Mobile tracking and positioning involves determining the location of mobile phones within telecommunication networks. There are several techniques used, including multilateration of radio signals, GPS, and calculating distances based on time of arrival or differences in arrival time of signals at base stations. The document proposes a new "location tracking curve method" that draws curves between intersection points of circles defined by distances to base stations, to improve accuracy over existing techniques which may be affected by factors like multipath fading or non-line-of-sight conditions between the mobile phone and some base stations. This method selects the curve with the base station having smaller variance in signal arrival time to define the location tracking curve and reduce errors.
The location of a mobile telephone can be accurately tracked even in the NLOS environment, by using more accurate tracking curves connecting the intersection points among circles with the radii being the distances between corresponding BSs and the mobile telephone in a cellular mobile communication system.
Introduction to Location-based Applications
GSM- and GPS-based Positioning Control
Ericsson Mobile Positioning System (MPS)
Network-based Positioning Estimation Control
Signal Strength
Angle of Arrival (AOA)
Timing Advance (TA), CGI+TA
Uplink Time of Arrival (UL-TOA)
Uplink Time Difference of Arrival (U-TDOA)
MS-based Positioning Estimation Control
Enhanced Observed Time Difference (E-OTD)
Assisted GPS (A-GPS)
Architecture of MPS
E911
A Comparative Study on Profile Based Location Management for Personal Communi...IJERA Editor
Location of the mobile user is registered to the two databases for call tracking and those registration processes basis much network traffic. By this speed of Call delivery reduced and location updating cost improved. In this paper, the first method a new meek location management by registering Representative VLR of group of certain VLRs regionally and broadcasting for searching a mobile user, so called rVLR-B.This The representative VLR of several VLRs and register mobile users’ location. When set up the call path between mobile users, the VLR of the caller inquiries callee’s rVLR for searching the location of callee instead of demanding to VLR of callee. And then rVLR broadcast the callee’s location to all VLR of the region simultaneously. Location registration is only performed when a mobile user visits a new rVLR network area from present area. Using the rVLR-B, the cost of maintaining location of mobile users was abridged. The second technique for reducing the costs during the location tracking and location update is proposed. Taking the regular movement pattern of the users it produces the block and the user registers with the HLR only after crossing the block instead of crossing the single cell. The block register (BR) is introduced between the block and the HLR in two level systems to preserve the blocks, thus creates three level architecture. In this architecture some signaling cost values between the MSC-BR, BRHLR and BR-BR are maintained to get the better enactment. By the rVLR-B and BR the performance of speed of call delivery improved and location updation will be diminished. Keywords: Home Location Register, Visitor Location Register, Mobile Switching Center, Base Station, Block Register, Mobile Station, r-VLR- Representative VLR
Mobility Management Scheme for Mobile Communication Systems. A Reviewiosrjce
An intelligent mobility management scheme for mobile communication systems was studied. From
the result obtained, it was discovered that mobile to mobile call setup times showed a better performance as
compared to fixed network to mobile call setup and mobile to fixed call setup times. Moreover, increasing the
number of location areas within the switch does not affect inter-MSC handover and location updates since the
size of the switch coverage area remains the same. And when the location areas within the switch is increased,
intra-MSC location updates and handover also increases. Finally, user mobility directly affects the signaling
traffic for handover, location management, radio resource allocation and routing.
Novel Position Estimation using Differential Timing Information for Asynchron...IJCNCJournal
Positioning techniques have been a common objective since the early development of wireless networks. However, current positioning methods in cellular networks, for instance, are still primarily focused on the use of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), which has several limitations, like high power drainage and failure in indoor scenarios. This study introduces a novel approach employing standard LTE signaling in order to provide high accuracy positioning estimation. The proposed technique is designed in analogy to the human sound localization system, eliminating the need of having information from three spatially diverse Base Stations (BSs). This is inspired by the perfect human 3D sound localization with two ears. A field study is carried out in a dense urban city to verify the accuracy of the proposed technique, with more than 20 thousand measurement samples collected. The achieved positioning accuracy is meeting the latest Federal Communications Commission (FCC) requirements in the planner dimension.
Channel utilization network_selection_wcnc_v1 (1) hswong kdwongHui-Shin Wong
This is part of the Master of Science (MSc) collaboration with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in year 2005. Attached is part of my Master of Science Thesis: "Policies For Cellular-WLAN Integration" by having a simulator which I had coded using C# and the analytical data and graphs with my simulation results and conclusion. Dr. Daniel Wong KS was my supervisor.
