This document discusses intelligent transportation systems and their applications. It covers:
- The various technologies that enable ITS, such as wireless communications, computational technologies, and sensing technologies.
- The wide range of ITS applications, including electronic toll collection, emergency vehicle notification, and traffic management systems.
- How ITS helps address transportation challenges by saving lives, time, and money through the use of advanced technologies.
Cisco Smart Intersections: IoT insights using wifiCarl Jackson
In this trial an Edge hosted Wi-Fi solution was evaluated for the purpose of extracting insights into road user behaviour and performance at the intersection within the AIMES testbed in Melbourne, in partnership with University of Melbourne, Department of Transport (DOT), Cohda Wireless, IAG and Cisco.
The document discusses intelligent transportation systems (ITS) which use information technology to make transportation systems more efficient. ITS have been shown to significantly improve transportation system performance by reducing congestion and increasing safety. However, the US lags global leaders like Japan, Singapore, and South Korea in deploying ITS. The document argues that for the US to achieve an effective ITS system, the federal government must take a greater leadership role in both research and development as well as deployment, similar to how it led the development of the interstate highway system.
This document discusses intelligent transportation systems (ITS) in transitional and developing countries. It begins by explaining the rapid growth in vehicle ownership and road traffic as countries reach higher income levels. The conventional approach of expanding infrastructure faces limitations and high costs. ITS emerged by combining information and communication technologies with transportation. ITS can help transitional countries more efficiently manage growing transportation needs. However, ITS deployment in transitional and developing countries requires special consideration due to factors like lower incomes, older vehicle fleets, and varying economic and transportation conditions both within and between countries. The World Bank provides technical notes to help practitioners understand ITS requirements in transitional contexts.
The document discusses urban infrastructure development in India and provides recommendations. It notes that India's urban population is projected to grow rapidly which will strain existing infrastructure. Current infrastructure faces issues like inadequate water supply, sewage treatment, and solid waste management. Recommendations include building urban infrastructure capacity, shifting to performance-based maintenance contracts, creating regional infrastructure funds, and monetizing underutilized public lands to fund development. A case study of Delhi highlights opportunities to optimize land use through measures like reducing the land allocated to ceremonial areas and relocating unused facilities.
Urban infrastructure in India has grown dramatically since the 1950s. The percentage of the population living in urban areas has increased from 17.28% in 1951 to 28% in 2001. Urban areas now contribute around 30% of India's GDP. However, urban infrastructure still faces issues like lack of funds, high import duties on construction materials, and inadequate basic services in smaller towns. Going forward, public-private partnerships will be important to develop urban infrastructure, as the public sector alone cannot meet the large funding needs. The government needs to incentivize private and foreign investment to boost infrastructure development.
[e-Government Program City Paper : Abuja, Nigeria]shrdcinfo
This document discusses e-government initiatives in Abuja and Lagos State, Nigeria. It outlines several current e-government programs in Nigeria including e-passports, online land registration, and online services from government agencies. It also discusses the national e-government strategies and goals, and outlines some challenges to implementing e-government programs including lack of infrastructure, coordination issues, and low digital skills. The document proposes strategies to address these challenges such as increasing private sector involvement, improving monitoring and evaluation, expanding internet access, and involving communication professionals. It argues that adopting Seoul's e-government best practices could help Abuja and Lagos State by providing focus, improving quality of life, and contributing to an e-government master plan and
This document summarizes the key challenges facing urban infrastructure and the approaches city leaders are taking to address them. It finds that while urban infrastructure is generally adequate currently, major investment will be needed in the next 5 years to maintain it. City leaders are seeking to collaborate more with the private sector and citizens to overcome financial obstacles and gain support for infrastructure projects. Strong relationships and transparency around spending are seen as important. Rail, road and energy systems are top concerns.
Cisco Smart Intersections: IoT insights using wifiCarl Jackson
In this trial an Edge hosted Wi-Fi solution was evaluated for the purpose of extracting insights into road user behaviour and performance at the intersection within the AIMES testbed in Melbourne, in partnership with University of Melbourne, Department of Transport (DOT), Cohda Wireless, IAG and Cisco.
The document discusses intelligent transportation systems (ITS) which use information technology to make transportation systems more efficient. ITS have been shown to significantly improve transportation system performance by reducing congestion and increasing safety. However, the US lags global leaders like Japan, Singapore, and South Korea in deploying ITS. The document argues that for the US to achieve an effective ITS system, the federal government must take a greater leadership role in both research and development as well as deployment, similar to how it led the development of the interstate highway system.
This document discusses intelligent transportation systems (ITS) in transitional and developing countries. It begins by explaining the rapid growth in vehicle ownership and road traffic as countries reach higher income levels. The conventional approach of expanding infrastructure faces limitations and high costs. ITS emerged by combining information and communication technologies with transportation. ITS can help transitional countries more efficiently manage growing transportation needs. However, ITS deployment in transitional and developing countries requires special consideration due to factors like lower incomes, older vehicle fleets, and varying economic and transportation conditions both within and between countries. The World Bank provides technical notes to help practitioners understand ITS requirements in transitional contexts.
The document discusses urban infrastructure development in India and provides recommendations. It notes that India's urban population is projected to grow rapidly which will strain existing infrastructure. Current infrastructure faces issues like inadequate water supply, sewage treatment, and solid waste management. Recommendations include building urban infrastructure capacity, shifting to performance-based maintenance contracts, creating regional infrastructure funds, and monetizing underutilized public lands to fund development. A case study of Delhi highlights opportunities to optimize land use through measures like reducing the land allocated to ceremonial areas and relocating unused facilities.
Urban infrastructure in India has grown dramatically since the 1950s. The percentage of the population living in urban areas has increased from 17.28% in 1951 to 28% in 2001. Urban areas now contribute around 30% of India's GDP. However, urban infrastructure still faces issues like lack of funds, high import duties on construction materials, and inadequate basic services in smaller towns. Going forward, public-private partnerships will be important to develop urban infrastructure, as the public sector alone cannot meet the large funding needs. The government needs to incentivize private and foreign investment to boost infrastructure development.
[e-Government Program City Paper : Abuja, Nigeria]shrdcinfo
This document discusses e-government initiatives in Abuja and Lagos State, Nigeria. It outlines several current e-government programs in Nigeria including e-passports, online land registration, and online services from government agencies. It also discusses the national e-government strategies and goals, and outlines some challenges to implementing e-government programs including lack of infrastructure, coordination issues, and low digital skills. The document proposes strategies to address these challenges such as increasing private sector involvement, improving monitoring and evaluation, expanding internet access, and involving communication professionals. It argues that adopting Seoul's e-government best practices could help Abuja and Lagos State by providing focus, improving quality of life, and contributing to an e-government master plan and
This document summarizes the key challenges facing urban infrastructure and the approaches city leaders are taking to address them. It finds that while urban infrastructure is generally adequate currently, major investment will be needed in the next 5 years to maintain it. City leaders are seeking to collaborate more with the private sector and citizens to overcome financial obstacles and gain support for infrastructure projects. Strong relationships and transparency around spending are seen as important. Rail, road and energy systems are top concerns.
This document discusses smart cities and India's plan to build 100 smart cities. It defines smart cities as urban settlements that exploit technology to offer more structured and livable conditions for residents. The key features of smart cities outlined include good citizen access to information, cleanliness, compact buildings near transportation, and social and economic infrastructure. Developing smart cities will help address issues from rapid urbanization in India like lack of infrastructure and services. The document also discusses formulating smart city plans, improving urban governance, and the role of special economic zones in developing smart cities and India's economy.
