This document provides an overview of quantitative and qualitative research methods. Quantitative methods include surveys, content analysis, and experimental designs using tools like ANOVA and regression models. Qualitative methods include interviews, grounded theory, and case studies. The document also discusses positivism and phenomenology as two research orientations, with positivism taking an objective, external view of reality and phenomenology viewing reality as subjective and socially constructed. Key differences between quantitative and qualitative research are outlined.

1. Categorisation of empirical research
methods
Quantitative Qualitative
 Questionnaire surveys  Interviews
 Objective content  Subjective content
analysis (text) analysis
 Experimental, e.g.  Grounded theory
ANOVA models
 Case studies
 Archival, e.g. regression
(although there can
models
be quantitative
 MBAR methods, e.g.
aspects to these)
event studies

2. Research orientations: positivism
(Easterby-Smith et al. 1991)
 the world (reality) is external and objective
 the researcher is independent of what is being observed
 properties of the reality should be measured through
objective methods
 the choice of what to study and how to study it can be
determined by objective criteria
 concepts need to be operationalised in a way which enables
facts to be measured quantatively
 hypothetico-deductive method: science proceeds through a
process of hypothesising fundamental laws and then
deducing what kinds of obeservations will demonstrate the
truth or falsity of these hypotheses

3. Research orientations: positivism
(Easterby-Smith et al. 1991)
 problems as a whole are better understood if they
are reduced into the simplest possible elements
 knowledge is only of significance if it is based
on observations of the external reality
 the aim of social sciences should be to identify
causal explanations and fundamental laws that
explain regularities in human social behaviour
 in order to be able to generalise about regularities
in human and social behaviour it is necessary to
select samples of sufficient size
 regularities can most easily be identified by making
comparisons of variations across samples

4. Research orientations:
phenomenology
(Easterby-Smith et al. 1991)
 the world (reality) is socially constructed and
subjective rather than objectively determined
 the researcher is part of what is being observed
 science is not objective facts
 the choice of what to study and how to study is driven by
human interests
 the researcher should to focus on different meanings and
constructions that people place upon their experience
 the reseracher should try to understand and explain why
people have different experiences
 the researcher should look at the totality of each situation

5. Research orientations:
phenomenology
(Easterby-Smith et al. 1991)
 inductive method: develop ideas through induction from data
 knowledge generation
 use multiple methods to establish different views of
phenomena
 small samples are investigated in depth or over time

6. Quantitative research
(surveys)
 Gives numerical values
 Hard to argue if made right
 Managerial decisions seem to value numbers
 Mechanical, easy to repeat
 Allows estimation of the reliability of the results
 Answers only our questions
 Always misleading in some way
 May be used to test new ideas but hardly
gives any new answers

7. Qualitative research
 Gives answers unlooked for
 We may learn something new
 Helps understanding
 Cannot evaluate the error margins
 Statistical testing cannot be used
 May be used to help logical proving
 May be misleading

8. Ethical and moral issues
 researchers have moral responsibility
to conduct their research honestly and
accurately
 plagiarism, misrepresentation and
fabrication of results
 strengths and weaknesses of methods
used
 consequences of research to
participants and society

9. PEDOMAN PENULISAN
KARYA AKHIR RISET & PROBLEM SOLVING
 BAB I: PENDAHULUAN
 BAB II: DESKRIPSI PERUSAHAAN/BISNIS
 BAB III: KAJIAN PUSTAKA, RERANGKA
PEMIKIRAN DAN HIPOTESIS
 BAB IV: OBJEK RISET, METODE RISET,
METODE ANALISIS
 BAB V: HASIL DAN ANALISIS
 BAB VI: KESIMPULAN DAN REKOMENDASI

10. PEDOMAN PENULISAN
KARYA AKHIR STRATEGI BISNIS
 BAB I: PENDAHULUAN
 BAB II: DESKRIPSI PERUSAHAAN/BISNIS
 BAB III: KONSEP STRATEGI
 BAB IV: PERENCANAAN/ EVALUASI STRATEGI
 4.1. Pengumpulan Informasi
 4.2. Pendekatan Perencanaan Strategi
 BAB V: ANALISIS DATA
 - 5.1. Proses Identifikasi
 - 5.2. Analisis Ekternal
 - 5.3. Analisis Persaingan
 - 5.4. Analisis Internal
 BAB VI: RENCANA STRATEGI
Rancangan strategi fungsional
Evaluasi Strategi
 BAB VII: REKOMENDASI BAGI MANAJEMEN

11. PEDOMAN PENULISAN
KARYA AKHIR BISNIS PLAN
 BAB I: PENDAHULUAN
 BAB II: DESKRIPSI PERUSAHAAN/BISNIS
 BAB III: KONSEP BISNIS
 BAB IV: METODOLOGI PENUSUNAN BISNIS PLAN
 4.1. Pengumpulan Informasi
 4.2. Metode Analisis Data
 4.3. Proses Penyusunan Bisnis Plan
 4.3. Metode Analisis Kelayakan Bisnis
 BAB V: ANALISIS DATA
 - 5.1. Analisis Faktor Eksternal
 - 5.2. Analisis Pasar
 - 5.3. Analisis Operasional Bisnis
 - 5.4. Analisis Proyeksi keuangan dan Modal
 BAB VI: BISNIS PLAN
 BAB VII: REKOMENDASI BAGI MANAJEMEN

12. PEDOMAN PENULISAN
KARYA AKHIR PERANCANGAN
 BAB I: PENDAHULUAN
 BAB II: DESKRIPSI PERUSAHAAN/BISNIS
 BAB III: KONSEP PERANCANGAN PRODUK/ JASA/SISTE
 BAB IV: METODE PERANCANGAN PRODUK/JASA/SISTEM
 4.1. Pengumpulan Informasi
 4.2. Metode Perancangan
 4.3. Proses Perancangan dan Pengembangan
 4.4. Metode Analisis Hasil Rancangan
 4.5. Bagan alur Proses Perancangan
 BAB V: ANALISIS DATA
 - 5.1. Analisis Peluang
 - 5.2. Analisis Keterkaitan berbagai persyaratan
 - 5.3. Analisis Data Peninjauan Ulang
 - 5.4. Analisis Data Verifikasi
 BAB VI: RANCANGAN PRODUK/JASA/SISTEM
 BAB VII: REKOMENDASI BAGI MANAJEMEN