PERFORMANCE OF MIMO MC-CDMA SYSTEM WITH CHANNEL ESTIMATION AND MMSE EQUALIZATIONTamilarasan N
The quality of a wireless link can be described by three basic parameters, namely transmission rate, transmission range
and transmission reliability. With the advent of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) assisted Multicarrier code
division multiple access (MC-CDMA) systems, the above-mentioned three parameters may be simultaneously
improved. The MC-CDMA combined with the MIMO technique, has become a core technology for future mobile radio
communication system. However, possible potential gain in spectral efficiency is challenged by the receiver’s ability to
accurately detect the symbol due to inter symbol interference (ISI). Multipath propagation, mobility of transmitter,
receiver and local scattering cause the signal to be spread in frequency, different arrival time and angle, which results in
ISI in the received signal. This will affect overall system performance. The use of MC-CDMA mitigates the problem of
time dispersion. However, still it is necessary to remove the amplitude and phase shift caused by channel. To solve this
problem, a multiple antenna array can be used at the receiver, not only for spectral efficiency or gain enhancement, but
also for interference suppression. This can be done by the, efficient channel estimation with strong equalization. This
paper proposes MIMO MC-CDMA system, Minimum mean square error (MMSE) equalization with pilot based
channel estimation. The simulation result shows improved Bit error rate (BER) performance when the sub carrier (SC)
and antenna configuration were increased
Comparative Study on Mobile Switching Center of Mobile Generationsijtsrd
The world of mobile wireless communication is rapidly developing. The last few years have experience a remarkable growth in wireless industry. Just within a decade, an evolution of wireless service people used every day can be completely dumbfounded from the roots of analog based first generation service 1G to today's truly broadband ready fourth generation networks. The ever growing demands for higher data rates, greater capacity and better quality of services triggered operations to come up with new network technologies. There are many improvements of mobile generations in the world of telecommunication. Mobile Switching Center can perform various types of function in mobile communication. It also connects VLR Visitor Location Register , HLR Home Location Register , AuC Authentication Center and EIR Equipment Identity Register and they are essential needing for mobile communication. This paper represents the introduction about evolution from 1G to 4G system and discusses about the main elements in Mobile Switching Center eventually it includes comparison of Mobile Switching Center in every mobile generations. Aye Myat Myat Myo | Zar Chi Soe "Comparative Study on Mobile Switching Center of Mobile Generations" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26643.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/26643/comparative-study-on-mobile-switching-center-of-mobile-generations/aye-myat-myat-myo
Introduction to Cellular Mobile System,
Performance criteria,
uniqueness of mobile radio environment,
operation of cellular systems,
Hexagonal shaped cells,
Analog Cellular systems.
Digital Cellular systems
The location of a mobile telephone can be accurately tracked even in the NLOS environment, by using more accurate tracking curves connecting the intersection points among circles with the radii being the distances between corresponding BSs and the mobile telephone in a cellular mobile communication system.
Introduction to Location-based Applications
GSM- and GPS-based Positioning Control
Ericsson Mobile Positioning System (MPS)
Network-based Positioning Estimation Control
Signal Strength
Angle of Arrival (AOA)
Timing Advance (TA), CGI+TA
Uplink Time of Arrival (UL-TOA)
Uplink Time Difference of Arrival (U-TDOA)
MS-based Positioning Estimation Control
Enhanced Observed Time Difference (E-OTD)
Assisted GPS (A-GPS)
Architecture of MPS
E911
A Comparative Study on Profile Based Location Management for Personal Communi...IJERA Editor
Location of the mobile user is registered to the two databases for call tracking and those registration processes basis much network traffic. By this speed of Call delivery reduced and location updating cost improved. In this paper, the first method a new meek location management by registering Representative VLR of group of certain VLRs regionally and broadcasting for searching a mobile user, so called rVLR-B.This The representative VLR of several VLRs and register mobile users’ location. When set up the call path between mobile users, the VLR of the caller inquiries callee’s rVLR for searching the location of callee instead of demanding to VLR of callee. And then rVLR broadcast the callee’s location to all VLR of the region simultaneously. Location registration is only performed when a mobile user visits a new rVLR network area from present area. Using the rVLR-B, the cost of maintaining location of mobile users was abridged. The second technique for reducing the costs during the location tracking and location update is proposed. Taking the regular movement pattern of the users it produces the block and the user registers with the HLR only after crossing the block instead of crossing the single cell. The block register (BR) is introduced between the block and the HLR in two level systems to preserve the blocks, thus creates three level architecture. In this architecture some signaling cost values between the MSC-BR, BRHLR and BR-BR are maintained to get the better enactment. By the rVLR-B and BR the performance of speed of call delivery improved and location updation will be diminished. Keywords: Home Location Register, Visitor Location Register, Mobile Switching Center, Base Station, Block Register, Mobile Station, r-VLR- Representative VLR
Mobility Management Scheme for Mobile Communication Systems. A Reviewiosrjce
An intelligent mobility management scheme for mobile communication systems was studied. From
the result obtained, it was discovered that mobile to mobile call setup times showed a better performance as
compared to fixed network to mobile call setup and mobile to fixed call setup times. Moreover, increasing the
number of location areas within the switch does not affect inter-MSC handover and location updates since the
size of the switch coverage area remains the same. And when the location areas within the switch is increased,
intra-MSC location updates and handover also increases. Finally, user mobility directly affects the signaling
traffic for handover, location management, radio resource allocation and routing.
Novel Position Estimation using Differential Timing Information for Asynchron...IJCNCJournal
Positioning techniques have been a common objective since the early development of wireless networks. However, current positioning methods in cellular networks, for instance, are still primarily focused on the use of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), which has several limitations, like high power drainage and failure in indoor scenarios. This study introduces a novel approach employing standard LTE signaling in order to provide high accuracy positioning estimation. The proposed technique is designed in analogy to the human sound localization system, eliminating the need of having information from three spatially diverse Base Stations (BSs). This is inspired by the perfect human 3D sound localization with two ears. A field study is carried out in a dense urban city to verify the accuracy of the proposed technique, with more than 20 thousand measurement samples collected. The achieved positioning accuracy is meeting the latest Federal Communications Commission (FCC) requirements in the planner dimension.
Channel utilization network_selection_wcnc_v1 (1) hswong kdwongHui-Shin Wong
This is part of the Master of Science (MSc) collaboration with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in year 2005. Attached is part of my Master of Science Thesis: "Policies For Cellular-WLAN Integration" by having a simulator which I had coded using C# and the analytical data and graphs with my simulation results and conclusion. Dr. Daniel Wong KS was my supervisor.