Developing Africa’s Infrastructure for Enhanced Competitiveness 2013Dr Lendy Spires
The Africa Competitiveness Report 2013 benefit from globalization through investment and trade. To achieve this calls for the construction of an efficient and secure national and cross-border physical infrastructure as well as a coherent system of regulation for business transactions.3 Infrastructure is also critical for the promotion of inclusive and sustainable growth. Rural infrastructure— notably feeder roads and transmission lines that connect rural communities to national grids—enable individuals, households, communities, and small businesses to embark on income-generating activities thanks to improved access to electricity and links to markets. The use of renewable energy or environment-friendly sources of energy—including solar, wind, geothermal, and hydropower, with all of which Africa is well endowed— would contribute to making growth sustainable. A considerable investment in infrastructure that uses innovative sources of funding is needed to address Africa’s low level of competitiveness (see Chapter 1.1). Indeed, the Programme for Infrastructure Development in Africa (PIDA) estimates that Africa will need to invest up to US$93 billion annually until 2020 for both capital investment and maintenance.4 Given the substantial amounts involved, governments will need to be innovative in the search for sustainable approaches to infrastructure development as well as financing. The private sector will need to play an increasingly important role. Governments will do well to create conditions where private-sector engagement is encouraged, probably through public-private partnerships (PPPs). Efficiency gains from performance improvements in infrastructure provision are themselves a significant source of finance,5 and the development of infrastructure bonds as a financing vehicle will need to be encouraged. Adequate maintenance plans are prerequisites for sustainable infrastructure. Maintenance is not only corrective but also preventative because it inspects assets and reduces the risk of failure. Costs associated with statutory maintenance can be substantial—even considerably larger than the value of the asset—yet providing for these maintenance costs is crucial. Without adequate maintenance, infrastructure deteriorates quickly and is unsustainable. Indeed, the longer-term performance of the ICT sector should be reviewed in light of the adequacy of maintenance plans. Thus far, ICT sector performance has been good, albeit from a low base.
Misra,D.C.(2009) Evolution of E Governance in India (1947 2009)Dr D.C. Misra
This is a presentation on evolution of e-governance in India from 1947 to 2009 and draws valuable lessons for other developing countries.(c) Dr D.C.Misra 2009
The document discusses the role of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in disaster recovery and emergency response. It analyzes 10 case studies of disasters where ICTs played an important role. Some key lessons include: ICTs are critical for coordination, but networks are often damaged; satellite phones and radios can restore connectivity when networks are down; social media helps spread information and call for aid; and pre-disaster planning, like hardening telecom infrastructure, makes response more effective. The case studies demonstrate both good practices, like quick restoration of services, and limitations, such as lack of access to or acceptance of ICTs in some regions.
The document discusses the role of information and communication technologies (ICT) in promoting good governance in India. It argues that ICT, through e-governance initiatives, can make government more efficient, transparent, and accountable by automating processes, reducing errors and delays, and increasing access to information for citizens. National programs like the National e-Governance Action Plan aim to leverage ICT to improve public services and governance. Case studies of e-governance pilot projects demonstrate benefits like increased transparency, cost reductions, and improved service delivery.
This document summarizes the challenges of rural telephony in India following telecom reforms. It discusses the importance of telecommunications for development and outlines India's demographic and geographic diversity. It then reviews the history and growth of India's telecom sector, including key policies like the National Telecom Policies of 1994 and 1999. The 1999 policy placed strong emphasis on increasing rural teledensity and expanding coverage to all villages by 2002. Progress made so far in meeting rural telecom targets is also summarized.
S.M.A.R.T. policing explores shifting traditional police systems to a model focused on being strict and sensitive, modern and mobile, alert and accountable, reliable and responsive, and tech-savvy and trained. Smart cities face security risks from physical, economic, cultural and emotional attacks on infrastructure and data. Risks include privacy violations, catastrophic failures, and impacts from locational data access. S.M.A.R.T. policing aims to address these challenges through sensitivity, partnership with society, public broadband networks, mobile technology, and coordination between departments.
Misra, D.C. (2009) An E Governance Vision For India By 2020 Gvmitm 23.5.09Dr D.C. Misra
This an e-governance vision for India by 2020 by an e-governance researcher and consultant. India is already Internet nation no.4 in the world and is destined to become Internet nation no. 1 in the world in due course of time. However, if the steps suggested in this presentation are taken, not only will it hasten the process but provide firm foundations to e-government.
The document summarizes the European Innovation Partnership on Smart Cities and Communities from 2014-2020. Some key points:
- The European Commission launched the partnership in July 2012 to improve quality of life, competitiveness, and sustainable energy and transportation systems through smart city solutions.
- The implementation phase began in January 2014 under the Horizon 2020 program.
- The goal is to achieve economic, environmental and social benefits in European cities through better use of digital technologies and greater citizen engagement.
This document discusses smart cities and urban planning in India. It begins with definitions of traditional city planning and smart city planning. It then discusses the impacts of globalization and economic changes on urbanization and city growth in India. Some key challenges discussed for Indian cities include population growth, urban sprawl, flooding, garbage, air and water pollution. The document examines trends in urbanization for India by 2030 and outlines some urban challenges around areas like transportation, infrastructure, land use, and the environment. It advocates for a shift towards more sustainable urban planning approaches focused on mobility and people rather than just transportation infrastructure expansion.
ICT in leadership and Change Manngmnt-SeminarSafaet Hossain
ICT in Leadership and Change Management seminar held on December 21, 2011. Presentation and Keynote speech by SASM Taifur, Chairman Center for ICT Policy Research (CIPR) & ICT Advisor Infrastructure Investment Facilitation Center.
The document provides a report on urban infrastructure and services in India by the High Powered Expert Committee. It discusses key issues related to water supply, sewerage, solid waste management, urban roads and transport, and street lighting. The committee estimated large investment requirements to provide urban services according to specified norms and support urban growth. It proposed a framework for governance and financing to enable local bodies to deliver services and be accountable. The challenges of urbanization in India were urban poverty, congestion and the need for synergy between urban and rural development.
Smart city: Case Study Seoul, North KoreaSandeEp VeRma
The document discusses Seoul, South Korea as a smart city, highlighting several aspects of its smart infrastructure and initiatives. Seoul aims to utilize smart technologies through its 'Smart Seoul 2015' project to improve urban development. Key smart infrastructure projects discussed include: (1) embedding fiber-optic cable along subway tunnels to provide free public Wi-Fi, (2) installing smart meters to reduce energy use by 10%, (3) mobile apps and services to provide public information and emergency alerts, and (4) using 3D spatial information for flood simulation and infrastructure planning. The goal is to make the city more livable, sustainable and efficient for residents through improved connectivity, services and resource management.
E-governance involves using information and communication technologies to improve government services, increase transparency, and encourage citizen participation. It originated in the 1970s in India and other countries. There have been five stages of e-governance development: information, interaction, transaction, transformation, and institutionalization. The Philippines has worked to develop e-governance since the 1970s by establishing organizations and passing laws, but UN assessments show it still has progress to make compared to other Southeast Asian nations in online services, infrastructure, and citizen participation.
Intelligent World, Smart Cities, Intelligent Communities, Next Industrial Revolution, Future City Developments,
Definition, Barriers, Funding, Stakeholders, Smart City Internet
The document summarizes electronic government initiatives in Afghanistan. It provides key telecommunications statistics for Afghanistan and outlines the government's mission to expand telecom infrastructure and introduce e-government over the next 3 years. The objectives of e-government are listed as greater convenience, empowering citizen participation, revenue growth, increased transparency, and reduced corruption. The technical capabilities being developed include restructuring the Ministry of Communications & IT, establishing a cybersecurity center, building human capacity, and expanding telecom networks and IT infrastructure across government agencies. A number of e-government services and projects are currently underway focused on areas like education, health, finance, and citizen records. Challenges to the development of e-government include issues like quality, price
This document discusses India's infrastructure development and policy. It outlines the current state of India's infrastructure, including poor road conditions and electricity shortages. It also identifies factors impeding development, such as a poor judicial system and corruption. The document then covers India's efforts to develop various infrastructure sectors like power, ports, and roads through public-private partnerships and privatization. It concludes by noting that if private investment in infrastructure continues, India can expect to sustain its high economic growth.
The document discusses how information and communication technologies (ICT) can support national development goals through ICT services and e-citizen solutions. It outlines the ICT environment and challenges of ICT services design. Key points discussed include how ICT can impact socioeconomic development, the Philippines' development agenda that ICT aims to support, and ICT decision imperatives around principles, architecture, infrastructure, applications, investment, and governance. Examples of e-citizen solutions presented are e-government, e-commerce, and social networks.
Intentions de vote aux présidentielles de 2017. 1er tour et 2ème Tour. Sondage réalisé par téléphone du 23 au 27 mars 2017 auprès d'un échantillon de 1106 personnes inscrites sur les listes électorales.
