Call Girl Chennai Indira 9907093804 Independent Call Girls Service Chennai
NW2006 BasicFFA for beginners
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47. Ocular (e.g.occlusion of the car
Arterial
HypoperfusionVenous
Choroidal
Changes of
lood Flow
Anastomosis
Vitreal
Hyperperfusion
Retinal
New-formed blood
vessels
Subretinal
Tumor
Margins of a hypoperfusion
Malfunctioning regulation (?)
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60. Occlusion of the central artery or one
of its branches
Retinal vessels
Occlusion of the carotid
Venous: branch occlusion, central
vein occlusion
Diabetes
Vascular occlusion
Postirradiation
Sickle-cell disease
Capillary bed Occlusion of the cartoid
Other vaso-occlusive diseases
ypofluorescence,
After photocoagulation
scular filling
fect
Eales’ disease
Ischemic optic neuropathy
Vessels of Optic atrophy with decreased capilary b
the
Optic pit
optic nerve
Coloboma of the optic nerve
Physiology irregular filling of the choroi
Occlusion of a choroidal vessel
Primay disturbance of choroidal vascular
Behcet disease
Chorid
So-called AMPPE
Collagen diseases
Other vaso-occlusive diseases
Absence of AH
61. Opacities of the refractive media an
of the vitreous
Preretinal and intraretinal gliosis and
Preretinal Retinitis
Myelinated nerve fibers
Intra-und preretinal hemorrhages
Melanocytoma
Hemorrhage
ypofluoresPigment
ence
Intraretinal
Hard exudates
eakage
Edema
Hemorrhage
Pigment
Subretinal Inflammation
Fluid
Hard exudates
Flecked-retina syndrome
Different
deposits
Vitelliform degeneration
Fundus albipunctatus
63. Congenitally decreased pigment in the
(albinism, myopia, physiologic variation
Atrophy of the pigment epithelium
After inflammation
After detachment of the retina and pigm
epithelium
Tumors
perfluorescence Angioid streaks
ndow defect of the
ment epitheliumPhotocoagulation
Diathermy
Cropexy
Toxic damage
Trauma
Macular hole
Drusen
Choroidal folds
66. Retinal
Cystoid edema
In a preformed
space (pooling)
yperuorescence
eakage
Subretinal Detachment of
the pigment
epithelium
Detachment of
the sensory
retina
Retinal
noncystoid
edema
Into tissue
(staining)
Subretinal e.g.dursen
67. Venous occlusion
Arterial hypertension
Retinal telangiectasia
Macroaneurysm
Retinal tumor
Cystoid Epiretinal gliosis
Uveitis
Retinitis pigmentosa
Diabetic retinopathy
Retina
Other vaso-occlusive diseases
Vasoocclusive retinal disease
Diabetic retinopathy
Arterial hypertension
Macroaneurysm
Nonyper
Irradiation
cystoid
uorescence
Tumor
eakage
Inflammation
Photocoagulation
Detachment of sensory retina
Choroid
Detachment of pigment epithelium
New-formed blood vessels
Inflammation to the uvea, retinal and optic nerve hea
Vitreous
Tumors of the retina and of the optic nerve head
Physiologic
Vascular occlusion
Drusen
Optic pit
Coloboma
Optic Nerve
Scar
Choked disc
Papilledema
Inflammatory changes
68. Drusen of theoptic
nerve head
Autofluorescence
uorescence
ithout the
dministration
f fluorescein
Hamartoma
Scleral exudate
Scar tissue
Pseudofluorescence
Foreign body
Myelinate nerve fibe
<number>
Antioxidants provide another key line of defence against oxidative damage. The RPE contains high concentrations of a wide variety of antioxidants, including water-soluble substances, such as vitamin C and glutathione, lipid-soluble substances, such as vitamin E, retinoids and carotenoids, and enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase and phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (PHGPx).
Studies in animals have shown that vitamin C supplements can inhibit light-induced damage to photoreceptors, and primate studies have shown that a deficiency of vitamin E results in disruption of photoreceptor outer segments and increased lipofuscin accumulation in RPE cells. Beatty et al carried out experiments in dark-reared rats injected with ascorbic acid, Hayes examined the pathophysiology of vitamin E in monkeys and Organisciak et al studied the effect of vitamin C in rats
References
1. Beatty S et al. Surv Ophthalmol 2000;45:115–134.
2. Winkler BS et al. Mol Vis 1999;5:32.
3. Zarbin MA. Arch Ophthalmol 2004;122:598–614.
4. Hayes KC. Am J Clin Nurt 1974; 27:1130-1140.
5. Organisciak DT et al. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1985; 26:1580-1588.