which may be liable to subsidence.
4.after the completion of a bored pile , the remaining reinforced bars are then extended to form starter bars and th
e concrete pile is then extended up to ground level or beyond such that the floors of the building rests on the pile.

16.
5.1 Beam & Column
Beam and Column
•
Reinforced concrete column
•
•
•
•
Length of overlapping reinforcement bar is forty times of the
diameter of bar.
Dowels tie column to supported beam or slab.
Vertical reinforcement should not be less than 1% nor more than 8%
of the cross sectional concrete beam.
Types of reinforcement steel includes T12, T14, T16, T20, T25, T32
and T40.
‘T’ represents reinforcement steel and the numbers indicates the
diameter.
Lateral Reinforcement
1.
•
•
•
Reinforced concrete column is designed to carry compressive
load.
Reinforcement bar in concrete increases the column’s tensile
strength.
Size of columns differs according to the amount of load it has
to bear.
•
•
•
•
•
•
Rebars for columns
2.
3.
4.
Number of reinforcement bar used in columns may be varied instead
of varying the size of columns.
Formations of lateral reinforcement bars depends on the number of
vertical reinforcement bars used in a column.
Lateral ties should have a minimum diameter of 10mm.
Space between two ties is not more than 48 tie diameter.
Type of reinforcement used is usually T12, reinforcement steel with
a diameter of 12mm.
Concrete columns may be supported by isolated footings or by pile
caps.

17. Reinforced
Concrete
Beams
•
•
Without
reinforcement,
beam
will
crack
when
too
much
force
is
applied
to
it.
BoCom
bar
withstands
more
tensile
force
because
force
is
applied
downwards.
•
S7rrups
are
placed
perpendicular
to
the
longitudinal
bar
to
resist
the
ver7cal
component
of
a
diagonal
force.
Reinforcement
bars
of
beam
and
slab
•
•
Reinforced
concrete
beam
is
a
horizontal
structural
component
designed
to
carry
load.
Like
columns,
reinforcement
bar
is
ins7lled
to
withstand
tensile
force.
•
•
•
Beam
width
should
be
equal
or
greater
than
width
of
suppor7ng
column.
Depth
of
beam
is
span
divided
by
16
Longitudinal
bar
serves
as
tension
reinforcement.
BEAM
SUPPORTING
TYPES
Simply
supported
beam
•
•
Beam
is
supported
by
two
columns
at
both
ends.
Beams
of
a
rela7vely
short
span
uses
this
support.
Fixed
beam
•
•
Beams
that
are
fixed
at
both
ends
either
to
other
beams
or
to
two
walls.
It
is
can
be
supported
by
primary
beams.
Con5nuous
beam
•
•
A
con7nuous
beam
has
more
than
two
supports
distributed
throughout
its
length.
Used
to
support
a
beam
of
a
large
span.

18. Steps to build Beams and Column
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Cladding of formwork
Setting up of
using plywood.
reinforcement bars.
The thickness of bars
and the number of
bars used depends on
the load it has to bear.
Cement is being
pumped and poured
into the formwork. A
concrete vibrator is
then used to released
trapped air and excess
water.
When the concrete of
the columns have
dried up, cladding of
formwork for beams
can be done.
Reinforcement bars
for beams are set up.
Columns and beams
Cement is poured into
the formwork. A concrete are formed. Excess
rebar on top of column
vibrator is then used to
ensure that the concrete is for continuation of
rebar for next floor.
settle firmly in place.

19. 5.2 Slab
Reinforced Concrete Slab
Suspended Slabs
•
Reinforcement bar
placed perpendicularly.
•
•
•
•
Reinforced concrete slabs are plate structures
laid with reinforcement bar to withstand load.
It is supported by beams. Hence, force
applied to slabs are transferred to beams.
Beam that
supports
the slab
•
•
Size of reinforcement
bar used differs
according to the load it
has to bear.
Thickness of floor slab
depends on the load it has to
bear.
Minimum thickness of slab is
100mm.
Reinforcement bars for
slab.