10 Things You Didn’t Know About Mobile Email from Litmus & HubSpotHubSpot
The document discusses key insights about mobile email usage and optimization. It shows that mobile email opens have grown 600% from 2011-2016, with over 70% of emails now being opened on mobile devices. When emails look bad on mobile, over 80% of users will still read them. The document provides tips for optimizing elements like preview text, links, text sizes, touch targets, and layouts for mobile. It also discusses different mobile email design approaches and resources for templates.
This document discusses smart cities and India's plan to build 100 smart cities. It defines smart cities as urban settlements that exploit technology to offer more structured and livable conditions for residents. The key features of smart cities outlined include good citizen access to information, cleanliness, compact buildings near transportation, and social and economic infrastructure. Developing smart cities will help address issues from rapid urbanization in India like lack of infrastructure and services. The document also discusses formulating smart city plans, improving urban governance, and the role of special economic zones in developing smart cities and India's economy.
Developing Africa’s Infrastructure for Enhanced Competitiveness 2013Dr Lendy Spires
The Africa Competitiveness Report 2013 benefit from globalization through investment and trade. To achieve this calls for the construction of an efficient and secure national and cross-border physical infrastructure as well as a coherent system of regulation for business transactions.3 Infrastructure is also critical for the promotion of inclusive and sustainable growth. Rural infrastructure— notably feeder roads and transmission lines that connect rural communities to national grids—enable individuals, households, communities, and small businesses to embark on income-generating activities thanks to improved access to electricity and links to markets. The use of renewable energy or environment-friendly sources of energy—including solar, wind, geothermal, and hydropower, with all of which Africa is well endowed— would contribute to making growth sustainable. A considerable investment in infrastructure that uses innovative sources of funding is needed to address Africa’s low level of competitiveness (see Chapter 1.1). Indeed, the Programme for Infrastructure Development in Africa (PIDA) estimates that Africa will need to invest up to US$93 billion annually until 2020 for both capital investment and maintenance.4 Given the substantial amounts involved, governments will need to be innovative in the search for sustainable approaches to infrastructure development as well as financing. The private sector will need to play an increasingly important role. Governments will do well to create conditions where private-sector engagement is encouraged, probably through public-private partnerships (PPPs). Efficiency gains from performance improvements in infrastructure provision are themselves a significant source of finance,5 and the development of infrastructure bonds as a financing vehicle will need to be encouraged. Adequate maintenance plans are prerequisites for sustainable infrastructure. Maintenance is not only corrective but also preventative because it inspects assets and reduces the risk of failure. Costs associated with statutory maintenance can be substantial—even considerably larger than the value of the asset—yet providing for these maintenance costs is crucial. Without adequate maintenance, infrastructure deteriorates quickly and is unsustainable. Indeed, the longer-term performance of the ICT sector should be reviewed in light of the adequacy of maintenance plans. Thus far, ICT sector performance has been good, albeit from a low base.
Misra,D.C.(2009) Evolution of E Governance in India (1947 2009)Dr D.C. Misra
This is a presentation on evolution of e-governance in India from 1947 to 2009 and draws valuable lessons for other developing countries.(c) Dr D.C.Misra 2009
The document discusses the role of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in disaster recovery and emergency response. It analyzes 10 case studies of disasters where ICTs played an important role. Some key lessons include: ICTs are critical for coordination, but networks are often damaged; satellite phones and radios can restore connectivity when networks are down; social media helps spread information and call for aid; and pre-disaster planning, like hardening telecom infrastructure, makes response more effective. The case studies demonstrate both good practices, like quick restoration of services, and limitations, such as lack of access to or acceptance of ICTs in some regions.
The document discusses the role of information and communication technologies (ICT) in promoting good governance in India. It argues that ICT, through e-governance initiatives, can make government more efficient, transparent, and accountable by automating processes, reducing errors and delays, and increasing access to information for citizens. National programs like the National e-Governance Action Plan aim to leverage ICT to improve public services and governance. Case studies of e-governance pilot projects demonstrate benefits like increased transparency, cost reductions, and improved service delivery.
This document summarizes the challenges of rural telephony in India following telecom reforms. It discusses the importance of telecommunications for development and outlines India's demographic and geographic diversity. It then reviews the history and growth of India's telecom sector, including key policies like the National Telecom Policies of 1994 and 1999. The 1999 policy placed strong emphasis on increasing rural teledensity and expanding coverage to all villages by 2002. Progress made so far in meeting rural telecom targets is also summarized.
S.M.A.R.T. policing explores shifting traditional police systems to a model focused on being strict and sensitive, modern and mobile, alert and accountable, reliable and responsive, and tech-savvy and trained. Smart cities face security risks from physical, economic, cultural and emotional attacks on infrastructure and data. Risks include privacy violations, catastrophic failures, and impacts from locational data access. S.M.A.R.T. policing aims to address these challenges through sensitivity, partnership with society, public broadband networks, mobile technology, and coordination between departments.
Misra, D.C. (2009) An E Governance Vision For India By 2020 Gvmitm 23.5.09Dr D.C. Misra
This an e-governance vision for India by 2020 by an e-governance researcher and consultant. India is already Internet nation no.4 in the world and is destined to become Internet nation no. 1 in the world in due course of time. However, if the steps suggested in this presentation are taken, not only will it hasten the process but provide firm foundations to e-government.
The document summarizes the European Innovation Partnership on Smart Cities and Communities from 2014-2020. Some key points:
- The European Commission launched the partnership in July 2012 to improve quality of life, competitiveness, and sustainable energy and transportation systems through smart city solutions.
- The implementation phase began in January 2014 under the Horizon 2020 program.
- The goal is to achieve economic, environmental and social benefits in European cities through better use of digital technologies and greater citizen engagement.
This document discusses smart cities and urban planning in India. It begins with definitions of traditional city planning and smart city planning. It then discusses the impacts of globalization and economic changes on urbanization and city growth in India. Some key challenges discussed for Indian cities include population growth, urban sprawl, flooding, garbage, air and water pollution. The document examines trends in urbanization for India by 2030 and outlines some urban challenges around areas like transportation, infrastructure, land use, and the environment. It advocates for a shift towards more sustainable urban planning approaches focused on mobility and people rather than just transportation infrastructure expansion.
ICT in leadership and Change Manngmnt-SeminarSafaet Hossain
ICT in Leadership and Change Management seminar held on December 21, 2011. Presentation and Keynote speech by SASM Taifur, Chairman Center for ICT Policy Research (CIPR) & ICT Advisor Infrastructure Investment Facilitation Center.
The document provides a report on urban infrastructure and services in India by the High Powered Expert Committee. It discusses key issues related to water supply, sewerage, solid waste management, urban roads and transport, and street lighting. The committee estimated large investment requirements to provide urban services according to specified norms and support urban growth. It proposed a framework for governance and financing to enable local bodies to deliver services and be accountable. The challenges of urbanization in India were urban poverty, congestion and the need for synergy between urban and rural development.
Smart city: Case Study Seoul, North KoreaSandeEp VeRma
The document discusses Seoul, South Korea as a smart city, highlighting several aspects of its smart infrastructure and initiatives. Seoul aims to utilize smart technologies through its 'Smart Seoul 2015' project to improve urban development. Key smart infrastructure projects discussed include: (1) embedding fiber-optic cable along subway tunnels to provide free public Wi-Fi, (2) installing smart meters to reduce energy use by 10%, (3) mobile apps and services to provide public information and emergency alerts, and (4) using 3D spatial information for flood simulation and infrastructure planning. The goal is to make the city more livable, sustainable and efficient for residents through improved connectivity, services and resource management.
E-governance involves using information and communication technologies to improve government services, increase transparency, and encourage citizen participation. It originated in the 1970s in India and other countries. There have been five stages of e-governance development: information, interaction, transaction, transformation, and institutionalization. The Philippines has worked to develop e-governance since the 1970s by establishing organizations and passing laws, but UN assessments show it still has progress to make compared to other Southeast Asian nations in online services, infrastructure, and citizen participation.
