5. 1. By General Purpose
1.1 Applied: when the results of basic research are used
and or utilized to address situations and or solve
problems. This happens when theories and principles
obtained from pure research are put to a test.
1.2 Pure or Basic: when research is conducted to develop
theories and principles, for intellectual pursuit of
knowledge and acquire learning. The inquiry is done for
knowledge’s sake.
What kinds of research can we do?
6. 2. By Research Objective
2.1 Exploratory
2.2 Descriptive
2.3
Explanatory/Predictive
2.4 Causal
What kinds of research can we do?
8. 4. By Time Frame
4.1 Cross-sectional: collection of data at
one point in time from a sample selected
to describe a population at that time
4.2 Longitudinal: collection of data over
time (time-series study)
What kinds of research can we do?
10. -To solve an existing problem
being experienced by an
industry
-Solutions have immediate
application to the industry
APPLIED RESEARCH
11. -Undertake to gain greater
understanding or to advance
knowledge in a specific area of
interest
-Outcomes may or may not be
applicable to the industry
BASIC or PURE RESEARCH
12. 1.EXPLORATORY
To gain new insights, to become
familiar with a relatively under
researched phenomenon or issue, to
strengthen the theoretical and
factual foundation or more specific
research problems
Classifying Research by Objective
13. 2. Descriptive
To accurately and precisely
describe the incidence,
distribution and
characteristics of a group or
phenomenon.
Classifying Research by Objective
14. 3. Explanatory/Predictive
To explain why things are the way they
are; predictive research shows how two
characteristics of some phenomenon
are related to each other, and how well
one characteristic can be predicted
using knowledge about the other.
Classifying Research by Objective
15. 4. Causal
To probe cause-and-effect; to establish
causality
-Phenomena can be shown to be
associated(correlated)
-Logical, chronological sequence; one comes
before the other
-Can exclude all other explanations
* Studies CAN have multiple research objectives
Classifying Research by Objective
16. Cross-Sectional Studies-carried out once and
represent a snapshot of one point in time
Longitudinal Studies-repeated over an extended
period
(Panel studies, researcher studies the same individual
over time)
(Cohort studies, researcher studies the same sample
over time, but not necessarily the same people)
The TIME DIMENSION
18. Deductive Approach-involves derivation of
expectations or hypothesis from theories; used
to test theories
1.derivation of hypothesis
2. operationalization of concepts
3. collection of empirical data
4.empirical testing
Quantitative Research using Deductive
19. Inductive Approach-involves the development
of generalizations from a specific
observations; used to develop theories
1. observations in natural settings
2. theory construction
3. grounded theory
4. roots in anthropology
Qualitative Research using Inductive Theory Construction
39. CHOICE OF RESEARCH METHOD:
Experiments; Survey research,
Field research, Content analysis,
Existing data research,
Comparative research, Evaluation
research
The Research Process
40. POPULATION AND
SAMPLING: Whom do
we want to be able to
draw conclusions about?
Who will be observed for
that purpose?
The Research Process
45. 1. Generally written as the
second chapter of a thesis or
research article
2. In practice, this should be
the first step in the research
process
THE REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
46. 3. Educates researcher on
the current state of research
in the chosen topic (What is
known and not known
about the topic?)
THE REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
47. 4. Identify gaps and
controversies in the
literature that may
represent opportunities to
contribute new knowledge
to the field.
THE REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
48. 1. Keep records of what you
have searched
2. Noted down all the
citation information
Some other tips for conducting the review of literature and
studies
49. 3. Sort citation in order of
relevance to your topic
4. Do not be too narrow in
defining what “related
studies are”
Some other tips for conducting the review of literature and
studies
50. 5.Whenever possible, try to
get the original study or
article
6. Direct quotes should have
quotation marks around
them and the page
number(s) indicated
Some other tips for conducting the review of literature and
studies
51. ” A literature review is a piece of discursive prose,
not a list describing or summarizing one piece of
literature after another. It’s usually a bad sign to
see every paragraph beginning with the name of a
researcher…You are not trying to list all the
material published, but to synthesized and
evaluate it according to the guiding concept of
your thesis or research question.”
Source: Taylor, D. & Procter, M. (2004). Literature Review: A
Few Tips On Conducting It. University of Toronto
(http://www.utoronto.ca/writing/litrev.html)
52. 1. What theoretical
framework is used in the
article?
