This document discusses research and research methodology. It defines research as a systematic investigation to find answers to a question or solve a problem. Research involves collecting and analyzing data using scientific methods. It begins with identifying a problem or question and develops a research design for systematically investigating the problem. The purpose of research is to enhance knowledge and develop solutions. Good research has key characteristics - it is solution-oriented, logical, objective, empirical, replicable, impartial, systematic, and analyzes data accurately. The methodology explains how the research was conducted systematically.
The process used to collect information and data for the purpose of making business decisions. The methodology may include publication Research, interviews, surveys and other research techniques, and could include both present and historical information.
QUEENS COLLEGE BUSINESS RESEARCH METHODS.pptxAsegidHmeskel
This document outlines the key steps in the research process:
1. Formulating the research problem by precisely defining the issue to be studied and determining its significance.
2. Conducting an extensive literature review to understand previous work.
3. Developing testable hypotheses to address the research problem.
4. Designing the research methodology including sampling, data collection methods, and data analysis.
5. Collecting and analyzing data to test the hypotheses.
6. Interpreting the findings, conclusions, and limitations to determine how the research adds to knowledge.
The overall goal is to systematically investigate an issue to produce generalizable answers.
1. The document discusses the definition, objectives, types, and process of research. It defines research as a systematic process of investigating a problem to find a solution through scientific inquiry and hypothesis testing.
2. The objectives of research include gaining familiarity with a phenomenon, representing characteristics, determining frequencies, testing hypotheses, and finding hidden truths.
3. The main types of research discussed are pure/fundamental research, applied research, descriptive research, analytical research, quantitative research, and qualitative research.
4. The research process involves formulating a problem, reviewing literature, developing a hypothesis, designing the study, collecting and analyzing data, testing the hypothesis, interpreting results, and reporting findings.
The document defines and discusses various types of research including basic, applied, correlational, descriptive, experimental, exploratory, historical, phenomenological, qualitative, and quantitative research. It also outlines the typical sections of a research study including the introduction, theoretical framework, statement of the problem, significance of the study, scope and limitations, and data analysis methods. Statistical tests that can be used for data analysis such as t-tests, ANOVA, and non-parametric tests are also explained.
This document discusses key concepts in research including conception, constructs, attributes, variables, and hypotheses. It defines conception as a generalized idea of something meaningful that can be measured directly or indirectly. Constructs are measured with multiple variables and exist at a higher level of abstraction than concepts, representing ideas like brand loyalty that cannot be directly observed. Attributes are single dimensions of a construct. Variables are measurements that can vary, and can be independent or dependent. Hypotheses are proposed explanations for phenomena that can be scientifically tested.
This document discusses quantitative research, defining it as research that uses numerical data and statistical analysis to explain phenomena. It notes that quantitative research aims to be objective and reliable by reducing problems to variables that can be measured. The document outlines key characteristics of quantitative research, including that it tests hypotheses, looks at relationships between variables, and generalizes findings from a sample to a population. It also discusses advantages like objectivity and replicability, as well as disadvantages like ignoring context. Finally, it explores the importance of quantitative research in fields like education, business, medicine, science and technology.
This document provides an overview and summary of key concepts related to research methodology and data collection. It discusses topics such as research methodology, types of research, research paper writing tips, determining quality in research papers, referencing styles, hypothesis testing, sampling methods, and data collection. The document emphasizes the importance of proper planning, organization, referencing, and following ethical guidelines when conducting research. It aims to equip students and early-career researchers with fundamental knowledge on best practices in research.
This document provides an overview and summary of key concepts related to research methodology and data collection. It discusses topics such as the definition of methodology, different research philosophies and methodologies, types of research, and the relationship between methodology and methods. Tips are also provided for writing research papers, determining paper quality, referencing styles, sampling techniques, and data collection methods. The document aims to equip researchers, students and academics with fundamental knowledge and skills for conducting research.
The process used to collect information and data for the purpose of making business decisions. The methodology may include publication Research, interviews, surveys and other research techniques, and could include both present and historical information.
QUEENS COLLEGE BUSINESS RESEARCH METHODS.pptxAsegidHmeskel
This document outlines the key steps in the research process:
1. Formulating the research problem by precisely defining the issue to be studied and determining its significance.
2. Conducting an extensive literature review to understand previous work.
3. Developing testable hypotheses to address the research problem.
4. Designing the research methodology including sampling, data collection methods, and data analysis.
5. Collecting and analyzing data to test the hypotheses.
6. Interpreting the findings, conclusions, and limitations to determine how the research adds to knowledge.
The overall goal is to systematically investigate an issue to produce generalizable answers.
