This document discusses ferritic stainless steel. It begins by defining ferritic stainless steel as containing over 12% chromium and having a body-centered cubic crystal structure. It then lists some key advantages of ferritic stainless steel such as being relatively inexpensive with low corrosion rates. Some limitations mentioned include having a high ductile to brittle transition temperature. The document provides examples of common ferritic stainless steel grades and discusses the effect of elements like chromium and molybdenum on properties. It also outlines some applications of ferritic stainless steel such as in kitchen appliances, food processing equipment, and seawater applications due to corrosion resistance.
classification of refractories and commonly used refractory brickssunrise refractory
Refractories act as a thermal barrier between a hot medium and the wall of the containing vessel, represent a chemical protective barrier against corrosion, ensure a physical protection, prevent the erosion of walls by the circulating hot medium and act as thermal insulation for heat retention.
classification of refractories and commonly used refractory brickssunrise refractory
Refractories act as a thermal barrier between a hot medium and the wall of the containing vessel, represent a chemical protective barrier against corrosion, ensure a physical protection, prevent the erosion of walls by the circulating hot medium and act as thermal insulation for heat retention.
Stainless steels are alloy steels with a nominal chromium (Cr) content of at least 11 weight percent (wt %), with or without other alloy additions. The oxidation and corrosion resistance of these alloy steels are attributed to the presence of a passive chromium-rich oxide film on the surface. The chromium-rich oxide can be damaged, but will quickly reform if oxygen is available. When exposed to conditions that damage the passive oxide film, stainless steels are subject to corrosive attack.
The rate at which a stainless steel develops a passive film in the atmosphere depends on its chromium content. Polished stainless steels remain bright and tarnish-free under most atmospheric conditions. Exposure to elevated temperatures increases the thickness of the oxide film.
Baja terdiri dari unsur-unsur paduan yang memerikan sifat-sifat yang berbeda dari setiap unsurnya. Berikut daftar dari unsur-unsur pembentuk baja beserta fungsi-fungsinya.
'Iron seemeth a simple metal but in its nature are many mysteries’. Many, but not all,of these mysteries have been solved over the past three hundred years using the combined skill of the foundryman and the knowledge of the scientist to provide today's design engineer with a family of casting alloys that offer a virtually unique combination of low cost and engineering versatility.
The various combinations of low cost with castability , strength,
Machinability , hardness, wear resistance ,corrosion resistance, thermal conductivity and damping are unequalled among all casting alloys and It makes Cast Iron most widely used metal in engineering purpose .
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdf
Ferritic stainless steel.pptx
1. Republic of Iraq
Ministry of Higher Education
And Scientific Research
University of Diyala
College of Engineering
Ferritic stainless steel
By :
كاظم انيس
تايه
Supervisor by
أ
.
خليل عادل د
1
2. Introduction
Ferritic steel is a grade of stainless steel alloy that
contains over 12% chromium.
It differs from other forms of stainless steel in two
critical regards: its molecular grain structure and its
chemical composition.
Ferritic stainless steel is actually defined as a straight
chromium non-hardenable class of stainless alloys that
have chromium contents ranging from 10.5% to 30% and
a carbon content of less than 0.20%.
These steels are non-hardenable by heat treatment, and
only marginally hardenable by cold rolling.
2
3. Ferritic Stainless Steels
• Advantages
– Relatively Cheap
– Low Corrosion rate – pitting & SCC
– Low tendency of sensitization
• Limitations
– High ductile to brittle transition temperature.
– 475oC Embrittlement
– Formation of undesirable intermetallics such as
Sigma, Chi and Laves phases.