Intelligent World, Smart Cities, Intelligent Communities, Next Industrial Revolution, Future City Developments,
Definition, Barriers, Funding, Stakeholders, Smart City Internet
The document summarizes electronic government initiatives in Afghanistan. It provides key telecommunications statistics for Afghanistan and outlines the government's mission to expand telecom infrastructure and introduce e-government over the next 3 years. The objectives of e-government are listed as greater convenience, empowering citizen participation, revenue growth, increased transparency, and reduced corruption. The technical capabilities being developed include restructuring the Ministry of Communications & IT, establishing a cybersecurity center, building human capacity, and expanding telecom networks and IT infrastructure across government agencies. A number of e-government services and projects are currently underway focused on areas like education, health, finance, and citizen records. Challenges to the development of e-government include issues like quality, price
This document discusses India's infrastructure development and policy. It outlines the current state of India's infrastructure, including poor road conditions and electricity shortages. It also identifies factors impeding development, such as a poor judicial system and corruption. The document then covers India's efforts to develop various infrastructure sectors like power, ports, and roads through public-private partnerships and privatization. It concludes by noting that if private investment in infrastructure continues, India can expect to sustain its high economic growth.
The document discusses how information and communication technologies (ICT) can support national development goals through ICT services and e-citizen solutions. It outlines the ICT environment and challenges of ICT services design. Key points discussed include how ICT can impact socioeconomic development, the Philippines' development agenda that ICT aims to support, and ICT decision imperatives around principles, architecture, infrastructure, applications, investment, and governance. Examples of e-citizen solutions presented are e-government, e-commerce, and social networks.
Intentions de vote aux présidentielles de 2017. 1er tour et 2ème Tour. Sondage réalisé par téléphone du 23 au 27 mars 2017 auprès d'un échantillon de 1106 personnes inscrites sur les listes électorales.
10 Things You Didn’t Know About Mobile Email from Litmus & HubSpotHubSpot
The document discusses key insights about mobile email usage and optimization. It shows that mobile email opens have grown 600% from 2011-2016, with over 70% of emails now being opened on mobile devices. When emails look bad on mobile, over 80% of users will still read them. The document provides tips for optimizing elements like preview text, links, text sizes, touch targets, and layouts for mobile. It also discusses different mobile email design approaches and resources for templates.
The document discusses the importance of connecting with buyers in an inbound way and how to execute the connect stage of the inbound sales methodology. It recommends defining buyer personas, outreach sequences for each persona, and personalized outreach content. It provides examples of developing buyer personas, sequences, and content for different lead sources like inbound leads and common connections. The document also provides examples of scripts for connect calls with different lead types and how to get buyer buy-in for longer exploratory conversations.
Modern Prospecting Techniques for Connecting with Prospects (from Sales Hacke...HubSpot
Sales is a difficult world to be in because buyers aren't putting up with salespeople anymore. Instead of helping and building relationships, sales reps are still focused on closing prospects - even when they aren't ready to buy! So buyers ignore them. Because of that, even great sales reps would be lucky to get on the phone with someone.
While buyers have evolved and become more sophisticated, sales reps and training programs have been slow to adapt to that change.
Learn actionable modern prospecting techniques you can apply immediately from two best selling authors and sales experts: Max Altschuler CEO of Sales Hacker, and Mark Roberge CRO of HubSpot.
Class 1: Email Marketing Certification course: Email Marketing and Your BusinessHubSpot
*From HubSpot Academy*
Over the past few decades, people have radically changed the way they live, work and buy. This class will give you an overview of an adaptive, inbound approach to sending emails that provide value and drive growth for your business. It will also teach you about the four big themes of a modern email marketing program: segmentation, personalization, mobile, and optimization.
This document summarizes diversity data from HubSpot in 2016. It shows the breakdown of employees by gender, age, ethnicity, and management level across different departments. While diversity is still lacking, especially in technical roles and leadership, progress was made in 2016 with increases in female representation and hiring of underrepresented ethnic groups. Continued efforts are needed to create a more inclusive workforce.
Why People Block Ads (And What It Means for Marketers and Advertisers) [New R...HubSpot
HubSpot Research shares new data on why people use ad blockers and what marketers and advertisers need to do to keep people from blocking out ads completely. Hint: it's stop using interruptive and annoying ads.
3 Proven Sales Email Templates Used by Successful CompaniesHubSpot
76% of emails never get opened. That makes life for salespeople very difficult. So we've partnered up with Breakthrough Email to bring you email templates that are proven to engage prospects and close more deals. Start using them today and grow your revenue.
The lack of visible female role models is pervasive in the tech industry, particularly on Wikipedia, where just under 17% of Wikipedia biographies were on women. That's why HubSpot wrote fourteen Wikipedia entries for remarkable women in tech to help inspire young women to reach positions at the highest levels of STEM.
Think Like a 50s Ad Exec & Execute Like a Geek #BeWizardLisa Myers
The document discusses strategies for creative marketing campaigns, including thinking like advertisers from the 1950s and combining nostalgia with technology. It emphasizes the importance of defining your "why" and motivating people through purpose rather than facts and figures. Specific campaigns achieved widespread coverage by thinking differently and pushing boundaries rather than focusing on budget or resources. The key is to solve problems innovatively and believe in grit over experience.
Artificial Intelligence or the Brainization of the EconomyWilly Braun
60 years ago, John McCarthy used for the first time the term “Artificial Intelligence”. What does it mean and how has it evolved since 1956?
This is what daphni tried to answer in this in-depth report about AI. We’ve interviewed some of the brightest minds in the field: Bruno Maisonnier (founder of Aldebaran robotics), Massimiliano Versaca (CEO Neurala), Alexandre Lebrun (co-founder of wit.ai), Luc Julia (VP Innovation Samsung).
By Paul Bazin and Pierre-Eric Leibovici
Процесс разработки не начинается и не заканчивается на написании кода программного продукта. Мы пишем документацию, придумываем, как это всё оттестировать, и заботимся о том, чтобы доступность приложения была на высоком уровне.
Мы все делаем привычные вещи привычным для нас способом. Порой выполняя много ручной и неэффективной работы. Но что, если есть другой, радикальный подход. Можно ли формализовать свою деятельность и переложить её в код? Какие практики и инструменты для этого использовать?
В докладе будет представлен личный опыт автора по автоматизации различных элементов разработки ПО.
A head injury can cause damage to the scalp, skull or brain from trauma. The main types of head injuries are lacerations, concussions, contusions, hemorrhages, compressions, and skull fractures. Symptoms vary depending on the type of injury but may include headaches, nausea, blurred vision, confusion and loss of consciousness. Treatment focuses on monitoring the person's condition, controlling bleeding if present, preventing further injury, and seeking immediate medical help for serious injuries or worsening symptoms.
This document provides an overview of training programs offered by Humantalents, a training and development company. It lists over 20 training program topics that Humantalents can design including active training techniques, appreciating diversity, breakthrough learning, career exploration and planning, coaching skills, 360-degree feedback, enhancing established teams, negotiating to win-win, personal effectiveness, productive groups, delivering high-caliber customer service, minimizing stress and maximizing success, the art of delegation, managing change, time management, conducting performance reviews, and communication and leadership skills. For each program it provides the objectives, target participants, and maximum number of participants. It also includes contact information for the lead trainer Jayadeva.
Urban mobility refers to how people and goods move through cities, which faces challenges due to population growth, congestion, environmental impacts, and public safety issues. As urban populations increase, cities are under pressure to improve mobility. Smart city technologies are helping cities collect and analyze data from traffic signals, cameras, and other sensors to better manage transportation systems, reduce congestion and pollution, and enhance public safety. Connected vehicle models using vehicle-to-infrastructure, vehicle-to-vehicle, and other data connections also aim to improve safety and efficiency of transportation.
The document discusses 9 trends that will revolutionize urban transport and road safety by 2050: 1) the rise of autonomous vehicles, 2) an accelerated shift to new modes of shared transport and ownership, 3) more sustainable transport and greener cities, 4) growing vehicle and infrastructure connectivity, 5) more flexible use of lanes and digital mobility, 6) reduced speed limits in cities, 7) building 15-minute cities with essential services nearby, 8) greater use of contextual traffic and planning data, 9) urban air mobility and fewer cars to reclaim public space. Experts comment that these trends will improve safety, efficiency and sustainability of transport as cities address growing populations and congestion.