1. The document discusses the definition, objectives, types, and process of research. It defines research as a systematic process of investigating a problem to find a solution through scientific inquiry and hypothesis testing.
2. The objectives of research include gaining familiarity with a phenomenon, representing characteristics, determining frequencies, testing hypotheses, and finding hidden truths.
3. The main types of research discussed are pure/fundamental research, applied research, descriptive research, analytical research, quantitative research, and qualitative research.
4. The research process involves formulating a problem, reviewing literature, developing a hypothesis, designing the study, collecting and analyzing data, testing the hypothesis, interpreting results, and reporting findings.
The document defines and discusses various types of research including basic, applied, correlational, descriptive, experimental, exploratory, historical, phenomenological, qualitative, and quantitative research. It also outlines the typical sections of a research study including the introduction, theoretical framework, statement of the problem, significance of the study, scope and limitations, and data analysis methods. Statistical tests that can be used for data analysis such as t-tests, ANOVA, and non-parametric tests are also explained.
This document discusses key concepts in research including conception, constructs, attributes, variables, and hypotheses. It defines conception as a generalized idea of something meaningful that can be measured directly or indirectly. Constructs are measured with multiple variables and exist at a higher level of abstraction than concepts, representing ideas like brand loyalty that cannot be directly observed. Attributes are single dimensions of a construct. Variables are measurements that can vary, and can be independent or dependent. Hypotheses are proposed explanations for phenomena that can be scientifically tested.
This document discusses quantitative research, defining it as research that uses numerical data and statistical analysis to explain phenomena. It notes that quantitative research aims to be objective and reliable by reducing problems to variables that can be measured. The document outlines key characteristics of quantitative research, including that it tests hypotheses, looks at relationships between variables, and generalizes findings from a sample to a population. It also discusses advantages like objectivity and replicability, as well as disadvantages like ignoring context. Finally, it explores the importance of quantitative research in fields like education, business, medicine, science and technology.
This document provides an overview and summary of key concepts related to research methodology and data collection. It discusses topics such as research methodology, types of research, research paper writing tips, determining quality in research papers, referencing styles, hypothesis testing, sampling methods, and data collection. The document emphasizes the importance of proper planning, organization, referencing, and following ethical guidelines when conducting research. It aims to equip students and early-career researchers with fundamental knowledge on best practices in research.
This document provides an overview and summary of key concepts related to research methodology and data collection. It discusses topics such as the definition of methodology, different research philosophies and methodologies, types of research, and the relationship between methodology and methods. Tips are also provided for writing research papers, determining paper quality, referencing styles, sampling techniques, and data collection methods. The document aims to equip researchers, students and academics with fundamental knowledge and skills for conducting research.
This document provides an introduction and overview of research methods. It outlines the aim and objectives of the course which are to give participants an appreciation of the research process and enable them to describe research, prepare proposals, design instruments, collect and analyze data, and write reports. It defines research and describes the importance of research being systematic, logical, empirical, and replicable. It also discusses the different types of research including basic research, applied research, and evaluation research. The document outlines the overall research process and covers topics such as identifying research areas, the qualities of a good topic, research philosophies including epistemology and axiology, and the different methodologies of quantitative and qualitative research.
This document provides an overview of different research designs. It begins with defining key terms like research, research design, and research process. It then outlines both qualitative and quantitative research approaches. For qualitative approaches, it describes narrative research, grounded theory, ethnography, and case study designs. For quantitative approaches, it explains experimental, correlational, survey, and action research designs. It provides details on the purpose, processes, and conclusions that can be drawn from these different research methodologies.
Research is used in business decision making to apply scientific methods to management problems in a systematic way. The research process involves defining the problem, designing the study, collecting and analyzing data, interpreting results, and reporting findings. There are different types of research designs depending on whether the goal is exploratory, descriptive, or testing hypotheses. Exploratory research explores problems broadly while descriptive and experimental research more specifically describe characteristics or test relationships between variables.
This document discusses key aspects of research methodology including definitions of research, objectives of research, characteristics of good research, types of research, formulation of research problems, and research design. Research methodology is the systematic approach to solving research problems. It aims to describe research methods and clarify their assumptions and implications. Some key points covered include defining a research problem, developing a research design, and considering factors such as feasibility and scope when planning a study. The document provides an overview of developing the framework and approach for conducting research.