PERFORMANCE OF MIMO MC-CDMA SYSTEM WITH CHANNEL ESTIMATION AND MMSE EQUALIZATIONTamilarasan N
The quality of a wireless link can be described by three basic parameters, namely transmission rate, transmission range
and transmission reliability. With the advent of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) assisted Multicarrier code
division multiple access (MC-CDMA) systems, the above-mentioned three parameters may be simultaneously
improved. The MC-CDMA combined with the MIMO technique, has become a core technology for future mobile radio
communication system. However, possible potential gain in spectral efficiency is challenged by the receiver’s ability to
accurately detect the symbol due to inter symbol interference (ISI). Multipath propagation, mobility of transmitter,
receiver and local scattering cause the signal to be spread in frequency, different arrival time and angle, which results in
ISI in the received signal. This will affect overall system performance. The use of MC-CDMA mitigates the problem of
time dispersion. However, still it is necessary to remove the amplitude and phase shift caused by channel. To solve this
problem, a multiple antenna array can be used at the receiver, not only for spectral efficiency or gain enhancement, but
also for interference suppression. This can be done by the, efficient channel estimation with strong equalization. This
paper proposes MIMO MC-CDMA system, Minimum mean square error (MMSE) equalization with pilot based
channel estimation. The simulation result shows improved Bit error rate (BER) performance when the sub carrier (SC)
and antenna configuration were increased
Comparative Study on Mobile Switching Center of Mobile Generationsijtsrd
The world of mobile wireless communication is rapidly developing. The last few years have experience a remarkable growth in wireless industry. Just within a decade, an evolution of wireless service people used every day can be completely dumbfounded from the roots of analog based first generation service 1G to today's truly broadband ready fourth generation networks. The ever growing demands for higher data rates, greater capacity and better quality of services triggered operations to come up with new network technologies. There are many improvements of mobile generations in the world of telecommunication. Mobile Switching Center can perform various types of function in mobile communication. It also connects VLR Visitor Location Register , HLR Home Location Register , AuC Authentication Center and EIR Equipment Identity Register and they are essential needing for mobile communication. This paper represents the introduction about evolution from 1G to 4G system and discusses about the main elements in Mobile Switching Center eventually it includes comparison of Mobile Switching Center in every mobile generations. Aye Myat Myat Myo | Zar Chi Soe "Comparative Study on Mobile Switching Center of Mobile Generations" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26643.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/26643/comparative-study-on-mobile-switching-center-of-mobile-generations/aye-myat-myat-myo
Introduction to Cellular Mobile System,
Performance criteria,
uniqueness of mobile radio environment,
operation of cellular systems,
Hexagonal shaped cells,
Analog Cellular systems.
Digital Cellular systems
DYNAMIC CHANNEL ALLOCATION SCHEME TO HANDLE HANDOFF IN WIRELESS MOBILE NETWORKcscpconf
The rapid growth in the demand for mobile communications has led to an intense research effort to achieve an efficient use of the scarce spectrum allocated for cellular communications. In this paper, the authors devise a new scheme DCAS (Dynamic Channel Allocation Scheme) for call admission control. In this new scheme, the number of guard channel(s) is adjusted automatically based on the average handoff blocking rate measured in the past certain period of time. The handoff blocking rate is controlled under the designated threshold and the new call blocking rate is minimized. The performance evaluation of the DCAS is done through simulation of nodes. The result shows that the DCAS scheme outperforms the Static Channel Allocation Scheme by controlling a hard constraint on the handoff rejection probability. The proposed scheme achieves the optimal performance by maximizing the resource utilization and adapts itself to changing traffic conditions automatically.
Location Fingerprinting is a very familiar Wi-Fi positioning method, which determines a device by retrieving the information recorded containing the location fingerprint. These methods deploy the signal strength (RSS) to predict the coordinate. There are feedbacks for using the absolute RSS either the absolute RSS in a time interval may not be representable of the IEEE 802.11 signal, as the signal may fluctuate or a manual error prone calibration is needed across different mobile platform. The main target is to propose the use of Fourier descriptors in LF. We convert the IEEE 802.11b Wi-Fi signal into a Fourier domain. Then, the Fourier descriptors are used to predict the location by applying the K-Nearest Neighbor algorithm. The results show that the effectiveness of LF methods based on Fourier descriptors lead to substantially more accurate and robust localization.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
Tracking and positioning_of_mobile_systems_in_telecom_networkAnkur Kumar
Location of a mobile telephone can be accurately tracked even in the multi-path fading and the NLOS environment, by using more accurate tracking curves connecting the intersection points among circles.
Describes about accurate positioning of mobile telephones, which can be used for several applications.
The important considerations to be undertaken while selecting a location based technology are location accuracy, implementation cost, reliability, increasing functionality.
NOVEL POSITION ESTIMATION USING DIFFERENTIAL TIMING INFORMATION FOR ASYNCHRON...IJCNCJournal
Positioning techniques have been a common objective since the early development of wireless networks. However, current positioning methods in cellular networks, for instance, are still primarily focused on the use of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), which has several limitations, like high power drainage and failure in indoor scenarios. This study introduces a novel approach employing standard LTE signaling in order to provide high accuracy positioning estimation. The proposed technique is designed in analogy to the human sound localization system, eliminating the need of having information from three spatially diverse Base Stations (BSs). This is inspired by the perfect human 3D sound localization with two ears. A field study is carried out in a dense urban city to verify the accuracy of the proposed technique, with more than 20 thousand measurement samples collected. The achieved positioning accuracy is meeting the latest Federal Communications Commission (FCC) requirements in the planner dimension.