20. Ground Slabs
Concrete Slab
• Thickness depends on the load it
has to bear.
• Minimum thickness is 100mm.
• Additives may be added to
increase surface hardness and
abrasion resistance.
Damp Proof Membrane
• Polyethylene moisture barrier to prevent
water from entering the structure.
• Thickness of polyethylene is 0.15mm
Workers working on ground slab.
Gravel Stone
• Gravel Stone laid as a base to prevent the
capillary rise of groundwter.
• Minimum thickness is 100mm.
Two-Way Slab
One-Way Slab
•
•
•
One way slabs are
reinforced in one direction
and they are casted on a
series of parallel beams or
walls.
Force is transferred in
parallel to beams.
Suitable for light load and
span of slab is relatively
short.
•
•
•
Two way slabs are
reinforced in two directions.
It is casted with supporting
beams on all four sides.
Force is transferred to all
four sides to the beams.
Suitable for heavy load.
Shape of slab is relatively
squarish.

21. 1. Ledger is set for the beams.
2. After setting the ledgers. Bearers
will be installed in an interval of
300mm.
Bearer

22. 3. Plywood are installed sides by
sides and bases are installed
between the bearers
4.The props is set for slab
installation . Then ledgers for slab
will be set in an interval of 200mm .
Then,plywood decking will be laid on
the props setting.
Next is the entering of the
reinforcement cages of beams
Plywood
Decking

23. 5. Spacer blocks are placed
on the plywood decking which
allow sufficient concrete
cover.
6. Electrical wiring system is
installed before placing the
bottom reinforcement.

24. 7.Cement is poured to form
the concrete slab .The
cement is transported by a
concrete pump
8.Dismantlement of the
wooden formwork will occur
after the concrete gain certain
strength.

25. 5.3 WALL
Types of wall
I.
De’Bunga :
II.
Altitude 236 :
a) Masonry Wall
• Clay brick builds the wall. Bricks are laid in running bond.
• Openings are spanned with lintels for installation of doors and windows.
• Thickness of wall is 100mm.
Figure
5.4.1:
Masonry
Wall
structure
at
De’bunga
b) Party Wall
• The wall is built between two houses that are attached to each other.
• Thickness of wall is 205mm.
• Acts as a fire wall. It slows down the spread of fire to the neighbouring house.
Figure
5.4.2:
Party
Wall
structure
at
De’bunga
Reinforced concrete wall formed by Aluminium formwork
• Walls formed by reinforced concrete is load bearing
• Pouring concrete mix into formwork with reinforcement bar forms
reinforced concrete wall.
• Minimum thickness of load bearing wall is 150mm and 205mm
for party walls.
Figure
5.4.3:
Reinforced
concrete
wall
at
Altitude
236

26.
Steps of construction wall
1
2
Concrete Column
X-met
Concrete cement
Dowel Bar
•
•
4
3
Acts as brick
reinforcement.
Placed at an
interval of 4
rows of bricks
•
•
Acts as brick
reinforcement.
Placed at an interval of
4 rows of bricks.
Bricks
•
Laid in running bond
Level Peg
•
An indicator for
the thickness of
the plaster.
X-met
•
Fastened in
between column
and bricks to
prevent cracking
of plaster.
Dash
• Mixture
of
cement,
sand
and
water.
• Applied
onto
concrete
surface.
• To
provide
a
rougher
surface
to
hold
plaster.
Finishing
• Plaster will be done after
masonry work.
• Plaster is a mixture of adhesive
cement, sand and water.

27. 5.4
Wooden formwork of staircase
1
2
Temporary panels
Joist width
3
v
Joist
Stringer
Slab thickness
Tread
Rebar
Soffit panel thickness
Temporary panels along the stairway
at construction area are set up and
braced. Treads and risers on the
panel are also laid out. Then, the slab
thicknesses at a right angle to the
slope of the stairway are measured
and a line is snapped.
Figure
5.5.1:
Staircase
construction
formwork
at
Altitude
236
Shores to be cut at
angle
After that, lay out the soffit panel thickness,
joist width and stringer width and snap lines.
The next step, shore length and the side
form width are determined.
4
Soffit panel
Stringer width
Brace
Riser
STAIRCASE
Shores cut to length
Shores are cut to length and secured in
position. Stringers are nailed to the tops of
the shores, joists are nailed to the tops of
the stringers and soffit panels are nailed in
position. Then, the temporary panels are
removed.
NOTE:
The construction of stairs using system formwork
at Altitude 236 is very similar to wooden formwork
such that segments of the formwork are pieced
together like a jigsaw. System formwork is at an
advantage whereby no wastage of wood is
produced and the aluminium mould can reuse over
and over again. This provides a one-time
investment for the contractor as well as compared
to wooden formwork that can be used once and
has to be disposed of after usage.
Stiffener
Riser form boards
Cleats
Side forms
Rebar
Front section
Bottom plate
Top plate
Treads and risers are laid out on the side form.
While the top and bottom plates and stiffeners
are nailed through the side forms. Side forms
are then fastened to the top of the joists. After
the rebar has been placed, cleats and riser form
boards are fastened to the side forms. Lastly,
the front section is nailed into place.