This document discusses research, objectives of research, and qualities of a good researcher. It defines research as investigation aimed at increasing human knowledge. The main objectives of research are to discover new truths and answer questions systematically. Good researchers are oriented toward research, efficient, scientific, effective, resourceful, creative, honest, and economical. The document also distinguishes between research methods, research methodology, and the scientific method. Research methods are techniques for collecting, analyzing, and checking data, while research methodology is the study of appropriate research procedures.
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It defines research as a systematic, objective, and critical examination of a topic to find answers to a problem. The key aspects of research discussed include:
- Research is guided by philosophies or approaches and uses valid, reliable, and unbiased procedures.
- It has characteristics such as being controlled, rigorous, systematic, valid/verifiable, empirical, and critical.
- There are different types of research classified by application, objectives, and inquiry mode.
- The research process involves determining the research problem/questions and methodology to find answers.
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It defines research and discusses its key characteristics including being systematic, empirical, and objective. It also covers different types of research such as pure vs applied research, and quantitative vs qualitative approaches. Additionally, it outlines the typical steps in the research process from formulating the problem to analyzing data and reporting results. The document serves as a useful introduction to research methodology concepts.
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It defines research and discusses its key characteristics including being systematic, empirical, and objective. It also covers different types of research such as pure vs applied research, and quantitative vs qualitative approaches. Additionally, it outlines the typical steps in the research process from formulating the problem to analyzing data and reporting results. The document serves as a useful introduction to research methodology concepts.
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It defines research as a systematic, objective, and critical examination of a topic. The document outlines key aspects of research including: types of research based on application, objectives, and inquiry mode; characteristics of rigorous research such as being controlled, valid, and verifiable; and the typical steps in the research process including defining questions and methodology. Overall, the document serves as an introduction to foundational concepts in research methodology.
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It defines research and discusses its key characteristics including being systematic, empirical, and objective. It also covers different types of research such as pure vs applied research, and quantitative vs qualitative approaches. Additionally, it outlines the typical steps in the research process from formulating the problem to analyzing data and reporting results. The document serves as a useful introduction to research methodology concepts.
Research methods are specific procedures for collecting and analyzing data. Developing research methods is an integral part of a research design.
Hello! Kindly click like button if the article/presentation is helpful. Thank you :)
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It defines research and discusses the key characteristics of research, including being controlled, rigorous, systematic, valid, verifiable, empirical and critical. It also outlines the main types of research based on application (pure vs applied), objectives (descriptive, correlational, explanatory, exploratory) and inquiry mode (structured vs unstructured). Finally, it describes the general research process and some of the key decisions that must be made, such as determining the research question and methodology.
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It defines research and distinguishes it from non-research activities. Research is a systematic, controlled, and objective process used to establish facts or principles. The document outlines the characteristics of research including being controlled, rigorous, systematic, valid, verifiable, empirical, and critical. It describes different types of research based on application, objectives, and inquiry mode. Both quantitative and qualitative approaches are discussed. Finally, the key steps in the research process are introduced.
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It defines research and discusses its key characteristics including being controlled, rigorous, systematic, valid, verifiable, empirical and critical. It outlines the research process from formulating the research problem to preparing the final report. It also covers different types of research classified by application, objectives and inquiry mode. The document is a comprehensive reference on understanding research methodology.
This document provides an overview of the research process and key concepts in research. It discusses that research is important for development and problem solving. It also defines research as a systematic process of inquiry aimed at discovering answers or expanding knowledge. The document outlines the various purposes of research and characteristics of good research, including being systematic, objective, empirical, comprehensive, critical, rigorous, and verifiable. It also describes different types of research classified by methodology, including descriptive, correlational, explanatory, exploratory, experimental, ex-post facto, historical, and ethnographic research. Finally, it provides an overview of the research process involving idea generation, problem definition, literature review, and other steps.
