The quality of a wireless link can be described by three basic parameters, namely transmission rate, transmission range
and transmission reliability. With the advent of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) assisted Multicarrier code
division multiple access (MC-CDMA) systems, the above-mentioned three parameters may be simultaneously
improved. The MC-CDMA combined with the MIMO technique, has become a core technology for future mobile radio
communication system. However, possible potential gain in spectral efficiency is challenged by the receiver’s ability to
accurately detect the symbol due to inter symbol interference (ISI). Multipath propagation, mobility of transmitter,
receiver and local scattering cause the signal to be spread in frequency, different arrival time and angle, which results in
ISI in the received signal. This will affect overall system performance. The use of MC-CDMA mitigates the problem of
time dispersion. However, still it is necessary to remove the amplitude and phase shift caused by channel. To solve this
problem, a multiple antenna array can be used at the receiver, not only for spectral efficiency or gain enhancement, but
also for interference suppression. This can be done by the, efficient channel estimation with strong equalization. This
paper proposes MIMO MC-CDMA system, Minimum mean square error (MMSE) equalization with pilot based
channel estimation. The simulation result shows improved Bit error rate (BER) performance when the sub carrier (SC)
and antenna configuration were increased
A wireless precoding technique for millimetre-wave MIMO system based on SIC-MMSETELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A communication method is proposed using Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) precoding and Successive Interference Cancellation (SIC) technique for millimetre-wave multiple-input multiple-output (mm-Wave MIMO) based wireless communication system. The mm-Wave MIMO technology for wireless communication system is the base potential technology for its high data transfer rate followed by data instruction and low power consumption compared to Long-Term Evolution (LTE). The mm-Wave system is already available in indoor hotspot and Wi-Fi backhaul for its high bandwidth availability and potential lead to rate of numerous Gbps/user. But, in mobile wireless communication system this technique is lagging because the channel faces relative orthogonal coordination and multiple node detection problems while rapid movement of nodes (transmitter and receiver) occur. To improve the conventional mm-wave MIMO nodal detection and coordination performance, the system processes data using symbolized error vector technique for linearization. Then the MMSE precoding detection technique improves the link strength by constantly fitting the channel coefficients based on number of independent service antennas (M), Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), Channel Matrix (CM) and mean square errors (MSE). To maintain sequentially encoded user data connectivity and to overcome data loss, SIC method is used in combination with MMSE. MATLAB was used to validate the proposed system performance.
COMPARATIVE PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF VBLAST ENCODED 8×8 MIMO MC-CDMA WIRELES...pijans
The bit error rate performance of a V-Blast encoded 8x8 MIMO MC-CDMA wireless communication system
for different signal detection (MMSE and ZF) and digital modulation (BPSK, QPSK, DPSK, and 4QAM)
schemes for grayscale image transmission has been investigated in this paper. The proposed wireless system
employ ½-rated Convolution and cyclic redundancy check (CRC) channel encoding over the AWGN channel
and Walsh Hadamard code as an orthogonal spread code. The present Matlab based simulation study
demonstrates that the V-Blast encoded 8×8 MIMO MC-CDMA wireless system with the employment of 1⁄2-
rated convolution and cyclic redundancy check (CRC) channel encoding strategies shows good performance
utilizing BPSK digital modulation and ZF signal detection scheme in grayscale image transmission
Study of the VariousChannel Estimation Schemes in Wireless Mimo-Ofdm Networkstheijes
The Multiple Input Multiple Output Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing system is used widely use.so it
is essential to understand the data transmission in such system. As the characteristics of the transmission
channel always changing with time, it is necessary to know the channel and channel estimation schemes in
wireless networks. The channel estimation schemes are required to make the channels according to required
parameters for the data transmission. Several channel estimation schemes are available and can be used with
different algorithms. In this paper various channel estimation schemes were discussed and their performance in
fading channel.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Performance Comparison of Multi-Carrier CDMA Using QPSK and BPSK ModulationIOSR Journals
Abstract: MC-CDMA (Multi Carrier Code Division Multiple Access) plays an important role in modern wireless communications. Modern communication required an efficient spectrum usage and capacity and throughput.MC-CDMA provided the solution of these problems. MIMO refers to links with multiple antennas at the transmitter and receiver side. CDMA systems combined with multiple antennas is a promising technique, beyond 3G and 4G wireless communications. MIMO provides spatial diversity, which mitigates the fading. The usage of multiple antennas can significantly improve the performance of wireless communication system. This work also derives simulation through MATLAB of average bit error rate verses bit energy to noise ratio of multicarrier code division multiple access over Rayleigh channel using QPSK and BPSK modulation additive white Gaussian noise. Keywords: AWGN,BER,MC-CDMA, QPSK Modulation, Rayleigh Channel.