28. Types of staircase
Stair Plans
Both of the sites are having the same type of staircase, which is concrete stairs .
A concrete stair is designed as an inclined slab with steps formed on its
upper surface. Hence, it often requires careful analysis of load, span and support
1. De’bunga
Uses quarter-turn stair . Quarter-turn stair is a
L-shaped stair, which makes a right-angled turn in the path of travel and its
two flights are connected by an intervening landing which are equal in size.
conditions.
Nosing bars
Shear key
Steel dowel
Steel reinforcement as
required
Figure
5.5.3:
Quarter-­‐turn
staircase
Horizontal bars extend into
sidewall.
Beam support
Figure
5.5.2:
Longitudinal
section
of
a
concrete
staircase
2. Altitude 236
Uses half-turn stair . A half turn-stair turns 180 degrees at an
intervening landing and this kind of stair is more compact than a single
straight-run stair. Two flights connected by the landing here are also equal in
size.
Figure
5.5.4:
Half-­‐turn
staircase

29.
5.5 Formwork
ALUMINIUM FORMWORK SYSTEM
1. ARRIVAL AND UNLOADING OF CONTAINER
2.MATERIAL VERIFICATION
3. PRELIMINARY TASK BY JOBSITE
4. PREPERATION FOR SETTING
5. WALL SETTING
6. OPENING AND SUNKEN SETTING
7. KICKER SETTING
8. AL-BRACKET SETTING
9.SLAB SETTING
10. CONCRETE SETTING
11. AL – FORM DISMENTTLEMENT
12. INSTALLATION OF EXTERNAL WORKING
BRACKETS
STAIRCASE SETTING

30. 3. PRELIMINARY TASK BY JOBSITE
1.ARRIVAL AND UNLOADING OF CONTAINER
The panels inside each container is unloaded
2.MATERIAL VERIFICATION
The supervisor and client’s representative will
verify material received based on the packing
list. Once the verification is completed the
panels is put in order based on set up
location.
4. PREPERATION FOR SETTING
As preliminary task, the structural line must be
drawn based on the shell plan.
5. WALL SETTING
Based on the structural line the rebar must be installed.
6. OPENING AND SUNKEN SETTING
WALL PANELS
4
Before installing the panels, it is extremely
Important to apply sufficient quantity of oil
based form oil, in order to prevent the
concrete to stick on the panel.
When installing the wall panels, the job site
workers must start on one side of the wall
and install the wall panels with the flat ties.
Once the set up for one side is completed
the opposite side will be completed with the
PVC slits.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Ones all wall panels had been installed, the
installation of panels for opening area will start.
Ones the up stand has been set up the
installation of panels for window area is as
follows.
6
3
2
WEDGE AND ROUND PIN
4
3
FLAT TIE AND PVC SLEEVE
5
1
2
BEAM CAP SLAB PANEL
BEAM CAP SC
WALL END PANEL
BEAM CAP SC
BEAM CAP PANEL
PROP AND PROP HEAD