Research is the systematic efforts of gathering, analyzing & interpreting the problems confronted by humanity.
this ppt contains following points :-
Meaning of research
Characteristics of Research
Objectives of Research
Motivation in Research
Importance of Research
Types of Research
Research Process
Difference Between Research Methods & Research Methodology
Meaning of Business Research
Role of Business Research
Factors Affecting Business Research
The document discusses key concepts related to research including research projects, topics, proposals, problems, objectives, hypotheses, methodology, design, and limitations. It notes that a research project uses scientific methods to achieve defined objectives, such as testing or creating new knowledge. Choosing a research topic is an ongoing process of exploring, defining, and refining ideas on a subject that is narrow yet allows finding adequate information. A research proposal explains what is being researched, why, and how through a structured formal document. Research design broadly outlines the total pattern of conducting a research project including objectives, methods, and outcomes. Marketing research systematically gathers and analyzes qualitative and quantitative data about issues relating to marketing products and services.
This document provides an overview of research, including definitions of research, characteristics of good research, terminology used in research, nursing research, the need for and importance of nursing research, and types of research. It defines research as a systematic process to find answers to problems in an organized way. Good research is characterized as being systematic, rigorous, based on empirical evidence, and requiring expertise. The document also discusses quantitative and qualitative research approaches as well as basic and applied types of research.
This document provides an overview of various research design approaches. It begins by defining research design and its key functions. It then describes essential elements and characteristics of research design, as well as outlining common steps in the research design process. Both qualitative and quantitative approaches are examined, with qualitative approaches including narrative research, grounded theory, ethnography and case study designs. Quantitative approaches discussed are experimental, action research, survey and correlational research designs. Data collection methods, reliability and validity, and data analysis strategies are also outlined.
This document provides an introduction and overview of research methods. It outlines the aim and objectives of the course which are to give participants an appreciation of the research process and enable them to describe research, prepare proposals, design instruments, collect and analyze data, and write reports. It defines research and describes the importance of research being systematic, logical, empirical, and replicable. It also discusses the different types of research including basic research, applied research, and evaluation research. The document outlines the overall research process and covers topics such as identifying research areas, the qualities of a good topic, research philosophies including epistemology and axiology, and the different methodologies of quantitative and qualitative research.
This document provides an overview of different research designs. It begins with defining key terms like research, research design, and research process. It then outlines both qualitative and quantitative research approaches. For qualitative approaches, it describes narrative research, grounded theory, ethnography, and case study designs. For quantitative approaches, it explains experimental, correlational, survey, and action research designs. It provides details on the purpose, processes, and conclusions that can be drawn from these different research methodologies.
Research is used in business decision making to apply scientific methods to management problems in a systematic way. The research process involves defining the problem, designing the study, collecting and analyzing data, interpreting results, and reporting findings. There are different types of research designs depending on whether the goal is exploratory, descriptive, or testing hypotheses. Exploratory research explores problems broadly while descriptive and experimental research more specifically describe characteristics or test relationships between variables.
This document discusses key aspects of research methodology including definitions of research, objectives of research, characteristics of good research, types of research, formulation of research problems, and research design. Research methodology is the systematic approach to solving research problems. It aims to describe research methods and clarify their assumptions and implications. Some key points covered include defining a research problem, developing a research design, and considering factors such as feasibility and scope when planning a study. The document provides an overview of developing the framework and approach for conducting research.
This document discusses research, objectives of research, and qualities of a good researcher. It defines research as investigation aimed at increasing human knowledge. The main objectives of research are to discover new truths and answer questions systematically. Good researchers are oriented toward research, efficient, scientific, effective, resourceful, creative, honest, and economical. The document also distinguishes between research methods, research methodology, and the scientific method. Research methods are techniques for collecting, analyzing, and checking data, while research methodology is the study of appropriate research procedures.
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It defines research as a systematic, objective, and critical examination of a topic to find answers to a problem. The key aspects of research discussed include:
- Research is guided by philosophies or approaches and uses valid, reliable, and unbiased procedures.
- It has characteristics such as being controlled, rigorous, systematic, valid/verifiable, empirical, and critical.
- There are different types of research classified by application, objectives, and inquiry mode.
- The research process involves determining the research problem/questions and methodology to find answers.
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It defines research and discusses its key characteristics including being systematic, empirical, and objective. It also covers different types of research such as pure vs applied research, and quantitative vs qualitative approaches. Additionally, it outlines the typical steps in the research process from formulating the problem to analyzing data and reporting results. The document serves as a useful introduction to research methodology concepts.
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It defines research and discusses its key characteristics including being systematic, empirical, and objective. It also covers different types of research such as pure vs applied research, and quantitative vs qualitative approaches. Additionally, it outlines the typical steps in the research process from formulating the problem to analyzing data and reporting results. The document serves as a useful introduction to research methodology concepts.