A wireless precoding technique for millimetre-wave MIMO system based on SIC-MMSETELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A communication method is proposed using Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) precoding and Successive Interference Cancellation (SIC) technique for millimetre-wave multiple-input multiple-output (mm-Wave MIMO) based wireless communication system. The mm-Wave MIMO technology for wireless communication system is the base potential technology for its high data transfer rate followed by data instruction and low power consumption compared to Long-Term Evolution (LTE). The mm-Wave system is already available in indoor hotspot and Wi-Fi backhaul for its high bandwidth availability and potential lead to rate of numerous Gbps/user. But, in mobile wireless communication system this technique is lagging because the channel faces relative orthogonal coordination and multiple node detection problems while rapid movement of nodes (transmitter and receiver) occur. To improve the conventional mm-wave MIMO nodal detection and coordination performance, the system processes data using symbolized error vector technique for linearization. Then the MMSE precoding detection technique improves the link strength by constantly fitting the channel coefficients based on number of independent service antennas (M), Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), Channel Matrix (CM) and mean square errors (MSE). To maintain sequentially encoded user data connectivity and to overcome data loss, SIC method is used in combination with MMSE. MATLAB was used to validate the proposed system performance.
COMPARATIVE PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF VBLAST ENCODED 8×8 MIMO MC-CDMA WIRELES...pijans
The bit error rate performance of a V-Blast encoded 8x8 MIMO MC-CDMA wireless communication system
for different signal detection (MMSE and ZF) and digital modulation (BPSK, QPSK, DPSK, and 4QAM)
schemes for grayscale image transmission has been investigated in this paper. The proposed wireless system
employ ½-rated Convolution and cyclic redundancy check (CRC) channel encoding over the AWGN channel
and Walsh Hadamard code as an orthogonal spread code. The present Matlab based simulation study
demonstrates that the V-Blast encoded 8×8 MIMO MC-CDMA wireless system with the employment of 1⁄2-
rated convolution and cyclic redundancy check (CRC) channel encoding strategies shows good performance
utilizing BPSK digital modulation and ZF signal detection scheme in grayscale image transmission
Study of the VariousChannel Estimation Schemes in Wireless Mimo-Ofdm Networkstheijes
The Multiple Input Multiple Output Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing system is used widely use.so it
is essential to understand the data transmission in such system. As the characteristics of the transmission
channel always changing with time, it is necessary to know the channel and channel estimation schemes in
wireless networks. The channel estimation schemes are required to make the channels according to required
parameters for the data transmission. Several channel estimation schemes are available and can be used with
different algorithms. In this paper various channel estimation schemes were discussed and their performance in
fading channel.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Performance Comparison of Multi-Carrier CDMA Using QPSK and BPSK ModulationIOSR Journals
Abstract: MC-CDMA (Multi Carrier Code Division Multiple Access) plays an important role in modern wireless communications. Modern communication required an efficient spectrum usage and capacity and throughput.MC-CDMA provided the solution of these problems. MIMO refers to links with multiple antennas at the transmitter and receiver side. CDMA systems combined with multiple antennas is a promising technique, beyond 3G and 4G wireless communications. MIMO provides spatial diversity, which mitigates the fading. The usage of multiple antennas can significantly improve the performance of wireless communication system. This work also derives simulation through MATLAB of average bit error rate verses bit energy to noise ratio of multicarrier code division multiple access over Rayleigh channel using QPSK and BPSK modulation additive white Gaussian noise. Keywords: AWGN,BER,MC-CDMA, QPSK Modulation, Rayleigh Channel.
ABSTRACT : Performance enhancement of smart antennas versus their complexity for commercial wireless
applications. The goal of the study presented in this paper is to investigate the performance improvement
attainable using relatively simple smart antenna techniques when applied to the third-generation W-CDMA air
interface. Methods to achieve this goal include fixed multi beam architectures with different beam selection
algorithms (maximum power criterion, combined beams) or adaptive solutions driven by relatively simple direction
finding algorithms. After comparing these methods against each other for several representative scenarios, some
issues related to the sensitivity of these methods are also studied, (e.g., robustness to environment, mismatches
originating from implementation limitations, etc.). Results indicate that overall, conventional beam forming
seems to be the best choice in terms of balancing the performance and complexity requirements, in particular
when the problem with interfering high-bit-rate W-CDMA 3g users is considered.
A DDRESSING T HE M ULTICHANNEL S ELECTION , S CHEDULING A ND C OORDINATION...pijans
We discuss a new multichannel coordination and sche
duling challenge called the Multichannel Scheduling
Cost (MSC). It is caused by the inability of the co
ntrol channel to schedule simultaneous transmission
s
resulting in data channels lying idle and their ban
dwidth underutilized. As a result, wasted bandwidth
increases as the number of data channels increases.