An Efficient Call Admission Control Scheme for Handling Handoffs in Wireless ...pijans
Personal Communication Network (PCN) is an emerging wireless network that promises many new
services for the telecommunication industry. The proliferation of demands for extending wireless services
to integrated services, which supports the transmission of data and multimedia information, has resulted in
the need for broadband wireless systems that are able to provide service capabilities similar to those of
wire line networks. The ATM cell - relay paradigm is one possible approach to provide broadband wireless
transmission with PCN’s using the ATM switching networks for interconnection of PCN cells. As traffic in
these mobile cellular networks increases, Handoffs will become an increasingly important issue. As cell
sizes shrink to accommodate an increasingly large demand of services, newer more efficient handoff
schemes need to be used. In this paper, the authors describe the use of novel and efficient data structure
which dynamically allocates guard channel for handoffs and introduces the concept of channel borrowing
strategy. The proposed scheme allocates the guard channels for handoff requests dynamically, based on the
traffic load for certain time period. A new originating call in the cell coverage area also uses these guard
channels if they are unused. Our basic idea is to allow Guard channels to be shared between new calls and
handoff calls. This approach maximizes the channel utilization. The simulation results prove that the
channel borrowing scheme improves the overall throughput.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Online aptitude test management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The purpose of on-line aptitude test system is to take online test in an efficient manner and no time wasting for checking the paper. The main objective of on-line aptitude test system is to efficiently evaluate the candidate thoroughly through a fully automated system that not only saves lot of time but also gives fast results. For students they give papers according to their convenience and time and there is no need of using extra thing like paper, pen etc. This can be used in educational institutions as well as in corporate world. Can be used anywhere any time as it is a web based application (user Location doesn’t matter). No restriction that examiner has to be present when the candidate takes the test.
Every time when lecturers/professors need to conduct examinations they have to sit down think about the questions and then create a whole new set of questions for each and every exam. In some cases the professor may want to give an open book online exam that is the student can take the exam any time anywhere, but the student might have to answer the questions in a limited time period. The professor may want to change the sequence of questions for every student. The problem that a student has is whenever a date for the exam is declared the student has to take it and there is no way he can take it at some other time. This project will create an interface for the examiner to create and store questions in a repository. It will also create an interface for the student to take examinations at his convenience and the questions and/or exams may be timed. Thereby creating an application which can be used by examiners and examinee’s simultaneously.
Examination System is very useful for Teachers/Professors. As in the teaching profession, you are responsible for writing question papers. In the conventional method, you write the question paper on paper, keep question papers separate from answers and all this information you have to keep in a locker to avoid unauthorized access. Using the Examination System you can create a question paper and everything will be written to a single exam file in encrypted format. You can set the General and Administrator password to avoid unauthorized access to your question paper. Every time you start the examination, the program shuffles all the questions and selects them randomly from the database, which reduces the chances of memorizing the questions.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Final reportTracking And Positioning Of Mobile System In Telecommunication Networks
1. Tracking And Positioning Of Mobile System In Telecommunication NetworksTracking And Positioning Of Mobile System In Telecommunication Networks
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 MOBILE TRACKING
Mobile phone trcking refers to the attaining of the current position of a mobile
phone, stationary or moving. Localization may ocuur either via multilateration of
radio signals between (several) radio towers of the network and the phone, or simply
via GPS. To locate the phone using multilateration of radio signals,ti must emit at
least the roaming signal to contact the next nearby antenna tower, but the process
does not require an active call.
1.2 POSITIONING
Mobile positioning refers to technology used by telecommunication companies to
approximate the location of a mobile phone.
1.3 INTRODUCTION TO MOBILE TECHNOLOGY
Fig 1.1: Configuration of a typical mobile telecommunication network.
As shown in Fig 1.1, the mobile telecommunication network includes a several base
stations (BSs) T 1to T N for providing mobile telecommunication service to a mobile
2. Tracking and positioning of mobile system in telecommunication networks
subscriber through a mobile telephone M1, a base station controller (BSC) for controlling
the BSs T 1 to T N, and a mobile telephone switching office (MTSO) for connecting the
BSC to another BTS or a PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network).
In a cellular mobile telecommunication network, the whole service area is divided into a
several coverage areas having respective base stations (BS). Each BS coverage area is
called a "cell" Each BS is provided with a frequency of a range between 450 to900 MHz.
More than one cells can use same frequency. Only condition is that two adjacent cells
must have different frequencies. An MTSO controls these BSs so that a subscriber can
continue his call without interruption while moving between different cells. The MTSO
can reduce the time required for calling a subscriber by locating the cell of the subscriber.
In case of an emergency like a fire, or a patient needing first aid treatment, the mobile
subscriber should be accurately located.
“Tracking the location of a mobile subscriber within the boundary of a cell in a mobile
telecommunication network is known as "location based services.”
Mobile technology includes mainly two functions. They are call fixing and hands-off
process. All the BSs are sending a signal of power 25 to 30w to the mobile unit. When a
user switches ON his mobile, it will search for the strongest signal and got connected to
that BS. Then the mobile unit sends an identification signal to the BS. When he fixes a
call, the BS accepts the request and sends the request to the BSC and MTSO. Then the
MTSO will searches where the subscriber is and connects the call.
When a user moves to another cell the MTSO will change the frequency allotted to it and
allots the frequency of the new BS.For both these processes geolocation (Postioning) of
the mobile unit is essential.