31. 7. KICKER SETTING
8. AL-BRACKET SETTING
9.SLAB SETTING
JOINT BAR
KICKER
SLAB PANELS
BEAM
MIIDDLE BEAM
AL-BRACKET
SQUARE PIPE
Once the inner and outer panels had been installed,
the kicker will be installed on the top of the wall
panel in sure that the both four encore will be used
while installing the kicker panel.
10. CONCRETE SETTING
In order the keep the horizontality of the
wall, the AL bracket and square pipe will be
installed.
The assembly of the main beam will be done by
assembling the middle beam, end beam and prop
head together. When installing the slab, start with
one standard panel at the corner of the room
and then install the main beam. Remaining slab
panels will be installed.
11. AL – FORM DISMENTTLEMENT
PROP
HEAD
PIPE
SUPPORT
Ones the assemble has been completed, the
person in charge of the job site must clarify all
panels and accessories had been installed
correctly. When this clarification is done, concrete
will be poured on wall, beam and slab .
24 hours after pouring the concrete, the
dismantlement will start with wall panels. Ones
dismantled leave the wall panels , leave the
panels along the wall by type and by location.
Furthermore, when the panels of opening areas
are dismantled insure that the prop remains in its
place.
After dismantling the wall panels, the slab
will be dismantled. While dismantling insure
that the slab panel will not free fall on the
floor or on the workers and the prop and
prop head will stay in its place. The last area
to be dismantled will be the slab corner.

32. 12. INSTALLATION OF EXTERNAL WORKING BRACKETS
WALL
PLATFORM
STAIRCASE SETTING
SAFETY RAIL
TIMBER
PLATFORM
When installing the external plat form, install them
in a distance of 1.2 meters using the thyroids.
Once the bracket of the plat form has been
installed, install the timber for the platform and
safety rail.
The staircase must be installed as follows.
Installation of the wall panels on the down area.
Installation of the slab panel, beam and
props. Installation of the upper part
panels. Installation of the lower panels.
STEP
PANEL
CAP
PANEL
Installation of the side panels. Finally installation
of the step and cap panels. Insure that there will
always be props on two level, to support the
slab .The external working platform must be
installed on two levels.
Using the same method shown, the installation
and dismantlement of the aluminum formwork
will be repeated until all of the floors are
completed.

33. DESCRIPTION OF ACCESSORIES
5.WALL
FLAT TIE- used to joint the wall panel to the opposite side’s wall panel.
PVC SLEEVE-installed between the wall panel and the opposite side’s wall panels. Flat ties is inserted inside the PVC sleeve to prevent the casting of flat tie to the concrete.
WEDGE AND ROUND PIN- used to joint the Wall or Slab panels together.
AL-BRACKET AND SQUARE PIPE- used to allow horizontal straightness of the wall panels.
9. BEAM AND SLAB
MIDDLE BEAM-Used to joint the prop heads and supports the slab panels
JOINT BAR-Used to joint the prop heads with the beams
SLAB PANEL -used to support the concrete weight during concrete pouring and casting
PROP HEAD- used to joint the beams together and the prop head was connected with the pipe support
FLAT TIE
WALL
PROP HEAD AND PIPE SUPPORT
CONCRETE PUMP PIPE
EXTERNAL PLATFORM
ADVANTAGES OF ALUMINIUM FORMWORK SYSTEM
SPEED UP CONSTRUCTION PERIOD
BETTER WORKING ENVIRONMENT
INCREASE IN WORKER’S SAFETY
INCREASE IN WORKFORCE’S SKILL
STAIRS

34. 5.6
Door
A door frame is a building component used to hang a door. Frames used in
residential buildings are typically made from wood. Its surrounds and supports the
entire door system.
DOOR
Rough Opening
An opening in a wall into
which doorframe is fitted.
Head
Doorjamb
Stop/Doorstop
The projecting part of
doorframe against which
a door closes.
Sill
Figure
5.6.1:
Wooden
door
frame
at
De’bunga
Figure
5.6.2:
Wooden
door
frame
at
Altitude
236
• To hold the
doorframe before
it gets harden/fix
in position.
• To prevent from
falling
Casing (Trim)
The moulding that surrounds the
doorframe for looks.
Jamb
The door frame that surround the actual
door. Attached to door by hinges.
Stop
Small strip of wood that surrounds the
entire inside perimeter of the door and
stops the door from swinging in to far.
Hinges
Attach the door to the doorjamb
(frame).
Figure
5.6.3:
Wooden
door
frame
at
Altitude
236