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It is programme of Indian government implemented under national e governance plan.how CSC will catalyze the social changes through internet in rural India?
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Road infrastructure solutions can play an important part in helping cities become safer, greener, and smarter. Governments throughout the world have initiated plans to deploy technologies for Smart
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challenges faced due to rapid urbanization.3 Road safety represents measures that can be taken to reduce
the risk of accidents and fatalities for road users (cyclists, motorists, pedestrians, vehicle passengers, and
public transport passengers) in the road network of built-up urban streets, non-built-up rural roads, and major highways.
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3) Emerging technologies are enhancing all modes of transportation without requiring new physical infrastructure, through connectivity between users, vehicles, and systems using data, analytics, and mobile applications.
This document discusses transportation challenges in developing countries and strategies to address them, using Dar es Salaam, Tanzania as a case study. It describes the rapid population growth and urbanization in Dar es Salaam, resulting in increased transportation demand and urban sprawl. The document then presents models for designing bus networks to grow with expanding cities in a sustainable way. It proposes implementing a Bus Rapid Transit system and mobility management strategies in Dar es Salaam to enhance mobility and reduce private vehicle use as the city population increases over time.
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The Internet of Things (IoT) has become an important part of creating a more efficient, sustainable, and resilient city, and demonstrated the growing impact it will have on people and the planet.
Urban transport systems face challenges like traffic, pollution, and accidents. Access to destinations, goods, services, and information is the objective of transportation systems, and efficient access drives economic and social advantages. Urban form and transport are directly connected, and both impact urban development. Solutions include improving integrated urban planning to increase sustainable accessibility while lowering carbon mobility. Prioritizing public transit, walking, and cycling can make cities more affordable and equitable.
Future of transport An initial perspective - Professor Glenn Lyons, UWE, Br...Future Agenda
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The document discusses Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) which use information and communication technologies to improve transportation safety, efficiency, and reliability. It outlines problems with transportation in India like traffic congestion, fuel consumption, and high accident rates. The document then describes various ITS technologies used worldwide and being implemented in India, including electronic toll collection, emergency notification systems, and traffic enforcement cameras. It concludes by discussing requirements and challenges for further adopting ITS in India.
The National Building Code of India (NBC) was established in 1970 to provide standards for building construction. It is overseen by the Indian Standards Institution and aims to standardize construction practices across government departments, municipalities, and other agencies. The NBC establishes panels of experts to draft sections covering topics like architecture, structural engineering, construction practices, building services, and more. It has been periodically updated to incorporate changes in building bye-laws, materials standards, and additional requirements.
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The document summarizes research on intelligent transport systems in Europe. It discusses 6 key areas: 1) road traffic management
and control, 2) air traffic management and control, 3) maritime traffic management and control, 4) safety and emergency systems,
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This document lists various product ideas including a secret drawer, traffic signal with an hourglass timer, hoodie backpack, hidden power outlet, eco-friendly toilet, smart jeans for smartphone users, digital measuring cup, built-in wall extension cord, iPhone lens, on-demand cup holder, spoke-less bicycle, compact boots, digital ink for tablets, salt water powered clock, hand powered shredder, wifi digital pen, Rubik's cube for the blind, zipper ear phones, self-locking bike, calendar ring, table tennis door, and solar powered camping tent.
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Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
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Accident detection system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The Rapid growth of technology and infrastructure has made our lives easier. The
advent of technology has also increased the traffic hazards and the road accidents take place
frequently which causes huge loss of life and property because of the poor emergency facilities.
Many lives could have been saved if emergency service could get accident information and
reach in time. Our project will provide an optimum solution to this draw back. A piezo electric
sensor can be used as a crash or rollover detector of the vehicle during and after a crash. With
signals from a piezo electric sensor, a severe accident can be recognized. According to this
project when a vehicle meets with an accident immediately piezo electric sensor will detect the
signal or if a car rolls over. Then with the help of GSM module and GPS module, the location
will be sent to the emergency contact. Then after conforming the location necessary action will
be taken. If the person meets with a small accident or if there is no serious threat to anyone’s
life, then the alert message can be terminated by the driver by a switch provided in order to
avoid wasting the valuable time of the medical rescue team.
Supermarket Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
Supermarket management is a stand-alone J2EE using Eclipse Juno program.
This project contains all the necessary required information about maintaining
the supermarket billing system.
The core idea of this project to minimize the paper work and centralize the
data. Here all the communication is taken in secure manner. That is, in this
application the information will be stored in client itself. For further security the
data base is stored in the back-end oracle and so no intruders can access it.
Mechatronics is a multidisciplinary field that refers to the skill sets needed in the contemporary, advanced automated manufacturing industry. At the intersection of mechanics, electronics, and computing, mechatronics specialists create simpler, smarter systems. Mechatronics is an essential foundation for the expected growth in automation and manufacturing.
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Fluke Solar Application Specialist Will White is presenting on this engaging topic:
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Agile Methodology: Before Agile – Waterfall, Agile Development.
1. 1
ABSTRACT
“Future of transportation infrastructure”
There are many technologies involved in intelligent transportation system,
Wireless communications
Computational technologies
Floating car data/floating cellular data
Sensing technologies
Inductive loop detection
Video vehicle detection
.
Intelligent transportation system i.e. ITS has wide range of applications as,
Electronic toll collection
Emergency vehicle notification systems
Cordon zones with congestion pricing
Automatic road enforcement
Collision avoidance systems
Dynamic Traffic Light Sequence
Intelligent Vehicle
A broad range of diverse technologies, known collectively as intelligent transportation
systems (ITS), holds the answer to many of our transportation problems. ITS is comprised of a
number of technologies, including information processing, communications, control, sand
electronics. Joining these technologies to our transportation system will save lives, save time,
and save money.
2. 2
1. Background:
Intelligent Transportation Systems help meet the transportation challenges:
A broad range of diverse technologies, known collectively as intelligent
transportation systems (ITS), holds the answer to many of our transportation
problems. ITS is comprised of a number of technologies, including information processing,
communications, control, sand electronics. Joining these technologies to our transportation
system will save lives, save time, and save money.
The future of ITS is promising. Yet, ITS itself, is anything but futuristic. Already, real
systems, products and services are at work throughout the world. Still, the wide-scale
development and deployment of these technologies represents a true revolution in the way
we, as a nation, think about transportation. While many aspects of our lives have been made
more pleasant and productive through the use of advanced technologies, we have somehow
been content to endure a transportation system whose primary controlling technology is the
four-way traffic signal -- a technology that has changed little since it was first invented. It has
taken transportation a long time to catch on, but now the industry is sprinting to catch up.
Fulfilling the need for a national system that is both economically sound and
environmentally efficient requires a new way of looking at -- and solving -- our
transportation problems. The decades-old panacea of simply pouring more and more
concrete neither solves our transportation problems, nor meets the broad vision of an
efficient transportation system.
Traffic accidents and congestion take a heavy toll on lives, productivity, and wastes
energy. ITS enables people and goods to move more safely and efficiently through a state-
of-the-art, intermodal transportation system.
Interest in ITS comes from the problems caused by traffic congestion and a synergy
of new information technology for simulation, real-time control, and communications
networks. Traffic congestion has been increasing worldwide as a result of increased
motorization, urbanization, population growth, and changes in population density.
Congestion reduces efficiency of transportation infrastructure and increases travel time, air
pollution, and fuel consumption.
The United States, for example, saw large increases in both motorization and
urbanization starting in the 1920s that led to migration of the population from the sparsely
populated rural areas and the densely packed urban areas into suburbs. The industrial
economy replaced the agricultural economy, leading the population to move from rural
locations into urban centers. At the same time, motorization was causing cities to expand
because motorized transportation couldnot support the population density that the existing
mass transit systems could. Suburbs provided a reasonable compromise between population
density
3. 3
and access to a wide variety of employment, goods, and services that were available in
the more densely populated urban centers. Further, suburban infrastructure could be
built quickly, supporting a rapid transition from a rural/agricultural economy to an
industrial/urban economy.