To address this challenge, a cyclic scheduling
Algorithm (CSA) is proposed. It employs one dedicat
ed signaling channel and 4 data channels. It is
premised on a proactive channel reservation scheme
which reduces the idleness of channels. The scheme
ensures that data channels are reserved while they
are still busy. The data channels are reserved whil
e
their remaining transmission duration is equal to t
he virtual carrier sensing duration. This gives the
next
pair sufficient time to reserve the current data ch
annel before it becomes available, limiting the MSC
to the
first cycle. The simulation results show a performa
nce benefit of the CSA scheme in addressing the eff
ects
of the MSC
Performance of the MIMO-MC-CDMA System with MMSE EqualizationTamilarasan N
Multipath fading and spectral crowding are the
major challenges in dealing higher data rate in future
broadband wireless communication system. Multi-carrier
Modulation like Multicarrier code division multiple access
(MC-CDMA) can tackle the problem and provide higher data
rate for future wireless communication system. However,
through a frequency selective fading channel, the subcarriers
in MC-CDMA signal have different amplitude levels and phase
shifts which result in loss of the orthogonality among users
and generates Multiple access interference (MAI). To combat
the MAI, various amplitude and phase equalizing techniques
such as Maximum Ratio Combining (MRC), Equal Gain
Combining (EGC), Orthogonal Restoring Combining (ORC),
Threshold Orthogonal Restoring Combining or Minimum
Mean Square Error (MMSE) may be used. Out of these MMSE
offers better performance since the MMSE criterion is applied
independently on each subcarrier. Further improvement in
performance is possible through space–time block coding,
which offers maximum diversity gain and multiplexing gain.
This paper combines MC-CDMA with MMSE equalization
and space–time block coding which proves to be a powerful
physical layer solution in combating delay spread and inter
symbol interference (ISI).
Performance Analysis of MIMO-LTE for MQAM over Fading ChannelsIOSRJECE
LTE (Long Term Evolution) is a 3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project) wireless standards which uses the standard OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) modulation, MU-MIMO (Multiuser Multiple Input Multiple Output) technology and different multipath fading models. LTE uses the spectrum more efficiently to deliver high speed data. This paper characterizes the downlink performance of LTE. The MIMO technology which provides high data rate applications to the users made a breakthrough in wireless communication and is defined in the LTE standard. The performance is characterized in terms of BER (Bit Error Rate). In this paper the LTE system is modelled and simulated using MATLAB and the BER for 2×2 and 4×4 MIMO-LTE using 16QAM and 64QAM modulation schemes for Rayleigh fading environment are obtained against different SNR values.
Effect of Interleaved FEC Code on Wavelet Based MC-CDMA System with Alamouti ...IJCSEIT Journal
In this paper, the impact of Forward Error Correction (FEC) code namely Trellis code with interleaver on
the performance of wavelet based MC-CDMA wireless communication system with the implementation of
Alamouti antenna diversity scheme has been investigated in terms of Bit Error Rate (BER) as a function of
Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) per bit. Simulation of the system under proposed study has been done in M-ary
modulation schemes (MPSK, MQAM and DPSK) over AWGN and Rayleigh fading channel incorporating
Walsh Hadamard code as orthogonal spreading code to discriminate the message signal for individual
user. It is observed via computer simulation that the performance of the interleaved coded based proposed
system outperforms than that of the uncoded system in all modulation schemes over Rayleigh fading
channel.
Study on transmission over Nakagami-m fading channel for multiple access sche...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, a downlink performance in non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) system is considered. With regard to different priority for two NOMA users, we exploit the closed-form expressions of outage probability over wireless fading channel following Nakagami-m fading. The fixed power allocation factor scheme is examined to reduce the complexity in computation regarding performance analysis. In our analysis, perfect successive interference cancellation (SIC) is applied in order to achieve perfect signal decoding operation. Simulation results show that the considered NOMA downlink scheme is affected by transmit SNR, power allocation factors, fading parameters.
Performance evaluation of high mobility OFDM channel estimation techniques IJECEIAES
In wireless communication, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) has been adopted due to its robustness to multipath fading and high data rate transmissions. At the other hand, the performance of OFDM systems severely degraded due to multi-path fading and Doppler frequency shifts in mobile systems, which causes inter-carrier-interference (ICI). Thus, Estimation of channel parameters is required at the receiver using a pre designed estimator where pilot tones are inserted in each OFDM symbol. In this paper, a random pilot data are generated and inserted in each OFDM symbol at equally spaced locations. The performance test of Least Square (LS) and Linear Minimum Mean Square (LMMSE) estimation methods are proposed with Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) based on both LS and LMMSE, where different ITU channel models are considered in order to compare their performance for data transmission in high mobile systems with different Doppler frequencies exceeds 200 Hz and minimal number of pilots.
Peak to Average Power Ratio Reduction in Mc Cdma System by Using Pulse Shapin...IOSR Journals
Abstract: One of the drawback of multicarrier code division multiple access (MC CDMA) is the high peak to
average power ratio (PAPR). In this paper A novel scheme based on pulse shaping described for PAPR
reduction. Here three different pulse shaping filters (Raised cosine, Sinc power pulse and Nyqist pulse) are
described for PAPR reduction in MC CDMA system. The method is based on the proper selection of the pulses
for shaping the different sub carriers of the MC CDMA modulation scheme. It is shown by computer simulation
that the scheme achieves the significant improvement in PAPR reduction in MC CDMA system. Its
implementation complexity is much low in comparison to the previous published methods. Thus pulse shaping
technique can be used not only to shape the spectrum of the transmitted signal but also to reduce its PAPR. In
computer simulation It is observed that by using nyquist pulse near about 6.8 db PAPR is obtained. Which is
considerable PAPR reduction than a PAPR value of Original MC CDMA signal
Keywords: MC CDMA, PAPR, PULSE SHAPING, BPSK
Abstract –The energy efficiency has become more important in MIMO wireless communication system in recent days. The antennas at each end of the communications circuit are combined to minimize errors and optimize data speed. In Multiple Input Multiple Output Time Division Duplexing (MIMO TDD), by assuming reciprocity property the downlink transmission is based on uplink channel estimation. When more uplink pilot power ensures more accurate channel estimation and better downlink performance, it achieves higher energy consumption of mobile users. Link adaptation scheme uses different modulation schemes for different communication link quality. From the result of MIMO TDD, it ensures high Bit Error Rate.MIMO schemes are usually incorporated intoOFDM systems. The spatial and frequencyresource can be jointly allocated to improve EE.However, the complexity of the joint design may be prohibitive. This system is effective, in addition to that it also needs simple algorithms like energy efficiency optimization power allocation (EEOPA) algorithm of multiuser multiple input and multiple output (MU-MIMO) systems in order to obtain a trade-offbetween complexity and performance.