Department of ECE, CEC Benjanapadavu 2
3. Tracking and positioning of mobile system in telecommunication networks
CHAPTER 2
NEED FOR MOBILE TRACKING
Recent demands from new applications require positioning capabilities of mobile
telephones or other devices. The ability to obtain the geo-location of the Mobile
Telephone (MT) in the cellular system allows the network operators to facilitate new
services to the mobile users. The most immediate motivation for the cellular system to
provide Mobile Telephone position is enhanced in accident emergency services. The
positioning of the mobile user could provide services like
• Emergency service for subscriber safety.
• Tracking criminal and stolen mobile
• Location based services
• Location sensitive billing.
• Cellular Fraud detection.
• Traffic information
• Intelligent transport system services.
• Efficient and effective network performance and management.
Department of ECE, CEC Benjanapadavu 3
4. Tracking and positioning of mobile system in telecommunication networks
CHAPTER 3
POSITIONING TECHNIQUES
Positioning technique classified on where the data is crossed
• Mobile (Handset) based positioning
• Direction based positioning
• Distance based positioning
3.1 MOBILE BASED POSITIONING:
There is two types of mobile based positioning:
1. Global positioning system (GPS)
2. Cell identity
3.1.1 Global Positioning System (GPS)
A mobile telephone can be located by a mobile telephone itself or through a mobile
telecommunication network. To locate the mobile telephone by itself, the mobile
telephone is provided with a GPS receiver to calculate its location in latitude and
longitude coordinates based on the location information received from a satellite through
the GPS receiver.
A method called Trilateration is used to find the exact location of a mobile. Trilateration
takes the known distances from three different objects and finds out where you are with
respect to objects. Intersection of three circles gives the exact position of the mobile as
show in the subsequent fig 3.1
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Fig 3.1: Trilateration
Fig.3.2: Global positioning system
Disadvantage of GPS based positioning:
• Increases the price and the size of the mobile telephone.
• The load on the mobile telephone is increased.
• Power consumption is high.
3.1.2 Cell identity
Most simplistic and cost-effective way to provide position information. Simply
determines which cell of wireless network the device is using. Since BS for each cell is
fixed,cell identity can easily translated into the location of a mobile user. Gives the
general location of where the user is but not the exact location.
The ways to improve the accuracy of cell identity is by dividing the cell into sectors
(either 120 degree or 60 degree), thereby reducing the total area of a possible location.
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Fig. 3.3: Cell Identity
3.2 DIRECTION BASED POSITIONING
3.2.1 Angle of Arrival (AOA)
This method calculates the angle of arrival of signal receiving at the BS. When a mobile
user switches the system ON it receives the signal from different base stations, may be 3
or 4 or more. The angle of arrival method two or more base station for the determination.
It measures the direction of signal falling on the base station and measures the angle of
incidence with respect to a normal and determines the position of the system.
Angle of arrival method is not an accurate method used for the mobile positioning
because of its some disadvantages such as:
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Fig 3.4: Angle Of Arrival
• The determination of the system will be in error if the angle of incidence is
changed due to any obstacle like atmospheric particles or due to scattering etc.
• The accurate location cannot be determined if the mobile user is in between the
BSs, that is in a straight line.
• It cannot be used for the indoor environments.
The accuracy of the method can be increased by increasing the number of the base
stations used for determination. The direction based mobile positioning is not used
commonly now a day. It is replaced by the distance based mobile positioning
technologies.
3.3 DISTANCE BASED MOBILE POSITIONING
In the case that the mobile telephone network locates the mobile telephone, at least three
base stations (BSs) receive a signal from the mobile telephone; calculate the distances
between the Base Stations and the mobile telephone, using the arrival time of the signals
at the BSs, then determine the location of the mobile telephone using the trigonometry.
This location service is provided generally by a location data processor included in a base
station controller (BSC). Upon a request for service about the location of a specific
mobile subscriber, the BSC selects the three adjacent BSs surrounding the mobile
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telephone for use in the location service, and these selected BSs are ready for
communication with the mobile telephone.
3.3.1 Time of Arrival (TOA)
The TOA method calculates the distance of a mobile telephone and a BS based on the
Time Of Arrival of a signal transmitted from the mobile telephone at the BS. It is
assumed that the mobile telephone is located at the intersection point of three circles
having the radius of the distances between the BSs and the mobile telephone.
The distance is calculated by the following equation :
Ri = C τi = sqrt ( (xi – X ) 2
+ (yi – Y) 2
)……………………..3.1
Where,C – Propagation speed of electromagnetic wave,
τi – propagation of time from the MT to ith
BS,
Xi, yi -- location of ith
base station,
X, Y – mobile position.
Fig. 3.5: illustrates a typical TOA method for locating a MT
As shown in Fig 3.5, three circles C1, C2, and C3, whose radii are the distance between the
mobile telephone M1 and atleast three BSs T1, T2, and T3, are overlapped across an area.
The mobile telephone M1 is located in the overlap area.
One approach to locating the mobile telephone M1 in the overlap area 1 is to use a
common chord, as shown in Fig 3.5 When at least three circles C1, C2, and C3 are
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overlapped over an area without meeting at one point, the mobile telephone M1 is
considered to exist at the intersection point of three common chords L1, L2, and L3. The
TOA method using the common chord is not very accurate in locating the mobile
telephone except in the case where the mobile telephone is at an approximate equal
distance from the selected BSs and in a similar propagation environment to each
respective BS.
