The document summarizes the Indo-Islamic architecture that flourished in Bijapur, India under the rule of the Adil Shahi dynasty from the 15th to 17th centuries. It achieved its greatest development during this period. Notable structures built include the Jami Masjid mosque (1576-1614), the largest mosque in Bijapur; the Ibrahim Rauza mausoleum (1626) of Ibrahim Adil Shah II, which inspired the design of the Taj Mahal; and the Gol Gumbaz mausoleum (1647-1656) with its massive unsupported dome. The architecture blended Islamic elements like domes and arches with local Indian styles

1. MADE BY:
KUSHAGRA GOEL

2.  Indo Islamic architecture in Bijapur, a city in the state of Karnataka flourished
under the Muslim rulers in the medieval period. This city first experienced its
Islamic architecture in the end of 13th century under Allaudin Khilji and later
under the Bahamani Empire in 1347. However, Bijapur was decked and dotted
with wonderful Indo Islamic architectures during reign of the Adil Shahi
dynasty in the 15th to 17th century.
 Bijapur became the capital of the Adil Shahi dynasty when the Bahmani
Muslim kingdom broke up in 1482. This was the period of greatest Islamic
architectural and artistic achievement. During the entire regime, Adil Shahi
rulers concentrated their energies almost exclusively on architecture and on the
allied arts.

3. BIJAPUR(PLAN)

4. They constructed their buildings in three
different ways:
PALACES
TOMBS
MASJIDS/MOSQUES

5.  Architectural constructions were influenced from the regional
culture and thus became the amalgamation of Turkish culture
(as they belong from the Turkish origin) with that of Indian
culture. The main features of the building art of Bijapur were the
dome, which, in buildings of average proportions.
 They were almost spherical in shape, and rises out of a band of
conventional petals at its base. These forms were repeated to the
turrets to provide an ornamental finishing, surmounted the
principal angles of the minarets. This specific Bijapur arch was
fuller in its curve and had four-centre. In the Islamic architecture
of Bijapur province, they used cornice, a characteristic
architectural ornament in most of the buildings which were
famous for their remarkable size and projection.

6.  Apart from their separate architectural style, the Indo
Islamic architectures of Bijapur province were also famous
for their sculptural element. The patterns which they used
to decorate their buildings were from plastic art, so
individual in character.
 Among these different sculptures, one important and
famous pattern was the arch spandrils, consisting of a
voluted bracket holding a medallion, and above the arch
was a foliated finial all singularly graceful.
 Several other sculptures were either carved in stone or
moulded in stucco with this typical design such as
conventional hanging lamps, running borders, and
interlaced symbols.

7.  Adil Sahi dynasty started their construction to the Bijapur
city during the first half of the sixteenth century. They
constructed the citadel, a fortress containing a palace,
imperial buildings, and two small mosques. As the power
of the Adil Shahi increased, a city developed around the
citadel, and gradually they enclosed the city within
strongly fortified walls.
 These walls were extended over six miles in circumference,
and from the citadel in the centre roads had six city gates.
However, they had no direct alignment and systematic
planning for the city. At the beginning of the seventeenth
century, expansion of the city became necessary for the
Adil Sahi dynasty and so the suburbs of Shahapur on the
north and Ainapur on the east arose.

10.  Construction of the mosque began in
the city's eastern quarter, in 1576 under
Ali Adil Shah I (r.1558-1580).
 It is the largest mosque of Bijapur,
covering an area of 54, 250 square feet.
 The main entrance gate is from the
east, though the north gate is used
more frequently.
 The ground plan is a large rectangular
structure measuring 492 by 262 feet
(150 by 80 meters) with a square
courtyard of 164 feet (50 meters).
 A passage from the eastern gate leads
into the courtyard, which has
fountains and a large reservoir in the
center.
 The perimeter walls are articulated on
the exterior by two orders of
superimposed arches

11.  The lower ones are ornamental while
the upper ones form a continuous
open gallery that runs along three
sides of the mosque and courtyard.
 The arches of the gallery facing the
courtyard have fine proportions and
simple lines. • There are also several
windows of pierced stone-work
carved in a variety of pattern.
 The prayer hall on the west side has a
façade of seven bays, each bay having
an arched opening.
 The arches are equal in size, while
the central arch is delineated
through delicate arabesque patterns
in stucco.
 The prayer hall is crowned by an
elegant, well- proportioned dome. It
has a diameter of 57 feet (17.4
meters) and rises to 120 feet (36.6
meters) from the ground.

12. Prayer room facade
Mihraab
Elevation (south)
Jami masjid

14.  the Ibrahim Rauza, a mausoleum situated outside the city walls on the western
side. It is the tomb of the fifth king of the Adil Sahi dynasty, Ibrahim Adil
Shah II (1580-1627). The rauza consists of two main buildings, a tomb and a
mosque with certain accessories all standing within a single square
enclosure. It is the most perfect creation of its kind.
 The mausoleum is only 450 feet square, while the tomb building inside is only
115 feet. The entire architecture for every part was carried out in a most
meticulous manner. Two major buildings present within the enclosure of the
mausoleum having an oblong terrace 360 feet long by 150 feet wide, at the
eastern end of which is the tomb and at the western end facing it is the
mosque. The arched verandah of the building consists of a row of pillars,
forming a double arcade around the central chamber, providing a structural
magnification preparing the spectator for the complete finesse of the interior
scheme. The outer wall surface of the tomb chamber is ornamented with
carving.
 Each wall is spaced into an arcade of three shallow arches. These arches are
enclosed by borders and panels with a fine wharf at each angle of the building
which provide the surface with graceful shapes which were filled in either with
arabesques, repeating diapers, or traceries inscriptions.