Recent governmental activity in the area of ITS – specifically in the United States – is
further motivated by the perceived need for homeland security. Many of the proposed ITS
systems also involve surveillance of the roadways, which is a priority of homeland security.
Funding of many systems comes either directly through homeland security organizations or
with their approval. Further, ITS can play a role in the rapid mass evacuation of people in
urban centers after large casualty events such as a result of a natural disaster or threat. Much
of the infrastructure and planning involved with ITS parallels the need for homeland security
systems.
In the developing world, the migration of people from rural to urbanized habitats has
progressed differently. Many areas of the developing world have urbanized without significant
motorization and the formation of suburbs. In areas like Santiago, Chile, a high population
density is supported by a multimodal system of walking, bicycle transportation, motorcycles,
buses, and trains. A small portion of the population can afford automobiles, but the
automobiles greatly increase the congestion in these multimodal transportation systems. They
also produce a considerable amount of air pollution, pose a significant safety risk, and
exacerbate feelings of inequities in the society.
Other parts of the developing world, such as China, remain largely rural but are
rapidly urbanizing and industrializing. In these areas a motorized infrastructure is being
developed alongside motorization of the population. Great disparity of wealth means that only
a fraction of the population can motorize, and therefore the highly dense multimodal
transportation system for the poor is cross-cut by the highly motorized transportation system
for the rich. The urban infrastructure is being rapidly developed, providing an opportunity to
build new systems that incorporate ITS at early stages.
1.1Indian scenario:Urban Scenario:
In India out of the total population of 1027 million as on 1st March, 2001,about 742 million
live in rural areas and 285 million in urban areas.
The percentage decadal growth of population in rural and urban areas during the 1990-
2000 decade was 17.9 and 31.2 percent respectively.
The Ministry of Urban Development is in the process of framing a National Urban Transport
Policy (NUTP) to address the various issues involved in urban transport.
The objective of this policy is to ensure safe, affordable, quick, comfortable,
reliable and sustainable access for the growing number of city residents to jobs,
education, recreation and such other needs within our cities.
This is sought to be achieved by incorporating urban transportation as an important
parameter at the urban planning stage rather than being a consequential requirement; bringing
4. 4
about a more equitable allocation of road space - with people, rather than vehicles, as its main
focus; investing in transport systems that encourage greater use of public transport and non-
motorized modes instead of personal motor vehicles; reducing pollution levels through
changes in traveling practices, better enforcement, stricter norms,technological
improvements; building capacity (institutional and manpower) to plan for sustainable urban
transport; and promoting the use of cleaner technologies.
According to the 2001 census, there are 35 metropolitan cities with million plus
population. There are eight cities in the country with more than 3 million population, which
include Delhi, Mumbai, Hyderabad, Bangalore and
Kolkata.Among all the States and Union territories, the National Capital Territory of Delhi
is most urbanized with 93 percent urban population and will be hosting the 2010
Commonwealth Games, which is expected to give a big boost to ITS technologies and
services.
Rural scenario:
Out of the total 3.3 million km road network in India, approximately 80 % are in rural
areas.
Upgradation of about 3,70,000 km Rural Roads is estimated at a cost of Rs.53, 000
Crore (one crore = 10 million). Cost of New Connectivity is estimated at Rs. 79,000
crore.The total envisaged cost of the project is about Rs.1,32,000crore.
As part of the Indian Government‟s commitment to develop rural
connectivity, the massive Prime Minister‟s GrameenaSadakYojana (Prime
Minister‟s Rural Roads Programme) was launched on
25th December, 2000 to provide all-weather access to unconnected
habitations.
The PMGSY is a 100% Centrally Sponsored Scheme with 50% of the Cess on High Speed
Diesel (HSD) earmarked for this Programme.
Combined with other rural infrastructure, e-governance, electrification and
telecommunication programmes, ITS opportunities for rural roads in India has
great potential.
Some statistics:
Under the 2005-06 budget
Rs 450 crores special package has been set aside for the North
Eastern region
Rural infrastructure development fund: A corpus of Rs 8000 crores in
2005-06
Telecommunications: A provision of Rs.1,200 crore for Universal Service
5. 5
Obligation (USO) Fund in 2005-06; 1,687 subdivisions to get support for rural
household telephones; BSNL to provide public telephones in the next three years to
the remaining 66,822 revenue villages.
Rural Electrification: To cover 1.25 lakh villages in five years; focus to be on
deficient States; creation of a rural electricity distribution backbone envisaged,
with a 33/11 KV substation in each block and at least onedistribution
transformer in each village; Rs.1,100 crore provided in 2005-06.
2. Intelligent transportation technologies:
Intelligent transportation systems vary in technologies applied, from basic
management systems such as car navigation; traffic signal control systems;
container management systems; variable message signs; automatic number plate
recognition or speed cameras to monitoring applications, such as security CCTV
systems; and to more advanced applications that integrate live data and feedback
from a number of other sources, such as parking guidance and information
systems; weather information; bridge deicing systems; and the like.
Additionally, predictive techniques are being developed in order to allow
advanced modeling and comparison with historical baseline data. Some of the
constituent technologies typically implemented in ITS are described in the
following sections.
Fig.1 Intelligent Transportation System
6. 6
2.1 WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS:
Various forms of wireless communications technologies have been proposed for
intelligent transportation systems. Short-range communications (less than 500 yards) can be
accomplished using IEEE 802.11 protocols, specifically WAVE or the Dedicated Short
Range Communications standard being promoted by the Intelligent Transportation Society
of America and the United States Department of Transportation. Theoretically, the range of
these protocols can be extended using Mobile ad-hoc networks or Mesh networking.
Longer range communications have been proposed using infrastructure networks such
as WiMAX (IEEE 802.16), Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), or 3G. Long-
range communications using these methods are well established, but, unlike the short-range
protocols, these methods require extensive and very expensive infrastructure deployment.
There is lack of consensus as to what business model should support this infrastructure.
Fig.2 Wireless Communication
2.2 COMPUTATIONAL TECHNOLOGIES:
Recent advances in vehicle electronics have led to a move toward fewer, more
capable computer processors on a vehicle. A typical vehicle in the early 2000s would have
between 20 and 100 individual networked microcontroller/Programmable logic controller
modules with non-real-time operating systems. The current trend is toward fewer, more
costly microprocessor modules with hardware memory management and Real-Time
Operating Systems. The new embedded system platforms allow for more sophisticated
7. 7
software applications to be implemented, including model-based process control, artificial
intelligence, and ubiquitous computing. Perhaps the most important of these for Intelligent
Transportation Systems is artificial intelligence.
2.3 FLOATING CAR DATA/FLOATING CELLULAR DATA:
Virtually every car contains one or more mobile phones. These mobile phones
routinely transmit their location information to the network – even when no voice connection
is established. This allows them to be used as anonymous traffic probes. As the car moves, so
does the signal of the mobile phone. By measuring and analyzing triangulation network data
– in an anonymous format – the data is converted into accurate traffic flow information. With
more congestion, there are more cars, more phones, and thus, more probes. In metropolitan
areas, the distance between antennas is shorter and, thus, accuracy increases. No
infrastructure needs to be built along the road; only the mobile phone network is leveraged.
Floating car data technology provides great advantages over existing methods of traffic
measurement:
much less expensive than sensors or cameras
more coverage: all locations and streets
faster to set up (no work zones) and less maintenance
works in all weather conditions, including heavy rain
2.4SENSING TECHNOLOGIES:
Technological advances in telecommunications and information technology coupled
with state-of-the-art microchip, RFID, and inexpensive intelligent beacon sensing
technologies have enhanced the technical capabilities that will facilitate motorist safety
benefits for Intelligent transportation systems globally. Sensing systems for ITS are vehicle
and infrastructure based networked systems, e.g., Intelligent vehicle technologies.
Infrastructure sensors are indestructible (such as in-road reflectors) devices that are installed
or embedded on the road, or surrounding the road (buildings, posts, and signs for example) as
required and may be manually disseminated during preventive road construction maintenance
or by sensor injection machinery for rapid deployment of the embedded radio frequency
powered (or RFID) in-ground road sensors. Vehicle-sensing systems include deployment of
infrastructure-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure electronic beacons for identification
communications and may also employ the benefits of CCTV automatic number plate
recognition technology at desired intervals in order to increase sustained monitoring of
suspect vehicles operating in critical zones.