3.2.2 Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA)
The TDOA method assumes that the TDOAs of a signal transmitted from the mobile
telephone at the three BSs define a set of points on a hyperbola, and the mobile telephone
is located at the intersection point of at least three hyperbolas.
• The implementation requires accurate synchronization of each BS.
• The signal of the mobile telephone often travels a longer path to a BS due to the
multi-path fading characteristic and the Non- Line Of Sight (NLOS) effects.
• In this method, three circles or hyperbolas do not meet at one point but overlap
each other over an area.
Fig 3.6: Illustrates the TDOA method of locating a mobile telephone.
In the case that a first mobile telephone M1 is nearer to the first BS T1, as shown in
Fig 3.6, the procedure will be described by a way of example.
In Fig 3.6, two circles C11 and C21 are drawn based on the TOAs of a signal transmitted
from the first mobile telephone M1 at the first and the second BSs T1 and T2. A first
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common chord L1 is defined by the intersection between the circles C11 and C21. But if the
path between the first mobile telephone M1 and the second BS T2 is in an NLOS condition
and the path between the first mobile telephone M1 and the first BS T1 is in a line-of-sight
(LOS) condition, the common chord L1 is positioned far left from the actual location of
the mobile telephone M1.
The effect is the same in the opposite case. If the path between the first mobile telephone
M1 and the second BS T2 is in the LOS condition and the path between the first mobile
telephone M1 and the first BS T1 is in the NLOS condition, the common chord L1 is also
far right from the actual location of the mobile telephone M1. In this method using a
common chord involves a huge location error unless the paths between the mobile
telephone and each BS have the same propagation environment.
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CHAPTER 4
LOCATION TRACKING CURVE METHOD
4.1 PROPOSAL
The method proposed by us for tracking the location of a mobile telephone using curves
connecting the points where circles intersect one another, the circles radii being the
distances between BSs and the mobile telephone. The steps involved are:
Fig 4.1: Flowchart showing the steps involved in locating a mobile telephone
a. Each base station nearer to a mobile telephone receives a predetermined signal
from the mobile telephone and calculates the distance between the mobile
telephone and the base station and the variances of time arrival of the signal at the
base station;
b. A circle is drawn to have a radius being the distance and the coordinates of the
base station being the centre of the circle;
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c. Each base station nearer to a mobile telephone receives a predetermined signal
from the mobile telephone and calculates the distance between the mobile
telephone and the base station and the variances of time arrival of the signal at the
base station;
d. A circle is drawn to have a radius being the distance and the coordinates of the
base station being the centre of the circle;
e. A pair of the first and the second base stations is selected among the base
stations. A several location tracking curves connecting two intersection points
between the selected circles corresponding to the first and the second base stations
are drawn. One of the location tracking curves is selected using the variances of
the first and the second base stations;
f. The steps c. and d. are repeated for the other pairs of the base stations;
g. The intersection points are obtained among the location tracking curves selected
in step d. and e. and,
h. The location of the mobile telephone is determined using the coordinates of the
intersection points obtained in step e.
4.2 DESCRIPTION
When a location service is requested about a specific mobile telephone by a user or a
network, the location data processor draws two circles C1 and C2 with their respective
centers set at BSs T1 and T2 based on the TOAs of a signal transmitted from the
corresponding mobile telephone M1 or M2 to the two BSs T1 and T2 located near the
mobile telephone M1 or M2 .The two circles C1 and C2 define a common chord L1.
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Fig 4.2: Illustrates a proposed method for mobile telephone location.
However, if each mobile telephone M1 or M2 is placed in a different propagation
environment with respect to the BSs T1 and T2, the location of the mobile telephone M1
or M2 can not be determined by the common chord L1. Therefore, we use location
tracking curves TR1 and TR2 connecting the same two intersection points P1 and P2 of the
two circles C1 and C2, instead of the common chord L1.
The two curves TR1 and TR2 have their middle points intersecting the line ST, which
connects the positions of the two BSs T1 and T2 and the parts of two circles C1 and C2
drawn to connect the two intersection points P1 and P2. Instead of the common chord L1,
the location data processor uses the curve TR1 for the mobile telephone M1 and the curve
TR2 for the mobile telephone M2. It prevents the location error caused by the multi-path
fading or the NLOS path characteristics.
4.3 DETERMINATION OF THE LOCATION TRACKING
CURVE
The BS with smaller variances should be selected to draw reference circles based on the
variances.
Fig 4.3: Illustrates the determination of location tracking curve.
From Fig 4.3, assuming that the first and the second BSs T1 and T2 selected for use in the
location tracking are present at positions (x1, y1) and (x2, y2), respectively, in the second-
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dimensional coordinates, the location data processor draws the two circles C1 and C2 with
the coordinates (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) of the two BSs T1 and T2 at their centers The curve
connects the two points P1 and P2 at which the two circles C1 and C2 intersect each other.
The coordinates of the intersection points P1 and P2 are (xA, yA) and (xB, yB), respectively.
Since the mobile telephone is near the first BS T1 with respect to the common chord L1,
the variances of the TOAs of a signal transmitted from the mobile telephone at the first
BS T1 will be larger than those of the signal at the second BS. Therefore, reference circles
TR1 to TR4 are drawn with respect to the second BS T2 with smaller variances, as shown
in Figure 4.3.