UFMC system performance improvement using RS codes for 5G communication systemTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Fifth generation (5G) mobile communication is expected to be deployed in several countries by 2020. Where, the data consumptions are expected to be increased to 30% thus, it cannot be supported by the present technologies 3G and 4G. In contrast, looking for new alternative modulation techniques of orthogonal frequency division modulation (OFDM) system which is suffering from high peak to average power ratio (PAPR) and out of band (OOB) side lobes are needed to use in 5G communication system. Hence, universal filtered multi-carrier (UFMC) is considered as alternative waveform to overcome of OFDM disadvantages. In communication systems, channel coding is considered vital part, where error correction codes (ECC) are used to detect and correct the errors which is occurring in channel noise. In this paper, RS codes are suggested with UFMC system to achieve the reliability of information transmission over noisy channels. The results showed that although, the values of PAPR levels for using RS codes in UFMC increased to 8.8653dB against 6.9735 dB for OFDM system. However, there are significant improvements in BER performance owing to use RS codes against uncoded-UFMC system. Furthermore, the values of OOB in UFMC system was lower than OFDM system.
Transceiver Design for MIMO Systems with Individual Transmit Power ConstraintsIJECEIAES
This paper investigate the transceiver design for single-user multiple-input multiple- output system (SU-MIMO). Joint transceiver design with an improper modulation is developed based on the minimum total mean-squared error (TMSE) criterion under two different cases. One is equal power allocation (EPA) and other is the power constraint that jointly meets both EPA and total transmit power constraint (TTPC) (i.e ITPC). Transceiver is designed based on the assumption that both the perfect and imperfect channel state information (CSI) is available at both the transmitter and receiver. The simulation results show the performance improvement of the proposed work over conventional work in terms of bit error rate (BER).
Index modulation is one of the promising techniques for future communications systems due to many improvement over the classical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing systems such as single RF chain, increased throughput for the same modulation order, achieved tradeoff between the efficiencies of the power and the spectral, and elimination of inter-channel interference. Many forms of index modulation researches exist where symbols are conveyed in antennas, subcarriers, time slots, and the space-time matrix. Spatial modulation is one member of index modulation family where symbols are conveyed in activating transmit/receive antennas. In this paper, a modification to a standard multiple input single output scheme by integrating spatial modulation using simplified mathematical procedure is achieved. In the transmitter side, data and activation symbols are distributed simultaneously using mathematical module and floor functions. At the receiver, a simplified maximum likelihood detector is used to obtain transmitted pair of symbols. To verify this, MATLAB simulink is used to simulate a downlink system where spatial modulation is applied to a base station. Results for different transmit antenna number and modulation order are obtained in the form of bit error rate versus signal to noise ratio.
Outage and throughput performance of cognitive radio based power domain based...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper considers power domain based multiple access (PDMA) in cognitive radio network to serve numerous users who intend to multiple access to core network. In particular, we investigate the effect of signal combination scheme equipped at PDMA end-users as existence of direct link and relay link. This system model using relay scheme provides performance improvement on the outage probability of two PDMA end-users. We first propose a simple scheme of fixed power allocation to PDMA users who exhibit performance gap and fairness. Inspired by PDMA strategy, we then find signal to noise ratio (SNR) to detect separated signal for each user. In addition, the exact expressions of outage probability are derived in assumption that receiver can cancel out the interference completely with successive interference cancellation (SIC). By exploiting theoretical and simulation results, both considered combination schemes (Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC) and Selection Combining (SC) can achieve improved performance of two PDMA users significantly.
ABSTRACT : Performance enhancement of smart antennas versus their complexity for commercial wireless
applications. The goal of the study presented in this paper is to investigate the performance improvement
attainable using relatively simple smart antenna techniques when applied to the third-generation W-CDMA air
interface. Methods to achieve this goal include fixed multi beam architectures with different beam selection
algorithms (maximum power criterion, combined beams) or adaptive solutions driven by relatively simple direction
finding algorithms. After comparing these methods against each other for several representative scenarios, some
issues related to the sensitivity of these methods are also studied, (e.g., robustness to environment, mismatches
originating from implementation limitations, etc.). Results indicate that overall, conventional beam forming
seems to be the best choice in terms of balancing the performance and complexity requirements, in particular
when the problem with interfering high-bit-rate W-CDMA 3g users is considered.