8. 8
Fig.3 Sensor system inside the vehicular
2.5 INDUCTIVE LOOP DETECTION:
Inductive loops can be placed in a roadbed to detect vehicles as they pass over the loop by
measuring the vehicle's magnetic field. The simplest detectors simply count the number of
vehicles during a unit of time (typically 60 seconds in the United States) that pass over the
loop, while more sophisticated sensors estimate the speed, length, and weight of vehicles and
the distance between them. Loops can be placed in a single lane or across multiple lanes, and
they work with very slow or stopped vehicles as well as vehicles moving at high-speed.
Fig 4.Inductive Loop Detection
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2.6 VIDEO VEHICLE DETECTION:
Traffic flow measurement and automatic incident detection using video cameras is
another form of vehicle detection. Since video detection systems such as those used in
automatic number plate recognition do not involve installing any components directly into the
road surface or roadbed, this type of system is known as a "non-intrusive" method of traffic
detection. Video from black-and-white or color cameras is fed into processors that analyze the
changing characteristics of the video image as vehicles pass. The cameras are typically
mounted on poles or structures above or adjacent to the roadway. Most video detection
systems require some initial configuration to "teach" the processor the baseline background
image. This usually involves inputting known measurements such as the distance between
lane lines or the height of the camera above the roadway. A single video detection processor
can detect traffic simultaneously from one to eight cameras, depending on the brand and
model. The typical output from a video detection system is lane-by-lane vehicle speeds,
counts, and lane occupancy readings. Some systems provide additional outputs
including gap, headway, stopped-vehicle detection, and wrong-way vehicle alarms.
Fig5. Video Detector
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3. INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION APPLICATIONS:
3.1 ELECTRONIC TOLL COLLECTION:
Fig 6. Electronic toll collector
Electronic toll collection at "CostaneraNorte" Freeway, downtown Santiago, Chile
Main article: Electronic toll collection
Electronic toll collection (ETC) makes it possible for vehicles to drive through toll gates at
traffic speed, reducing congestion at toll plazas and automating toll collection. Originally
ETC systems were used to automate toll collection, but more recent innovations have used
ETC to enforce congestion pricing through cordon zones in city centers and ETC lanes.
Until recent years, most ETC systems were based on using radio devices in vehicles that
would use proprietary protocols to identify a vehicle as it passed under a gantry over the
roadway. More recently there has been a move to standardize ETC protocols around the
Dedicated Short Range Communications protocol that has been promoted for vehicle safety
by the Intelligent Transportation Society of America, ERTICO and ITS Japan.
While communication frequencies and standards do differ around the world, there has
been a broad push toward vehicle infrastructure integration around the 5.9 GHz
frequency (802.11.x WAVE).
Fig 7. Electronic toll plaz
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Via its National Electronic Tolling Committee representing all jurisdictions and toll road
operators, ITS Australia also facilitated interoperability of toll tags in Australia for the
multi-lane free flow tolls roads.Other systems that have been used include barcode stickers,
license plate recognition, infrared communication systems, and Radio Frequency
Identification Tags (see M6 Toll tag).
3.2 EMERGENCY VEHICLE NOTIFICATION SYSTEMS:
The in-vehicle eCall is an emergency call generated either manually by the vehicle
occupants or automatically via activation of in-vehicle sensors after an accident. When
activated, the in-vehicle eCall device will establish an emergency call carrying both voice and
data directly to the nearest emergency point (normally the nearest E1-1-2 Public-safety
answering point, PSAP). The voice call enables the vehicle occupant to communicate with the
trained eCall operator. At the same time, a minimum set of data will be sent to the eCall
operator receiving the voice call.
Fig 8. Emergency vehicle
The minimum set of data contains information about the incident, including time, precise
location, the direction the vehicle was traveling, and vehicle identification. The pan-European
eCall aims to be operative for all new type-approved vehicles as a standard option. Depending
on the manufacturer of the eCall system, it could be mobile phone based (Bluetooth
connection to an in-vehicle interface), an integrated eCall device, or a functionality of a
broader system like navigation, Telematics device, or tolling device. eCall is expected to be
offered, at earliest, by the end of 2010, pending standardization by the European
Telecommunications Standards Institute and commitment from large EU member states such
as France and the United Kingdom.
3.3 CORDON ZONES WITH CONGESTION PRICING:
Cordon zones have been implemented in Singapore, Stockholm, and London, where a
congestion charge or fee is collected from vehicles entering a congested city center. This fee
or toll is charged automatically using electronic toll collection or automatic number plate
recognition, since stopping the users at conventional toll booths would cause long queues,
long delays, and even gridlock. The main objective of this charge is to reduce traffic
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congestion within the cordon area.
Fig 9.Corridor zone
3.4 AUTOMATIC ROAD ENFORCEMENT:
Automatic speed enforcement gantry or "LombadaEletrônica" with ground sensors at
Brasilia, D.F. A traffic enforcement camera system, consisting of a camera and a
vehicle-monitoring device, is used to detect and identify vehicles disobeying a speed
limit or some other road legal requirement and automatically ticket offenders based on
the license plate number. Traffic tickets are sent by mail. Applications include:
Speed cameras that identify vehicles traveling over the legal speed limit. Many
such devices use radar to detect a vehicle's speed or electromagnetic loops buried in
each lane of the road.
Red light cameras that detect vehicles that cross a stop line or designated
stopping place while a red traffic light is showing.
Bus lane cameras that identify vehicles traveling in lanes reserved for buses. In
some jurisdictions, bus lanes can also be used by taxis or vehicles engaged in car
pooling.
Level crossing cameras that identify vehicles crossing railways at grade illegally.
Double white line cameras that identify vehicles crossing these lines.
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High-occupancy vehicle lane cameras for that identify vehicles violating HOV
requirements.
Turn cameras at intersections where specific turns are prohibited on red. This type of camera
is mostly used in cities or heavy populated areas
3.5 COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEMS:
Japan has installed sensors on its highways to notify motorists that a car is stalled ahead.
Fig 10. Collision Avoidance sensor
3.6 DYNAMIC TRAFFIC LIGHT SEQUENCE:
Intelligent RFID traffic control has been developed for dynamic traffic light sequence. It has
circumvented or avoided the problems that usually arise with systems such as those, which use
image processing and beam interruption techniques. RFID technology with appropriate
algorithm and data base were applied to a multi vehicle, multi lane and multi road junction
area to provide an efficient time management scheme. A dynamic time schedule was worked
out
for the passage of each column. The simulation has shown that, the dynamic sequence
algorithm has the ability to intelligently adjust itself even with the presence of some extreme
cases. The real time operation of the system able to emulate the judgment of a traffic
policeman on duty, by considering the number of vehicles in each column and the routing
proprieties.
3.6.1Dynamic Traffic Light Sequence Algorithm Using RFID
The operation of standard traffic lights which are currently deployed in many junctions, are
based on predetermined timing schemes, which are fixed during the installation and remain
until further resetting. The timing is no more than a default setup to control what may be
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considered as normal traffic. Although every road junction by necessity requires different
traffic light timing setup, many existing systems operate with an over-simplified sequence.
This has instigated various ideas and scenarios to solve the traffic problem. To design an
intelligent and efficient traffic control system, a number of parameters that represent the status
of the road conditions must be identified and taken into consideration. Most of the present
intelligent traffic lights are sensor based with a certain algorithm that controls the switching
operation of the system[1,2]. This approach considers the traffic to be moving smoothly and
hence does not require any management or monitoring of traffic conditions. When some
unpredictable situation develops, or when congestion occurs, there is no proper way of dealing
with such development. A more elaborate approach has been introduced to overcome these
problems. It employs real-time traffic flow monitoring with image tracking systems.
Although this method can give a quant in real time on a large scale may present prohibitive
requirements. Some common problems involved in image processing system include False
Acceptance Rate (FAR) and False Rejection Rate (FRR). Normally, in case of jam-packed
traffic, the computer vision results in erroneous detection[3].The sensor based traffic light
control on the other hand may require sensors that operate with a line of sight detection, which
may present difficulty in detecting vehicles that pass through blind spots detection range
3.7 Intelligent Vehicles:
3.7.1 The Intelligent vehicle initiative:
Where the metropolitan, Commercial vehicle and Rural program areas are focused primarily
on the ITS infrastructure, the intelligent vehicle initiative aims to accelerate the development
and availability of advanced safety and information systems applied to all types of vehicles.