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It defines research as a systematic, objective, and critical examination of a topic. The document outlines key aspects of research including: types of research based on application, objectives, and inquiry mode; characteristics of rigorous research such as being controlled, valid, and verifiable; and the typical steps in the research process including defining questions and methodology. Overall, the document serves as an introduction to foundational concepts in research methodology.
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It defines research and discusses its key characteristics including being systematic, empirical, and objective. It also covers different types of research such as pure vs applied research, and quantitative vs qualitative approaches. Additionally, it outlines the typical steps in the research process from formulating the problem to analyzing data and reporting results. The document serves as a useful introduction to research methodology concepts.
Research methods are specific procedures for collecting and analyzing data. Developing research methods is an integral part of a research design.
Hello! Kindly click like button if the article/presentation is helpful. Thank you :)
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It defines research and discusses the key characteristics of research, including being controlled, rigorous, systematic, valid, verifiable, empirical and critical. It also outlines the main types of research based on application (pure vs applied), objectives (descriptive, correlational, explanatory, exploratory) and inquiry mode (structured vs unstructured). Finally, it describes the general research process and some of the key decisions that must be made, such as determining the research question and methodology.
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It defines research and distinguishes it from non-research activities. Research is a systematic, controlled, and objective process used to establish facts or principles. The document outlines the characteristics of research including being controlled, rigorous, systematic, valid, verifiable, empirical, and critical. It describes different types of research based on application, objectives, and inquiry mode. Both quantitative and qualitative approaches are discussed. Finally, the key steps in the research process are introduced.
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It defines research and discusses its key characteristics including being controlled, rigorous, systematic, valid, verifiable, empirical and critical. It outlines the research process from formulating the research problem to preparing the final report. It also covers different types of research classified by application, objectives and inquiry mode. The document is a comprehensive reference on understanding research methodology.
This document provides an overview of the research process and key concepts in research. It discusses that research is important for development and problem solving. It also defines research as a systematic process of inquiry aimed at discovering answers or expanding knowledge. The document outlines the various purposes of research and characteristics of good research, including being systematic, objective, empirical, comprehensive, critical, rigorous, and verifiable. It also describes different types of research classified by methodology, including descriptive, correlational, explanatory, exploratory, experimental, ex-post facto, historical, and ethnographic research. Finally, it provides an overview of the research process involving idea generation, problem definition, literature review, and other steps.
Research is the systematic efforts of gathering, analyzing & interpreting the problems confronted by humanity.
this ppt contains following points :-
Meaning of research
Characteristics of Research
Objectives of Research
Motivation in Research
Importance of Research
Types of Research
Research Process
Difference Between Research Methods & Research Methodology
Meaning of Business Research
Role of Business Research
Factors Affecting Business Research
The document discusses key concepts related to research including research projects, topics, proposals, problems, objectives, hypotheses, methodology, design, and limitations. It notes that a research project uses scientific methods to achieve defined objectives, such as testing or creating new knowledge. Choosing a research topic is an ongoing process of exploring, defining, and refining ideas on a subject that is narrow yet allows finding adequate information. A research proposal explains what is being researched, why, and how through a structured formal document. Research design broadly outlines the total pattern of conducting a research project including objectives, methods, and outcomes. Marketing research systematically gathers and analyzes qualitative and quantitative data about issues relating to marketing products and services.
This document provides an overview of research, including definitions of research, characteristics of good research, terminology used in research, nursing research, the need for and importance of nursing research, and types of research. It defines research as a systematic process to find answers to problems in an organized way. Good research is characterized as being systematic, rigorous, based on empirical evidence, and requiring expertise. The document also discusses quantitative and qualitative research approaches as well as basic and applied types of research.
This document provides an overview of various research design approaches. It begins by defining research design and its key functions. It then describes essential elements and characteristics of research design, as well as outlining common steps in the research design process. Both qualitative and quantitative approaches are examined, with qualitative approaches including narrative research, grounded theory, ethnography and case study designs. Quantitative approaches discussed are experimental, action research, survey and correlational research designs. Data collection methods, reliability and validity, and data analysis strategies are also outlined.