15.  This is the tomb of
Ibrahim Adil Shah II
(ruled 1580-1627), known
for religious tolerance.
Built on a single rock bed,
it is noted for the
symmetry of its features. It
is said that the design for
the Ibrahim Rauza served
as an inspiration for that of
the famous Taj Mahal

17. Gol Gombadh meaning "rose dome", (a reference to the
flower/rose/lotus petals that surround the dome at its base,
making it appear as a budding rose)-- is the mausoleum for
sultan Ibrahim Adil Shah I.
Surroundings
The mausoleum is part of a bigger complex.
The other buildings in the complex are
1. A mosque (to the west)
2. A gateway called Naqqar Khana (drum house)
3. A dharmasala or rest-house.

18.  Gol Gumbaz is one of the biggest single chamber structures
in the world.
 The central dome is the second largest in the world (the
largest being the dome of St Peter s Basilica in Rome)
which stands unsupported by pillars measuring at 38
meters in diameter and covering an area of 1700 sq m with
51 meters in height.
 The structure is composed of a cube, 47.5 metres (156 ft) on
each side, capped by a dome 44 m (144 ft) in external
diameter.
 The walls are 3 m thick and 30.5 m in height. The
measurement from the interior is 41m on each side.
Provincial Style of Architecture – Bijapur (1490-1656 AD)

19.  At each of the four corners of the
cube, is a dome-capped octagonal
tower seven stories high with a
staircase inside
 The upper floor of each opens on to a
round gallery which surrounds the
dome.
 A small annex to the north side might
have been intended as a resting- place
for his mother, but it is a later,
unfinished addition.
 The walls are 3 m thick.
 The effect of the building is derived
from the fine proportions between its
various elements, especially between
the cubical part below and the domed
part above.

20.  "Eight intersecting arches created by two
rotated squares that create interlocking
pendentives" support the dome.
 The eight high pointed arches bisect in the
interior of the cube at regular intervals.
 There are six openings at its base.
 The low drum below the dome is encircled
by a foliated band.
 Inside the mausoleum hall, is a square
podium with steps on each side.
 In the middle of the podium, a cenotaph
slab on the ground marks the actual grave
below.
 A very strong circular foundation was
discovered in the basement that resembled
the circular opening of the dome above. But
this foundation supports only a platform
and a light wooden pavilion.
 The real graves are in the basement, which
can be accessed by a staircase below the
entrance on the west.
 The south door is the main entrance to the
tomb.
SECTION

21.  The use of groined compartments or
pendentives, which counteract the outer thrust
of the dome.
 They have a large central arch, above which is a
cornice of grey basalt and a row of small arches
carrying a second line of plain work crowned by
a balustrade 6 feet high.
 Dome with intersecting arches from the inside
The interior of the dome converges with the
edge of the circle by about 4 m so that part of
the weight falls on the intersecting arches that
bear and neutralize any other exterior forces.
 The base of the monumental dome of the Gol
Gumbaz is carved with beautiful petals that
cover the drum. Horizontal courses of brick
have been used in the construction of the dome
which has a flat section at its crown.
 It has been cemented with lime and has a total
of six openings at the base.
 It is in the eighth storey is a broad gallery
around the dome which hangs out at around 11
feet.
 It can be reached by means of winding staircase
in the four towers.

23.  On the exterior side of the
structure there are three great
blind arches.
 The central arch is the widest of
all and is decorated with wooden
panels (chajja ) and has a small
rectangular entrance and three
rows of windows with arches.
 The cornice and parapet of the
building is the most distinct
characteristic of the façade.
 The cornice rests on highly
carved stone corbels that project
to about 3 m from the wall.
 The cornice supports the parapet,
which has a row of arched
openings and leaf-shaped walls.

24.  Inside, at the base of the dome is the 'Whispering
Gallery‘, where even minute sounds can be heard clearly
37 metres away.
 A particular attraction in this monument is the central
chamber, where every sound is echoed seven times.

26.  Mihtar Mahall, which, was constructed in 1620 during the reign of Ibrahim
Adil Shah II. This building was famous for the character of rauza. The exterior
of this building is a wonderful conception; its facade consists of two slender
buttresses rising up into elegant turrets, while the window has a projected
balcony on brackets and shaded by an expansive eave.
 Among the other architectural elements present in the building are a doorway
of pointed arches, with the arrangements of flat paneling, elaborations to the
buttresses, as well as string-courses and moldings. All these are decorated
wonderfully, exceptionally well rendered, and each contributing to the artistic
appearance of the whole.
 The Indo-Islamic architecture of Bijapur province is of a decidedly ambler
order, and has few significant features. It took the form of palaces and civic
buildings produced to the order of the various rulers, often in a style of their
own and also with the fusion of Islamic and Hindu culture.