A DDRESSING T HE M ULTICHANNEL S ELECTION , S CHEDULING A ND C OORDINATION...pijans
We discuss a new multichannel coordination and sche
duling challenge called the Multichannel Scheduling
Cost (MSC). It is caused by the inability of the co
ntrol channel to schedule simultaneous transmission
s
resulting in data channels lying idle and their ban
dwidth underutilized. As a result, wasted bandwidth
increases as the number of data channels increases.
To address this challenge, a cyclic scheduling
Algorithm (CSA) is proposed. It employs one dedicat
ed signaling channel and 4 data channels. It is
premised on a proactive channel reservation scheme
which reduces the idleness of channels. The scheme
ensures that data channels are reserved while they
are still busy. The data channels are reserved whil
e
their remaining transmission duration is equal to t
he virtual carrier sensing duration. This gives the
next
pair sufficient time to reserve the current data ch
annel before it becomes available, limiting the MSC
to the
first cycle. The simulation results show a performa
nce benefit of the CSA scheme in addressing the eff
ects
of the MSC
Performance of the MIMO-MC-CDMA System with MMSE EqualizationTamilarasan N
Multipath fading and spectral crowding are the
major challenges in dealing higher data rate in future
broadband wireless communication system. Multi-carrier
Modulation like Multicarrier code division multiple access
(MC-CDMA) can tackle the problem and provide higher data
rate for future wireless communication system. However,
through a frequency selective fading channel, the subcarriers
in MC-CDMA signal have different amplitude levels and phase
shifts which result in loss of the orthogonality among users
and generates Multiple access interference (MAI). To combat
the MAI, various amplitude and phase equalizing techniques
such as Maximum Ratio Combining (MRC), Equal Gain
Combining (EGC), Orthogonal Restoring Combining (ORC),
Threshold Orthogonal Restoring Combining or Minimum
Mean Square Error (MMSE) may be used. Out of these MMSE
offers better performance since the MMSE criterion is applied
independently on each subcarrier. Further improvement in
performance is possible through space–time block coding,
which offers maximum diversity gain and multiplexing gain.
This paper combines MC-CDMA with MMSE equalization
and space–time block coding which proves to be a powerful
physical layer solution in combating delay spread and inter
symbol interference (ISI).
Performance Analysis of MIMO-LTE for MQAM over Fading ChannelsIOSRJECE
LTE (Long Term Evolution) is a 3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project) wireless standards which uses the standard OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) modulation, MU-MIMO (Multiuser Multiple Input Multiple Output) technology and different multipath fading models. LTE uses the spectrum more efficiently to deliver high speed data. This paper characterizes the downlink performance of LTE. The MIMO technology which provides high data rate applications to the users made a breakthrough in wireless communication and is defined in the LTE standard. The performance is characterized in terms of BER (Bit Error Rate). In this paper the LTE system is modelled and simulated using MATLAB and the BER for 2×2 and 4×4 MIMO-LTE using 16QAM and 64QAM modulation schemes for Rayleigh fading environment are obtained against different SNR values.
Effect of Interleaved FEC Code on Wavelet Based MC-CDMA System with Alamouti ...IJCSEIT Journal
In this paper, the impact of Forward Error Correction (FEC) code namely Trellis code with interleaver on
the performance of wavelet based MC-CDMA wireless communication system with the implementation of
Alamouti antenna diversity scheme has been investigated in terms of Bit Error Rate (BER) as a function of
Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) per bit. Simulation of the system under proposed study has been done in M-ary
modulation schemes (MPSK, MQAM and DPSK) over AWGN and Rayleigh fading channel incorporating
Walsh Hadamard code as orthogonal spreading code to discriminate the message signal for individual
user. It is observed via computer simulation that the performance of the interleaved coded based proposed
system outperforms than that of the uncoded system in all modulation schemes over Rayleigh fading
channel.
Study on transmission over Nakagami-m fading channel for multiple access sche...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, a downlink performance in non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) system is considered. With regard to different priority for two NOMA users, we exploit the closed-form expressions of outage probability over wireless fading channel following Nakagami-m fading. The fixed power allocation factor scheme is examined to reduce the complexity in computation regarding performance analysis. In our analysis, perfect successive interference cancellation (SIC) is applied in order to achieve perfect signal decoding operation. Simulation results show that the considered NOMA downlink scheme is affected by transmit SNR, power allocation factors, fading parameters.
Performance evaluation of high mobility OFDM channel estimation techniques IJECEIAES
In wireless communication, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) has been adopted due to its robustness to multipath fading and high data rate transmissions. At the other hand, the performance of OFDM systems severely degraded due to multi-path fading and Doppler frequency shifts in mobile systems, which causes inter-carrier-interference (ICI). Thus, Estimation of channel parameters is required at the receiver using a pre designed estimator where pilot tones are inserted in each OFDM symbol. In this paper, a random pilot data are generated and inserted in each OFDM symbol at equally spaced locations. The performance test of Least Square (LS) and Linear Minimum Mean Square (LMMSE) estimation methods are proposed with Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) based on both LS and LMMSE, where different ITU channel models are considered in order to compare their performance for data transmission in high mobile systems with different Doppler frequencies exceeds 200 Hz and minimal number of pilots.