The coordinates of the reference circle can be obtained (using minimum variance) which
has its center on the line ST passing through (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) and passes through (xA,
yA) and (xB, yB). Selecting the center of the reference circle is significant as the mobile
telephone is located on the reference circle. The location data processor selects the
desired curves (reference circles) with respect to the several BSs selected for location
tracking. In Figure 4.3, as the real location of the mobile telephone deviates farther from
the circle C2 with the second BS T2 at its center, the center of a reference circle is farther
from the location of the second BS T2. That is, the center of a desired reference circle is
farther from the second BS T2 in the case of a third mobile telephone M3 (curve C3) than
in the case of a fourth mobile telephone M4.
4.4 REFERENCE CIRCLE SELECTION
The variances of the TOAs of a signal which arrives at the two BSs T1 and T2 from
different paths are used to find the curve on which the actual location of the mobile
telephone is determined. If the TOAs of the signal at the first BS T1 from TN propagation
paths are t1, t2, . . . , tN, the first BS T1 calculates the variances σ of t1, t2, . . . , tN. The
location data processor compares the variances calculated by the first BS T1 with the
variances calculated by the second BS T2 and considers that the mobile telephone is near
to that BS with the larger variances (the first BS T2 in Fig 4.3). Hence, the reference circle
has its center near to the BS with the smaller variances (the second BS T2 in Fig 4.3) on
the line ST.With the larger variances, the center of a reference circle gets farther to the
right from the center of the second BS T2. In order to select the desired curve, the location
data processor initializes the reference circles with predetermined radii and the variances
of TOAs of a signal transmitted from the mobile telephone located on the reference
circles, and compare the preset variances with real variance measurements.
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The location data processor sets a several reference circles based on the distances
between the mobile telephone and the BS with the smaller variances(the second BS T2) In
Fig 4.3, as an example, the first to the fourth reference circles TR1 to TR4 have radii twice,
three times, four times, and five times, respectively, of that of BS T2 .where all these
points of reference circles TR1 and TR4 are located along the line ST The variances of the
second BS T2 smaller than those of the first BS T1 are used as a criterion for selecting an
optimal reference circle.
Therefore, the location data processor predetermines the reference variances for the first
to the fourth reference circles TR1 to TR4 to be compared with respect to the second BS
T1. It is assumed in the following description that σ 1, σ 2, and σ 3 are reference variances
and σ 1< σ2< σ 3
The location data processor compares the variances calculated by the two BSs T1 and T2
and selects the base station with smaller variances as a reference point to draw the
reference circle. If the selected variances (those of the second BS T2) are σ, the location
data processor compares the selected variances σ, with the preset reference variances σ 1,
σ 2, and σ 3.
• If σ <= σ 1, the curve of the first reference circles TR1 is selected.
• If σ 1 < σ <= σ 2, the curve of the TR2 is selected.
• If σ 2 < σ <= σ 3, the curve of the TR3 is selected.
• If σ 3 < σ, the curve of the fourth reference circles TR4 is selected.
As we have seen, the location data processor selects the optimal curve (reference circle)
for the two BSs among the several BSs, and selects another optimal circle for another BS
pair, and so on.
When curves are selected for all selected BS pairs, the location data processor obtains the
intersection points among the selected curves as shown in Figure 4.4. However, as the
selected curves do not intersect at one point due to the multi-path fading or the NLOS
effects, the midpoint of these intersection points is determined as the location of the
mobile telephone.
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Fig 4.4: Illustrates the positioning of mobile by the proposed method.
As the three intersection points M1 (xA, yA), M2 (xB, yB), and M3 (xC, yC) are defined by the
three curves TR1 to TR3, the location data processor considers the mobile telephone to be
located at (x, y). While the three BSs are selected for the location service using the TOAs
of a signal arrived at each BS from a mobile telephone has been described in the
embodiment of the present invention, more BSs can be used to increase
the accuracy in locating the exact position of the mobile station. If Nth
intersection points
are defined by location tracking curves obtained according to the present invention and an
ith
intersection point is at (xi, yi), coordinates (x, y) indicate the location of the mobile
telephone.
After the location of the mobile telephone, that is, the intersection points among the
curves are obtained, the location data processor represents the intersection points in the
latitude and the longitude coordinates and transmits the position coordinates to the
network (BS/BSC/MSC) and the mobile telephone.
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CHAPTER 5
BLOCKING OF CELL PHONE TRACKING
Many cell phone users don’t know that their phones are inherently traceable due to
advances in GPS and cellular technology. To many this is a welcome safety feature for
emergencies, but there is also a growing concern among those who value privacy in
everyday life. Your best bet is to be educated about how you can be traced and to be very
familiar with the capabilities and features of your phone.
Instructions:
• Choose “E911″ in the “location” menu on your phone. On some phones you may
need to enable privacy mode instead. These settings will allow GPS tracking only
in response to a 911 call, which is required by law. Menus are different on all
phones so you may need to consult the owner’s manual if you cannot find location
settings.
• Check for physical GPS tracking devices that may be attached to your phone.
Look under the battery, in the battery compartment, and on the outside of the
phone. Remove anything that did not come in the original sealed box or that you
did not attach yourself.
• Remove any tracking software that is installed on your handset. If anyone has ever
had your phone for even a few minutes, he may have installed a third-party
application that allows your phone to be tracked. Research any programs that you
cannot identify.
• Contact your cellular phone company and inquire about any tracking or
monitoring features that have been enabled on your account. Remove those
features if there are any and set a new password to prevent unauthorized access.
• Remove the battery from your phone. This is the only way to guarantee the phone
is untraceable. Cell phone towers can still triangulate your position to some degree
when the phone is on, and “roving bug” software can make your phone a
surveillance device even when the power is off.