The goal is to integrate driver assistance and motorist information function so that vehicles
operate more safely and effectively.
The intelligent vehicle initiative covers applications for passenger vehicles, commercial
trucks, buses and specialized vehicles such as snowplows. Other special application to
emergency response, law enforcement and highway maintenance vehicle are also included.
Many of these applications are based on ongoing and recently completed research on crash
avoidance, in vehicle safety and automated highway systems. Continuing research on human
factor, and advanced driver warning and vehicle control systems are a major thrust of the
intelligent vehicle initiative.
This initiative seeks to bring together public and private stakeholders to ensure that in-vehicle
systems are technologically, socially, institutionally and economically viable. Partnership with
the motor vehicle industry and its suppliers, states, government organizations, academic
institutions and other interested parties are being aggressively pursued
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3.8THE BENEFITS:
In-vehicle devices addressing lane-change, rear end and roadway-
departure crashes are estimated to offset crashes per year.
In Urban areas, crashes could be prevented annually by advanced lane-
keeping and collision-avoidance technologies.
Enhancements in night time and bad weather vision applications may significantly
improve driver's ability to stay in lanes and distinguish hazards in the r
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4Some issues of discussion and study:
1. Future transport – a multimodal challenge: ITS solutions ensuring environmentally friendly
transport:
There is an increasing understanding globally that mobility and transport must be delivered with
long-term responsibility for the environment and climate. The world financial crisis is an extra
dimension increasing the pressure for measures to be efficient and effective. Transport development
so far has tended to be for each mode of transport to act for itself in competition with other modes,
seeking to gain market share and a more prominent place in the national and the international
markets. It is now legitimate to question this and ask whether competition among the modes should
not end so that freight shipment or passenger trips can be brought into focus from a customer
perspective with the long-term responsibility for the environment and climate. ITS is a key tool for
such a change and it is paramount that the ITS solutions which emerge offer an overall multimodal
transport benefit and that incentives for implementation are created both nationally and
internationally. This Round Table will discuss what demands political leaders are likely to place on
transport when defining the playing field for multimodal ITS solutions. The Round Table will also
review what is needed for industry; what long-term incentives might be needed; whether rules will be
needed to ensure success; and how to respond to current demands and future expectations.
2. ITS for energy efficiency and climate change mitigation:
Across the world the green aspect of transport is becoming more and more a feature of public debate.
ITS potentially has both direct and indirect positive impacts on the demand for transport, energy
consumption and environmental externalities. It also has an important role to play in the deployment
of alternative fuels and propulsion systems and promoting co-modal transport. However, significant
results and quantitative data are still missing. At present, only a few systems specifically address
environmental aspects. Tangible results are needed to support the wider deployment of these «Green
ITS» services. This session will address current actions at an international political and strategic level
to meet environmental requirements with ITS, including possible actions under the European Green
Cars Initiative proposed as part of the European Economic Recovery Plan, the concept of Green
Corridors as well as the Japanese and US initiatives on transport technologies.
3.Urban mobility:
Intelligent transport systems can improve traffic flow, safety and public transit in cities. They also
enable informed choices by users. Deployment has been limited given the scale of urban mobility
needs, including reduction of emissions and other environmental concerns. Moreover, some older
traffic management and information systems are often not capable of integrating real-time
information on congestion or traffic incidents. This session will review emerging urban mobility
technologies and address the economic benefit of changes in the navigation, telematics and traffic
control industries. It will also elaborate on how intelligent transportation technologies can support the
needs for increased mobility as well as benefit the environment.
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4.Driver distraction:
Driving along intricate networks of roadways with numerous inputs such as road signs, commercial
advertisements, unpredictable pedestrians and other distractions has become a challenge for even the
best drivers. Vehicle infotainment and communications systems present an array of functionalities
that also potentially distract drivers. Older drivers are especially challenged by these operating
conditions. While the driver may be cognitively limited in order to deal with these challenges, it may
be possible to use technology to make the vehicle and infrastructure smarter. This includes reference
to human factor concepts of safety and security, cognitive distraction, overdependence on such
systems, and misunderstanding system functionalities. This session will focus on using ITS and
human factors engineering principles to deal with driver distraction. The benefits and shortcomings
of using these technologies as well as the political implications of potential deployment will be
discussed.
5.Funding for transportation infrastructure and ITS:
Financing transportation infrastructure and deployment of intelligent transportation technologies
present great challenges, now brought into sharper focus by the current global economic crisis. Fuel
taxes, for example, are becoming less efficient means to raise infrastructure capital and operating
funds. Private investors are seeking realistic business models to justify investments in infrastructure.
Political leaders are demanding “performance measurements” or what private investors seek in
commercial terms: the highest return-on-investment. This session will address economic factors
affecting various funding mechanisms and potential public policy strategies and business models to
attract private investors. The advantages and disadvantages of various funding mechanisms as well as
public reactions and political implications will be assessed.
6.ITS techniques to improve local air quality and reduce global Warming:
For many cities emissions from road transport are a difficult problem. The emissions from vehicles
affect citizen‟s health but also are a growing cause to global warming. There is a great need for
methods and techniques to calculate and to process emission data to support management strategies.
ITS can play an important role in supporting these efforts. This session will give examples on how
new strategies and methods have been deployed in Stockholm and London. Greenhouse gas
reduction strategies incorporating ITS for congestion charging, mobility management, goods logistics
and stimulating more people to use public transport and clean alternative fuelled vehicles will be
described. The session will also present new high resolution ITS based techniques to collect and to
process ambient pollution data for new approaches to traffic management.
7.Balancing safety, security and efficiency in transport systems- a global challenge:
Global transport systems are characterized by logistic chains that must flow smoothly in order to
secure critical financial and material assets. At the same time, these flows must be protected from
external threats, such as sabotage, while maintaining a sufficient level of safety and efficiency. The
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concept of resilience engineering has emerged during the last years as an approach aimed at
incorporating capacities for coping with both internal and external disturbances into a system.
Resilience engineering agrees with the idea that no system can be 100% safe or secure, rather it must
have the capacity to cope with both regular (well known) threats, irregular threats, as well as the
unforeseen ones. This session invites scientific as well as pragmatic contributions to the topic of
improving resilience in any mode of the transport domain.
8.Reducing greenhouse emissions and fuel consumption-sustainable approaches for surface
transportation:
Climate change is rapidly becoming known as a tangible issue that must be addressed to avoid major
environmental consequences in the future. Recent change in public opinion has been caused by the
physical signs of climate change-melting glaciers, rising sea levels, more severe storm and drought
events, and hotter average global temperatures annually. Transportation is a major contributor of
carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions from human activity, accounting for
approximately 14% of total anthropogenic emissions globally and about 27% in the USA.
Fortunately, transportation technologies and strategies are emerging that can help meet the climate
challenge. These include automotive and fuels technologies, intelligent transportation systems (ITS),
and mobility management strategies that can reduce the demand for private vehicles. This session
will explore the role of each of these key strategies and the interplay among them.
9.World Bank and ITS infrastructure planning, implementation and evaluation in developing
countries:
To plan, implement and evaluate ITS in developed countries is a challenging proposition, but these
undertakings are even more daunting in developing countries, which present their own special set of
issues. For example, there is often a lack of funds for ITS infrastructure investment and a lack of
training of personnel to install, operate and maintain the equipment. Electronics equipment installed
in the field is subject to theft by desperately poor people who sell the materials for scrap. Vehicles
often have to share the road with pedestrians, bicyclists, rickshaws, and animals. But the news isn‟t
all bad. Developing countries have the „latecomers‟ advantage‟ over developed countries because
they can learn from the best practices and mistakes of those who have come before. Here the value of
evaluation becomes clear as developing countries benefit from the objective assessments of the past.
In this session, speakers from developing countries from around the world will relate their
experiences in planning for anddeploying ITS infrastructure