Peak to Average Power Ratio Reduction in Mc Cdma System by Using Pulse Shapin...IOSR Journals
Abstract: One of the drawback of multicarrier code division multiple access (MC CDMA) is the high peak to
average power ratio (PAPR). In this paper A novel scheme based on pulse shaping described for PAPR
reduction. Here three different pulse shaping filters (Raised cosine, Sinc power pulse and Nyqist pulse) are
described for PAPR reduction in MC CDMA system. The method is based on the proper selection of the pulses
for shaping the different sub carriers of the MC CDMA modulation scheme. It is shown by computer simulation
that the scheme achieves the significant improvement in PAPR reduction in MC CDMA system. Its
implementation complexity is much low in comparison to the previous published methods. Thus pulse shaping
technique can be used not only to shape the spectrum of the transmitted signal but also to reduce its PAPR. In
computer simulation It is observed that by using nyquist pulse near about 6.8 db PAPR is obtained. Which is
considerable PAPR reduction than a PAPR value of Original MC CDMA signal
Keywords: MC CDMA, PAPR, PULSE SHAPING, BPSK
Abstract –The energy efficiency has become more important in MIMO wireless communication system in recent days. The antennas at each end of the communications circuit are combined to minimize errors and optimize data speed. In Multiple Input Multiple Output Time Division Duplexing (MIMO TDD), by assuming reciprocity property the downlink transmission is based on uplink channel estimation. When more uplink pilot power ensures more accurate channel estimation and better downlink performance, it achieves higher energy consumption of mobile users. Link adaptation scheme uses different modulation schemes for different communication link quality. From the result of MIMO TDD, it ensures high Bit Error Rate.MIMO schemes are usually incorporated intoOFDM systems. The spatial and frequencyresource can be jointly allocated to improve EE.However, the complexity of the joint design may be prohibitive. This system is effective, in addition to that it also needs simple algorithms like energy efficiency optimization power allocation (EEOPA) algorithm of multiuser multiple input and multiple output (MU-MIMO) systems in order to obtain a trade-offbetween complexity and performance.
UFMC system performance improvement using RS codes for 5G communication systemTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Fifth generation (5G) mobile communication is expected to be deployed in several countries by 2020. Where, the data consumptions are expected to be increased to 30% thus, it cannot be supported by the present technologies 3G and 4G. In contrast, looking for new alternative modulation techniques of orthogonal frequency division modulation (OFDM) system which is suffering from high peak to average power ratio (PAPR) and out of band (OOB) side lobes are needed to use in 5G communication system. Hence, universal filtered multi-carrier (UFMC) is considered as alternative waveform to overcome of OFDM disadvantages. In communication systems, channel coding is considered vital part, where error correction codes (ECC) are used to detect and correct the errors which is occurring in channel noise. In this paper, RS codes are suggested with UFMC system to achieve the reliability of information transmission over noisy channels. The results showed that although, the values of PAPR levels for using RS codes in UFMC increased to 8.8653dB against 6.9735 dB for OFDM system. However, there are significant improvements in BER performance owing to use RS codes against uncoded-UFMC system. Furthermore, the values of OOB in UFMC system was lower than OFDM system.
Transceiver Design for MIMO Systems with Individual Transmit Power ConstraintsIJECEIAES
This paper investigate the transceiver design for single-user multiple-input multiple- output system (SU-MIMO). Joint transceiver design with an improper modulation is developed based on the minimum total mean-squared error (TMSE) criterion under two different cases. One is equal power allocation (EPA) and other is the power constraint that jointly meets both EPA and total transmit power constraint (TTPC) (i.e ITPC). Transceiver is designed based on the assumption that both the perfect and imperfect channel state information (CSI) is available at both the transmitter and receiver. The simulation results show the performance improvement of the proposed work over conventional work in terms of bit error rate (BER).
Index modulation is one of the promising techniques for future communications systems due to many improvement over the classical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing systems such as single RF chain, increased throughput for the same modulation order, achieved tradeoff between the efficiencies of the power and the spectral, and elimination of inter-channel interference. Many forms of index modulation researches exist where symbols are conveyed in antennas, subcarriers, time slots, and the space-time matrix. Spatial modulation is one member of index modulation family where symbols are conveyed in activating transmit/receive antennas. In this paper, a modification to a standard multiple input single output scheme by integrating spatial modulation using simplified mathematical procedure is achieved. In the transmitter side, data and activation symbols are distributed simultaneously using mathematical module and floor functions. At the receiver, a simplified maximum likelihood detector is used to obtain transmitted pair of symbols. To verify this, MATLAB simulink is used to simulate a downlink system where spatial modulation is applied to a base station. Results for different transmit antenna number and modulation order are obtained in the form of bit error rate versus signal to noise ratio.