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CHAPTER 6
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF
MOBILE TRACKING SYSTEMS
With modern technology it’s now possible to do many things on mobile phones and smart
phones. Apart from the obvious convenience of being able to call colleagues and friends
whilst on the move, smartphones can also be vital tools for use in business and
commerce. But did you know that your smartphone’s built-in GPS receiver can also help
you stay safe, avoid getting lost and find your way to that crucial meeting on time?
By using a combination of GPS data and mobile mast triangulation, your current location
can be established wherever your phone is capable of receiving a signal. Mobile-tracking
technology increases the chances of finding someone quickly. Most cell phones contain
GPS technology, which can establish a person's whereabouts by calculating the location,
speed and time of his cell-phone signal. Children with cell phones that include GPS
technology and location services can thus be located quickly. Concealed GPS devices can
assist with locating runaway teens. They also provide a more reliable service due to their
concealed nature. While a teenager aware of his cell phone's GPS device can turn the
service off, with a concealed location device, the teen is unaware the device is present.
Advantages:
• Business management:
when a business issues mobile phones to its employees, it can use the tracking
information from the phones to see where its workers spend time while out on
the job. Phone-tracking services for businesses can also offer additional
features, like the ability to display a warning when an employee drives faster
than the legal speed limit; a feature that has proved of value to transportation
and delivery companies.
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• Emergency services:
By using information gathered from a phone’s GPS receiver and by working
with the phone provider to determine the device’s position relative to nearby
mobile mast, it is possible for the police force and fire and ambulance services
to be able to find lost and missing persons even when you don’t know where
you are or have been injured.
• Colleague and friend tracking:
some mobile phones have tracking features that may enhance both your
business and social life. “Find My Friends” – a downloadable application for
the iPhone, is an example of such a service that displays on a map dots that
represent your friend’s or colleague’s location, allowing you to find each other
even in crowded places.
• Child safety:
mobile phone-tracking makes it possible for parents to know where their
children are at all times. Some vendors sell phones with embedded software
that periodically sends data on the phone’s current location to a central server
via the mobile network. By logging in to the service online parents can view
their child’s current location and track where they have been previously. This
might be especially important if you can track that they have been to potentially
dangerous locations.
Disadvantages
• Privacy concerns:
This is the principle drawback or disadvantage of mobile phone-tracking. It has
been argued that using geo-location information is an invasion of privacy.
Mobile phone companies have the ability to exploit the information and get an
extraordinary insight into the private lives of their mobile customers. But is
phone-tracking really an invasion of personal privacy? Well, every mobile user
has the ability to disable casual location-tracking applications like ‘Find my
Friends’ so that is not an issue: however, this tracking information remains
available to phone providers and emergency services.
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CHAPTER 7
FUTURE WORK AND CONCLUSION
In the future its thought that as technology progresses so will the ability to track cell
phones, trace people and spy on people even more. The saying 'big brother is watching
you' has never been so true.
March 13, 2013 - Biometrics Research Group, Inc. expects that technologies that track
eye and gesture movements will play a large role in future mobile applications and
devices.
According to a recent New York Times report, the newest smartphone from
Samsung will have an eye-tracking feature that will allow its users to scroll down a page
without having to touch the screen.
The Future New Format:
The search engines and device manufacturers are testing a variety of new approaches to
mobile search, each of which has advantages and drawbacks for marketers when
compared to traditional search marketing strengths.
• Voice search:
While this solution keeps the strength of real-time intent, the results the user receives
after her search are problematic. Many voice search tools simply deliver the user to a
mobile search results page
• Proactive analysis:
Google Now uses your account data, location history, and past searches to predict
what you'd like to know - weather, traffic on your route home, good restaurants when
you're traveling - and then proactively provides this information. While these results
are well-targeted, their usefulness as marketing tools is more limited than traditional
search, as they remove the key expressed need (via a search query) and "moment of
truth" intent that makes search marketing so effective.
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• New secondary signals:
The new Moto X phone's "Moto Assist" feature is a great example of this approach,
which uses constantly tracked secondary signals to infer what the user is doing and
respond accordingly.
The classic format of typing a query and reviewing a SERP(Society For Elimination
Of Rural Poverty) is going to seem very quaint within the next few years. Smart
advertisers won't just build a mobile search strategy for today's formats - they'll pay close
attention to how their customers are searching and interacting with their mobile devices to
ensure they are present for every opportunity to respond to their customer's needs.
Conclusion:
Our proposal is advantageous in that the location of a mobile telephone can be accurately
tracked even in the multi-path fading and the NLOS environment, by using more accurate
tracking curves connecting the intersection points among circles with the radii being the
distances between corresponding BSs and the mobile telephone in a cellular mobile
communication system. We have described about accurate positioning of mobile
telephones, which can be used for several applications. The important considerations to
be undertaken while selecting a location based technology are location accuracy,
implementation cost, reliability, increasing functionality
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• Sourabh Pawade, Pushkar Masodkar, Prof Pankaj Hedaoo/ International Journal
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• J. Caffery, and G. Stuber Jr, “Vehicle location and tracking for IVHS in CDMA
micro-cells”, Proc. IEEE PIMRC, 1994.
• G. Morley, and W. Grover, “Improved location estimation with pulse-ranging in
presence of shadowing and multi-path excess-delay effects”, Electronics Letters,
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• Chin-Der Wann, Yi-Ming Chen, Position tracking and velocity estimation for
mobile positioning systems” Wireless Personal Multimedia Communications,
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Identifier:10.1109/WPMC
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