35.
Types of Door
Slab Door
The most popular door that
used by everyone
French/Hinged Door
Two door panels that lock in
the middle and swing in or
out
Dutch Door
The top part can be move
while the bottom shut.
Bi-Fold Door
A system of hinged doors
that stack against a wall
Gliding Door
A door with two or four
panels that slide past one
another
Saloon Door
A pair of lightweight swing
doors often found in public
bars
Types of Mechanism
Open
Open
Open
Open
Close
Close
Close
Close
Folding Door
Hinged Door
The doors are hinged along one side to allow door The door operated by fitting the pivots of one
door into the top and bottom pivot brackets.
to pivot away from the doorway in one direction
but not in the other. The axis of rotation is usually
vertical.
Sliding Door
Pivot door slides allow the door to pivot open then
slide back into the sides of the cabinet.
Rotating Door
The door typically consists of three or four doors
that hang on a central shaft and rotate around a
vertical axis within a cylindrical enclosure. It is
either be mounted at the central pivot or attached
to the door wings.

36. 5.7 WINDOWS
Types of Windows
Picture Window
Picture window is a large fixed window in a wall, generally
without glazing bars, or glazed with only minimum
reflection of glazing bars near the edge of the window.
Picture window provides an unblocked vie, as if framing a
picture on the wall.
Single-hung Window
Single-hung window has two sashes but typically the top sash
is fixed and only the bottom sash slides.
The advantage of sash window that it provides cooling effect
of interiors during warm weather. By opening both top and
bottom of a sash window by equal amounts allows warm air
at the top of the room to escape, thus drawing cool air from
the outside into the room through the bottom opening.
Fixed Window
A fixed window cannot be opened. Its function is limited to
allow light to enter. This type of window is used in where only
light or vision is needed and there is no ventilation is possible
because the use of trickle vents or over glass vents is absent
in this type of window.
Single Casement Window
Casement windows are hinged on the
either side and open outward to the
right or left. It is usually taller than
wide, their entire sash opens to
provide top-to-bottom light and
ventilation.

37. Installation of Casement Window
The window opening is
spanned externally by a
brick-on-edge arch backed
by a reinforced concrete
lintel.
As the flat arch has little
strength it is supported by a
mild steel angle, with ends built
into the brickwork. The
exposed edge painted for
protection.
The window frame may be fixed
to the sides of brick jambs.The
jamb may be fixed to the
brickwork by screwing or nailing
to hardwood plugs let into
mortar joints.
The hardwood sill helps to
improve its weathering
qualities, which overhangs the
face of the brickwork. Where
the window is set well back
from the outer wall face, it is
necessary to incorporate a
precast concrete sub sill.
Mullions should be through tenoned into heads
and sills, an the transoms stubtenoned into jambs
and mullions.
Opening casements are held in a closed position by
casement fasteners, while both casement and
ventlights can be fixed in a number of open
positions by means of casement stays, which may
be either the peg or sliding varieties.

38. 6.0 ROOF
Cross Gable
From the site at De’bunga, the roof
constructed is cross gable.
Fly rafter
Either of the end
rafters in the part
of a gable root
that projects
beyond the
gable wall.
Lookout
A short bracket
for supporting
the overhang of
roof.
Valley Rafter
A rafter
connecting the
ridge to the wall
plate along a
valley.
Valley Jack
A jack rafter
extending from
a valley rafter
to a ridge.
Cripple Jack
A rafter joining
a hip to a
valley.
Hip Rafter
A rafter forming the
junction of the
sloping sides of a
hip roof.

39. WOOD POST-BEAM
CONNECTION
i. RIDGE CONNECTION
PLAT
E
BACK TO BACK
SHEAR PLATES
METAL
STRAP
FLATTER
SLOPES
GREATER
SLOPES
ii. POST-BEAM CONNECTION
METAL FRAMING ANGLE
-BOTH SIDES OF BEAM
METAL TIE
STRAP

40. FLAT
ROOF
PARAPET
WALL
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
LOAD BEARING WALLS
6.
ROOF SLAB ARE SUPPORTED BY BEARING WALLS OF
REINFORCED CONCRETE.
THE UPTURNED EDGE BEAM HAD FORM A PARAPET WALL.
THE FLAT ROOF IS SLANTED FOR WATER DRAINAGE.
WEAR COURSE
ROOFING MEMBRANE
RIGID FORM OR LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE
INSULATION
VAPOR RETARDER
SMOOTH TROWELED FINISH TO RECEIVE
INSULATION AND ROOFING
REINFORCED CONCRETE ROOF SLAB