Outage and throughput performance of cognitive radio based power domain based...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper considers power domain based multiple access (PDMA) in cognitive radio network to serve numerous users who intend to multiple access to core network. In particular, we investigate the effect of signal combination scheme equipped at PDMA end-users as existence of direct link and relay link. This system model using relay scheme provides performance improvement on the outage probability of two PDMA end-users. We first propose a simple scheme of fixed power allocation to PDMA users who exhibit performance gap and fairness. Inspired by PDMA strategy, we then find signal to noise ratio (SNR) to detect separated signal for each user. In addition, the exact expressions of outage probability are derived in assumption that receiver can cancel out the interference completely with successive interference cancellation (SIC). By exploiting theoretical and simulation results, both considered combination schemes (Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC) and Selection Combining (SC) can achieve improved performance of two PDMA users significantly.
Channel Estimation in MIMO OFDM Systems with Tapped Delay Line ModelIJCNCJournal
The continuous increase in the user demands fornew-generation communication systems, is making the wireless channel more complex and challenging for estimation, developing a simulation model for the channel,and evaluating the performance of different MIMO systems. In this work, a simulation model for multipath fading channels in wireless communication is performed. The model includes a selection of typical Tapped-Delay-Line channel models that can be implemented to reproduce the effects of representative channel distortion and interference. Based on the simulation results, the proposed method exhibits accurate channel estimation performance for frequency-selective fading channels. The proposed work employed LS, MMSE, and ML methods for channel estimation, using 16 and 32 pilots and fixed pilot locations in each frame. Results are obtained for 4x4, 8x8, 16x16, 16x8, and 16x4 MIMO systems and tapped delay line systems.
Channel Estimation in MIMO OFDM Systems with Tapped Delay Line ModelIJCNCJournal
The continuous increase in the user demands fornew-generation communication systems, is making the wireless channel more complex and challenging for estimation, developing a simulation model for the channel,and evaluating the performance of different MIMO systems. In this work, a simulation model for multipath fading channels in wireless communication is performed. The model includes a selection of typical Tapped-Delay-Line channel models that can be implemented to reproduce the effects of representative channel distortion and interference. Based on the simulation results, the proposed method exhibits accurate channel estimation performance for frequency-selective fading channels. The proposed work employed LS, MMSE, and ML methods for channel estimation, using 16 and 32 pilots and fixed pilot locations in each frame. Results are obtained for 4x4, 8x8, 16x16, 16x8, and 16x4 MIMO systems and tapped delay line systems.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Estimation of bit error rate in 2×2 and 4×4 multi-input multioutput-orthogon...IJECEIAES
Multiple-input, multiple-output orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) systems with multiple input antennas and multiple output antennas in dynamic environments face the challenge of channel estimation. To overcome this challenge and to improve the performance and signal-tonoise ratio, in this paper we used the Kalman filter for the correct estimation of the signal in dynamic environments. To obtain the original signal at the receiver end bit error rate factor plays a major role. If the signal to noise ratio is high and the bit error rate is low then signal strength is high, the signal received at the receiver end is almost similar to the i th transmitted signal. The dynamic tracking characteristic of Kalman filter is used to establish a dynamic space-time codeword and a collection of orthogonal pilot sequences to prevent interference among transmissions in this paper. Using the simulation, the Kalman filter method can be compared to the other channel estimation method presented in this paper that can track timevarying channels rapidly.
A SEMI BLIND CHANNEL ESTIMATION METHOD BASED ON HYBRID NEURAL NETWORKS FOR UP...ijwmn
The paper describes how to improve channel estimation in Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple
Access (SC-FDMA) system, using a Hybrid Artificial Neural Networks (HANN). The 3rd Generation
Partnership Project (3GPP) standards for uplink Long Term Evolution Advanced (LTE-A) uses pilot based
channel estimation technique. This kind of channel estimation method suffers from a considerable loss
ofbitrate due to pilot insertion; all data frame sent contains reference signal. The HANN converts data
aided channel estimator to semi blind channel estimator. To increase convergence speed, HANN uses some
channel propagation Fuzzy Rules to initialize Neural Network parameters before learning instead of a
random initialization, so its learning phase ismore rapidly compared to classic ANN.HANN allows more
bandwidth efficient and less complexity. Simulation results show that HANN has better computational
efficiency than the Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) estimator and has faster convergence than
classic Neural Networks estimators.
A Novel Alamouti STBC Technique for MIMO System Using 16- QAM Modulation and ...IJERA Editor
The wireless communication is the emerging field of research among communication researchers and they are
continuously working towards the reduction if error occurred in the signal during transmission through wireless
media. In this paper the wireless system is simulated with the application of Alamouti space time block codes
(STBC) with MIMO and MISO configurations to compare the results. The modulation technique used here is
16-QAM which is giving better results than other counterparts and to enhance the performance of the system i.e.
to reduce the effect of errors on data we have applied a moving average filter(MAF). The performance of the
system is shown with the simulation results with variable data sizes and found that the proposed approach is
better for the system.
