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1. There are several methods to calculate the area of land from survey data, including graphical, instrumental, and from field notes.
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The document provides information on calculating area and volume for engineering projects. It discusses several methods for calculating the area of regular and irregular shapes, including using mathematical equations, coordinates, planimeters, trapezoidal rule, mid-ordinate rule, and Simpson's rule. It also outlines various approaches to calculating volumes based on cross-sections, spot levels, and contour lines, including end area method, mean area method, and prismoidal formula. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating area and volume using these different techniques.
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