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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY - INTRODUCTION
1. RESEARCH & RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
by
Dr. Mohmed Amin Mir
Assistant Professor
PG Department of Commerce
Islamia College of Science & Commerce (Autonomous with CPE Status)
Srinagar - 190002, Jammu & Kashmir, India
+91-9797178402
Email: aamin.icsc@gmail.com
@ Copy Rights Reserved with the Author
2. In common man’s language research refers to ‘search
for Knowledge’
Always begins with a question/ problem
Its purpose is to find answers to questions through
the application of systematic & scientific methods
Meticulous & methodical investigation into a specific
area
Systematic inquiry of facts which have already been
established
Research is the basis for innovation, R & D
CONCEPT OF RESEARCH
3. Art of scientific & purposeful investigation
Process of collecting relevant information
Searching for truth/ new knowledge about any topic
Investigation using systematic and scientific method
Movement from known to unknown
RESEARCH IS WIDE ENOUGH TO INCLUDE
4. Process of exploring answers to questions/problems
Systematic efforts to gain new knowledge
Careful consideration of study regarding a particular
issue/concern/problem using scientific method
Systematic inquiry/effort to describe, explain, predict
& control the observed phenomenon
RESEARCH IS WIDE ENOUGH TO INCLUDE
5. Pursuit of truth with the help of:
Investigation
Survey
Experimentation
Comparison/ case study
Observation etc.
Find out solution to problems through application of
knowledge
Research involves both inductive & deductive methods
RESEARCH IS WIDE ENOUGH TO INCLUDE
6. Investigation using systematic & scientific procedures by
searching again & again to find out the truth
‘Systematic effort to gain new knowledge’. REDMAN & MORY
‘Comprises of:
Defining & redefining problems
Formulating hypothesis or suggested solutions
Making deductions & reaching conclusions &
At last carefully testing the conclusions to determine
whether they are fit for formulating hypothesis’. CLIFFORD
WOODY
EXAMPLE: ‘Effect of childhood marriage on the health of women’.
RESEARCH IS WIDE ENOUGH TO INCLUDE
7. Research needs:
1. Identifying & defining a problem
2. Formulating a hypothesis
3. Developing a research design
4. Collection of data on relevant variables
5. Analyzing & interpreting the results
6. Reaching conclusions
7. Research report
It is conducted to serve diverse range of purposes:
Enhancing knowledge of the researcher (helps in enhancing & developing
analytical thinking ability)
Developing theories & finding out solutions to problems
Revising facts
RESEARCH IS WIDE ENOUGH TO INCLUDE
8. If an organization is incurring losses, it may be because of several factors:
Reduction in demand
Inefficient employees
Lack of co-ordination among different departments
Absence of effective management
Sub-standard Quality of products
Ineffective marketing strategies
Selection of wrong market etc.
Since the organizations cannot focus on all these areas, therefore, it needs to
find out the REAL CAUSE OF LOSSES.
In such situations, org needs to conduct research to find out ROOT CASUE of
the problem
For Examples
9. 1. To obtain familiarity/ knowledge of a phenomenon
(exploratory research)
2. To identify a real problem & find its solution (Eg: Why
demand for a product is falling)
3. To determine the characteristics of an individual, situation
or a group (Descriptive research)
4. To make better decision (Eg: Should we maintain
advertising budget as last year?)
5. To test relationship b/w variables (hypothesis testing
research) or to test determine the association or
independence of an activity/variables
OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH
10. 6. To develop new concepts (Eg: CRM, Horizontal
Marketing, MLM, Network Marketing, Big data
analytics, financial engineering etc.)
7. To find alternative strategies (Eg: Should we
promote push or pull strategy to promote product?)
8. To help in forecasting & develop new theories
9. To help in formulation of policies & strategies
10.To make innovations
11.To enhance the knowledge of researcher &
analytical ability
OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH
11. Research Methods are the methods/techniques
employed by researchers in conducting research
operations (What)
Research methods include method which can be
classified into 3 groups:
1. Collection of data & its methods
2. Statistical method: Used to establish relationship b/w
different set of data
3. Methods to estimate correctness of results obtained
(Methods for hypothesis testing).
Research Methods Vs Research Methodology
12. Research Methodology is wider in scope than research methods
(How)
Includes research methods and takes into consideration the logic,
assumptions, justification, and rationale behind these methods
Is a scientific & systematic way to solve research problems
Provides a logical explanation behind the steps taken in the
research.
A researcher has to design his methodology i.e. in addition to
knowledge of methods/techniques, he has to apply methods as
well.
A clear research methodology is important for the consistency
and accuracy of the outcome produced by the research methods.
Research Methods Vs Research Methodology
13. A researcher’s methodology aims at answering such questions:
How has been the research problem defined?