41. 7.0 Summary
SUMMARY:
Throughout the whole of this project, we manage to obtain more knowledge and guidance of Malaysian building construction methods compared to that of lecturers and in-class
learning. Besides that, we have learned that throughout the process of building construction, compromises are made and the plans produced by architects are not finalized and it’s a
process of evolutions that occurs from the beginning to the end of the project.
In the first site, De’Bunga Residence, we were able to witness a three-storey bungalow at its pre-roofing stage such that most of its structural components were already completed.
We learned the different names of materials in which the contractors used such as splash dash, beam starter bars, wire mesh and key holes in the mortar walls for the door frame. All of
which are rather new terms we have not learned in class. This help broaden our “architectural vocabulary” as some of these terms are not written in the books and vary from country to
country. At the same time, we were able to improve our observation skills.
During our second site at Altitude 236, we were fortunate enough to be able to visit a condominium in which we managed to experience a totally different variety of construction
methods such as using reinforced concrete to construct everything from walls to roofs and floors. The machinery used in high-rise construction is very different as well such that they
have to transport building materials from ground level all the way up to the construction area.
Lastly, we as a team would like to thank the people in which has given us guidance and took time to patiently explain the different components of the construction site. We would
also like to thank IJM the developer for allowing us to visit their construction site and for providing us with the information we need to complete our assignment.

42. 7.1 Reference
1. Francis D.K. Ching (2008). Building Construction Illustrated (4thth ed.). Canada : John Wiley & Sons . (Original work published 1943).
- See more at: http://reffor.us/index.php#sthash.IAP1nV35.dpuf
2.Stephen Emmit and Christopher A. Gorse (2010). Scaffolding. Barry's Advance Construction of Buildings (2nd ed., pp. 13-63). United Kingdom, United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishing. (Original w
-See more at: http://reffor.us/index.php#sthash.CGtvjdMz.dpuf
3.Watts, A. (2010). Modern Construction Handbook (2nd ed.). London, England: SpringerWienNewYork. (Original work published 2001). - See more at:
http://reffor.us/index.php#sthash.wuj9UxoZ.dpuf
4.Sarkar, S. K. (2012). Construction Technology (1st ed.). India: Oxford University Press. (Original work published 2008).
-See more at: http://reffor.us/index.php#sthash.MMZ0Vo1i.dpuf
5.Roy Chudley and Roger Greeno (2005). Construction Technology (4th ed.). Harrold, England: Personal Education Limited. (Original work published 1973). - See more at:
http://reffor.us/index.php#sthash.JpkMre3r.dpuf
6.Edward Allen and Joseph Iano (2009). Fundamentals of Building Construction Materials and Methods (5th ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons. (Original work published 1938).
-See more at: http://reffor.us/index.php#sthash.MfgdTH7J.dpuf
7. Deplazes, A. (2012). Constructing Architecture (2nd ed.). Basel, Switzerland: Birkhauser. (Original work published 1997) - See more at:
http://reffor.us/index.php#sthash.XyPGNvQQ.dpuf
8. Francis D.K. Ching (2013). Introduction to Architecture (1st ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley and sons. - See more at: http://reffor.us/index.php#sthash.QFmEW525.dpuf
9.Broadhurst, T. (n.d.). About the Old House Web. Retrieved October 9, 2013, from http://www.oldhouseweb.com/about-the-old-house-web.shtml
-See more at: http://reffor.us/index.php#sthash.MxlYMDQu.dpuf
10. Organizations of America States. (n.d.). Organizations of America States. Retrieved Oct 6, 2013, from http://www.oas.org/cdmp/document/codedraw/sectionb.htm
See more at: http://reffor.us/index.php#sthash.flvFOjAv.dpuf
11. bag, j. (2012, May 24). Kumkang Aluminium Formwork System [Video file] [Video file]. Retrieved Oct 17,2013, from
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I85iQCvOT_I - See more at: http://reffor.us/index.php#sthash.xIkWGGwz.dpuf
12. Cheah, D. (2011, Dec 10). Casting of 1st Floor Beam & Slab [Video file] [Video file]. Retrieved Oct 5,2013, from
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MquLVCiCYtw&feature=youtu.be - See more at: http://reffor.us/index.php#sthash.a6E3t6qM.dpuf