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF MC-CDMA SYSTEM OVER RAYLEIGH FADING CHANNELIJCSES Journal
Multi Carrier Code Division Multiple Access (MC-CDMA) is a well known technique for high speed
wireless data transmission .Two advanced technology was included in the MC-CDMA structure, such as
orthogonal frequency division multiplex (OFDM) and the code division multiple access (CDMA),so that it
benefits from the robustness of OFDM against multipath environment and from the capability of multiuser
multiplexing services that is achieved via (CDMA) system. MC-CDMA is a multicarrier spread spectrum
system which is classified as the candidate scheme for future mobile radio systems. In this paper MCCDMA
system, with Rayleigh fading channel and 16QAM array modulation, was simulated to investigate
the effects of different parameters on the system performance, such as processing gain; number of paths;
number of users; interleaving; and coding ratio.MC-CDMA performances can be considerably improved
by proper selection of these parameters. As expected, results show that MC-CDMA has a better performance over CDMA system.
PERFORMANCE OF CONVOLUTION AND CRC CHANNEL ENCODED V-BLAST 4×4 MIMO MCCDMA WI...ijasa
Wireless communications are among the rapidly growing fields in our current life and have a massive effect on every aspect of our everyday life. In this paper, the performance of the various digital modulation techniques (BPSK, DPSK, QPSK, and QAM) based wireless communication system on the audio signal transmission through the additive Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channel is assessed on the basis of bit error rate (BER) as a function of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Based on the results of this study, BPSK modulation outperforms the DPSK, QPSK, and QAM modulation strategies in the MIMO MC-CDMA VBlast based wireless communication system. The digital modulation of QPSK shows the worst performance in audio signal transmission especially in comparison to other digital modulations. It is clear from the current simulation study based on MATLAB that the V-Blast encoded 4×4 MIMO MC-CDMA wireless system with minimum mean square error (MMSE) signal detection and 1⁄2-rated convolution and cyclic redundancy check (CRC) channel encoding strategies show good performance utilizing BPSK digital modulation in audio signal transmission
An Efficient Performance of Mimo - Ofdm Based Cognitieve Radio System for Arr...IOSR Journals
Abstract: The wireless channel is central within this context, thus estimating the channel is the key to make CR operational, taking in consideration that the transmission-reception technology is available. In this thesis, we design a MIMO system using OFDM modulation technology to transmit and receive two signals over the mobile wireless channel. First formulate the pilot design as a new optimization problem. We use MIMO concept to enhance system capacity and robustness of the wireless transmission. In Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO) based cognitive radio (CR) systems, with the increasing demand for data rate and reliability in Wireless communicationsand devices, several issues become very important like bandwidth efficiency, quality of service and radio coverage. In this new scheme, adaptive arrays are group-selected in the spatial domain. Simulation shows that the proposed system can get significant performance improvements over the conventional array based OFDM systems over frequency-selective multipath fading channels with cognitive radio (CR) system. Keywords: Cognitive radios, MIMO, OFDM, and Joint transmit and receive group selected arrays.
Performance enhancement of maximum ratio transmission in 5G system with multi...IJECEIAES
The downlink multi-user precoding of the multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) method includes optimal channel state information at the base station and a variety of linear precoding (LP) schemes. Maximum ratio transmission (MRT) is among the common precoding schemes but does not provide good performance with massive MIMO, such as high bit error rate (BER) and low throughput. The orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and precoding schemes used in 5G have a flaw in high-speed environments. Given that the Doppler effect induces frequency changes, orthogonality between OFDM subcarriers is disrupted and their throughput output is decreased and BER is decreased. This study focuses on solving this problem by improving the performance of a 5G system with MRT, specifically by using a new design that includes weighted overlap and add (WOLA) with MRT. The current research also compares the standard system MRT with OFDM with the proposed design (WOLA-MRT) to find the best performance on throughput and BER. Improved system results show outstanding performance enhancement over a standard system, and numerous improvements with massive MIMO, such as best BER and throughput. Its approximately 60% more throughput than the traditional systems. Lastly, the proposed system improves BER by approximately 2% compared with the traditional system.
Channel Estimation Techniques in MIMO-OFDM LTE SystemsCauses and Effects of C...IJERA Editor
There is an increasing demand for high data transmission rates with the evolution of the very large scale integration (VLSI) technology. The multiple input multiple output-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) systems are used to fulfill these requirements because of their unique properties such as high spectral efficiency, high data rate and resistance towards multipath propagation. MIMO-OFDM systems are finding their applications in the modern wireless communication systems like IEEE 802.11n, 4G and LTE. They also offer reliable communication with the increased coverage area. The bottleneck to the MIMO-OFDM systems is the estimation of the channel state information (CSI). This can be estimated with the help of any one of the Training Based, Semiblind and Blind Channel estimation algorithms. This paper presents various channel estimation algorithms, optimization techniques and their effective utilization in MIMO-OFDM for modern wireless LTE systems.
Similar to PERFORMANCE OF MIMO MC-CDMA SYSTEM WITH CHANNEL ESTIMATION AND MMSE EQUALIZATION (20)
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-Log and antilog amplifiers- Instrumentation amplifiers.
Basic principle and block diagram of microwave oven; washing machine hardware and software, components of air conditioning and refrigeration systems, Proximity Sensors and accelerometer sensors in home appliances
Circuit switching,Packet switching,VHF/UHF RADIO SYSTEMS,LAN (local Area network),Types of topology,Bus Topology,Ring Topology,Star Topology,Mesh Topology,Metropolitan Area Network,Wide Area Network,Cordless Phone,ISDN(integrated service digital Network)
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.