2. What are the purpose and
objectives of the study?
Reading Critically
53. 3. What were the procedures
used for the study?
-validity and reliability measures
-appropriate and accurate
analysis used
Reading Critically
54. 4. From what population was the sample
drawn?
5. What are the key findings and
conclusions?
-Findings are different from conclusions
-Do the conclusions logically flow from
the findings
Reading Critically
55. 6. How is the article
related to other research
writings on the topic.
Reading Critically
56. -Search for flaws in Published Paper
-Note conflicting data or
interpretations
-Pay attention to results that do not
make sense
Reading CREATIVELY
57. -Discussion sections of research
articles often suggest still
unanswered questions and possible
follow-up studies
-Consider testing the
generalizations of the study
Reading CREATIVELY
59. Tourism’s research roots can
be traced to other disciplines
like geography, psychology,
anthropology, economics,
history, marketing, and
ecology
IS TOURISM A DISCIPLINE?
61. Tourism research has generally followed
the two educational traditions of the
field: recreation and leisure, and business
management
(as a Social phenomena & as Service
Industry)
The Scope of Tourism Research
62. -Tourism involves the travel of people
to certain places for certain purposes
under certain conditions
-This activity (travel) has effects on
the person, the persons he/she meets
and on the places that he/she visits
(usual environment to traveler to visited
environment)
TOURISM AS A SOCIAL PHENOMENA
63. Tourism is seen as a collection of
organizations that provide
products, services and
experiences to travelers
(Governments, Markets,
Activities, Accommodations,
Transportations, Attractions)
TOURISM AS AN INDUSTRY
64. -Managers (Marketing,
Finance, Operations, HR,
Engineering etc.)
a. Customer
b. Employee
Culinary, Hospitality and Tourism as Organizational Concerns
(Management Research)
70. 1. Formulate a single
sentence research
purpose or problem
statement
Defining the Research Problem
71. 2. Develop a series of specific
research questions, objectives,
or hypotheses that must be
answered by the study in order
to achieve the research purpose.
Defining the Research Problem
72. -Purpose or problem statement:
a clear, precise, succinct
statement of the issue or question
that is to be investigated with the
goal of finding an answer or
solution
Defining the Research Problem
74. PURPOSE STATEMENT:
To assess the single parent segment as a
market for domestic tourism
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1. What is the size and profile of the single
parent market in Metro Manila?
2. What are their preferences in terms of
destination activity and travel arrangements?
EXAMPLES OF RESEARCH QUESTIONS
75. PURPOSE STATEMENT: To assess the single
parent segment as a market for domestic tourism
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES: 1. To describe the basic
demographic characteristics of single parents in
Metro Manila
2. To identify the travel motivations and
constraints of single parents in Metro Manila.
EXAMPLES OF RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
76. PURPOSE STATEMENT: To assess the single
parent segment as a market for domestic
tourism
RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS:
H1 The no. of children will determine the type of vacation that the parent
chooses
H2 The average age of the children will affect the type of tourist activities
that the parent will consider
EXAMPLES OF RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
77. 1. When the goal of research is
to describe a phenomenon
without describing the
relationships among variables—
it leads to research purpose or
question
Take note
78. 2. When there is insufficient evidence
to permit formulation of a hypothesis
regarding a relationship between
variables– it leads to research purpose
or question
Take note
79. 3. Causal or predictive
study– has a
hypothesis
Take note
80. 4. Research purposes or questions
should be as specific as possible yet
stated concisely.
5. When a number of related
purposes or questions are to be
stated, present them in a numbered
list
Take note
81. -The process of specifying what we
mean by the use of particular terms or
concepts in our purpose statement
-Concepts are measured indirectly
through indicators
Conceptualization
82. -Presented diagrammatically
-Identifies and labels the variables in the
framework
-Clearly states how variables are related
to each other
-Illustrate the nature and directions of
the relationship
Theoretical Framework
84. -Plan for selecting sources and types of
information used to answer the research
question
-Framework for specifying the
relationships among the study’s variables
-Outlines each procedure from the
hypothesis to the analysis of data
WHAT IS RESEARCH DESIGN
85. -Provides answers for the following
questions:
(What technique will be used to gather data;
Who or what is the subject of the study; Who
or what is the unit of observation; How will
time and cost constraints be dealt with?)
-Represents the plan for conducting the
research project.
WHAT IS RESEARCH DESIGN