Why was this particular group of people interviewed and not
the other groups?
How many individuals provided the answers on which the
researcher’s conclusions were based?
Why were these particular techniques used to analyze data?
In what way and why has been the research hypothesis
formulated?
What level of evidence was used to determine whether or
not to reject the stated hypothesis?
Research Methods Vs Research Methodology
14. RESEARCH METHOD RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
1. Seeks to answer “WHAT did the
researcher use to complete his research”.
1. “HOW did the researcher complete his
study”.
2. Are the methods used by researchers to
collect data to conduct research on a
particular research topic.
2. Is systematic approach to solve the research
problem and to reach a new conclusion.
3. The objective is to find the solution. 3. The objective is to determine the solution by
applying correct procedures of research.
4. Are useful to apply during the latter
stage of the research process.
4. Are applied in the initial stage of the research
being conducted.
5. Are small part of research methodology. 5. Is a multi-dimensional concept.
15. RESEARCH METHOD RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
6. Consist of various techniques where
various studies and experiments are used
to conduct research and reach an
appropriate conclusion.
6. Applied during the initial stage of the
research to explain the purpose of chosen
methods and how they will serve its function.
7. Consist of different investigation
techniques.
7. Is a systematic strategy to achieve the
decided objective.
8. Encompasses of carrying out an
experiment, survey, test and so on.
8. Encompasses different techniques which are
used during the performance of the
experiment, surveys, and test, etc.
16. 1. Solution Oriented
The problem of research must be clearly defined and stated.
The motive of research must be mentioned in the beginning of research
work.
The research should provide a solution of a business problem.
2. Logical
Research should be guided by lucid & logical reasoning – both inductive
& deductive.
The inferences and generalizations thus made must be logical.
For example, ALL ILLITERATE PEOPLE IN THE VILLAGE LIVE LONGER
THAN THE EDUCATED PEOPLE IN THE CITIES leads to the conclusions
that illiteracy is the cause of longevity. This is an example of illogical
research conclusion.
Criteria/ Characteristics of a Good Research
17. 3. Objective
Observing true picture of a phenomenon without being affected by
observers own opinion is termed as ‘objective’.
Objectivity means knowing reality.
Must answer research questions.
The criterion of objectivity is that all researchers should arrive at the
same conclusion about the phenomenon on which they are pursuing
research.
4. Empirical
Means factual investigation is possible & validity can be checked.
Research is an empirical process and involves data collection.
The results are based on observed experience or empirical evidence.
Research rejects assumptions and dogma as methods of established
knowledge. It accepts only what is verified by empirical observations.
Criteria/ Characteristics of a Good Research
18. 5. Replicable & Verifiable
Research conducted be repeated by any number of time.
Researcher can verify the results by repeating the study & thereby
delivering a sound decision making framework.
A researcher should be able to get approximately the same results by using
an identical methodology by conducting investigation on a population
characteristics identical to the one in the earlier study. The results of a
research are subjective to verifications.
For building a sound basis for decision making one verifies the research
results by replicating the study.
6. Impartiality & Free from Personal Bias: A dishonest research may select
data items of individuals to draw conclusions to his favour. This brings bias
into research, which affects the objective of the study.
Criteria/ Characteristics of a Good Research
19. 7. Systematic
Research should be properly structured.
A good research will satisfy the steps to be taken in an orderly sequence
according to a set of defined rules i.e. he used scientific methods.
This characteristics rules out the role of intuition & guess-work in
research. However, at the same time, it doesn’t rule out the role of
creative thinking in research.
8. Clear Purpose: Objective should be clearly defined
9. Elaboration/ Direction for Further Research: Research procedure (Design)
should be explained and detailed properly to bring continuity in the
research.
10. Efficient Analysis: By using suitable tools & techniques
Criteria/ Characteristics of a Good Research
20. 10. Accuracy: A research worker needs to gain some expertise in the study he
is undertaking. This expertise results in achieving the accuracy in the
solution drawn. The accuracy of conclusions is a sensitive issue as it may
affect the whole decision-making.
11. Orderly & Systematic: In a research there should be well-defined steps.
Each step should be sequentially linked with another, so that, the whole
research work is an organized structure.
12. Control (of Randomization & Independent Variables):A good research must
be able to control all the variables. This required randomization at all
stages
13. High Ethical Standards Applied
14. Limitations Frankly Revealed
15. Findings Presented Unambiguously
Criteria/ Characteristics of a Good Research