– Low Weld Ductility with increase in Cr Content
– Sensitization
– Limitation of Strength at higher temperature
3
4. Grade C Mn Si Cr Mo P S Comments/Applications
405 0.08 1.0 1.0 11.5-14.5 - 0.04 0.03 0.1-0.3 Al
409 0.08 1.0 1.0 10.5-11.75 - 0.045 0.045 (6xC) Ti min
429 0.12 1.0 1.0 14.0-16.0 - 0.04 0.03
430 0.12 1.0 1.0 16.0-18.0 - 0.04 0.03
446 0.20 1.5 1.0 23.0-27.0 - 0.04 0.03 0.25 N
Composition of Important Ferritic Stainless steels
4
5. Effect of Cr Concentration on the impact properties of Fe-Cr Alloys
5
9. Pseudo binary Phase Digram Fe-18Cr-8Ni SS with C
C solubility limit in Fe-18Cr-8Ni SS
9
10. Sensitization Curves for 304 and 347 SS
347 S
Effect of Mo on sensitization
Effect of N on Sensitization
10
11. PRE = %Cr + 3.3 x %Mo + 16 x %N
Pitting of Stainless Steels
11
12. Super Ferritic/Austenitic Stainless Steels
• To enhance further the Pitting corrosion,
Chloride Stress Corrosion cracking, super
ferritic, super-austentic Stainless Steels
are made :
• They have Mo – upto 6%
• Nitrogen from 0.1-0.2%
• Mostly used in Offshore structure, ships
and marine applications
• Very costly compared to conventional SS
12
13. Effect of ferrite content on the pitting rate of duplex SS steel Welds of
varying N levels – exposed to 6% FeCl3 + 0.05N HCl solution
13
14. Cr concentration profile around austenitic-Ferrite interface
Containing M23C6 carbide
Pseudo binary phase diagram of 65Fe-Cr-NiAlloy
14
15. IC378 - The darker etching phase is
ferrite and the remainder is austenite
Microstructures of some Duplex SS
IC381 (dark phase is ferrite).
IC381 (dark phase is ferrite
A219 The austenite is yellow and ferrite is
dark brown, with the sigma phase white.
15
16. Effect of C addition on the gamma loop in Fe-Cr alloys
16
17. The properties of ferritic
stainless steel
Ferritic stainless steels are characterised by their body-
centred cubic (BCC) crystal structure, and they contain
11% to 27% chromium and small amounts of ferrite
stabilisers, such as niobium and titanium.
Ferritic alloys exhibit ferromagnetic behaviour up to a
temperature known as the Curie point (650 °C – 750
°C), beyond which materials lose their permanent
magnetic properties.
The BCC grain structure of ferritic alloys, which is the
same as that of pure iron at room temperature, is the
reason for its magnetic nature.
Ferritic stainless steels, similar to austenitic stainless
steels, cannot be strengthened by heat treatment.
17
19. The applications of ferritic stainless
steel
The magnetic properties of ferritic grades is a major advantage
and enabler for many of their applications.
Fastening parts and induction heating, for example, both make
use of this property in the production of induction cookers and
magnetic fasteners.
Ferritic alloys also have a lower thermal expansion coefficient and
higher thermal conductivity than austenitic grades, which makes
them particularly suitable for heat transfer applications such as
cooking utensils.
The corrosion resistance of some ferritic stainless steels is
sufficient to replace austenitic steel 304, and they can be used in
the production of dishwashers, kitchen sinks and food processing
equipment.
Some specialty grade ferritic stainless steels have additional
molybdenum and higher chromium content, which makes them
useful in corrosive seawater applications. 19
20. Uses of Ferritic stainless
steels.
Ferritic steels are chosen for their resistance to
stress corrosion cracking,
which makes them an attractive alternative to
austenitic stainless steels in applications where
chloride-induced SCC is prevalent.
20
21. References
1. Lacombe, P.; Baroux, B.; Beranger, G., eds. (1990). Les Aciers
Inoxydables. Les éditions de Physique. pp. Chapters 14 and 15.
ISBN 2-86883-142-7.
2. The ferritic solution. 2007. ISBN 978-2-930069-51-7.
3. The International Nickel Company (1974). "Standard Wrought
Austenitic Stainless Steels". Nickel Institute. Archived from the
original on 2018-01-09..
4. "304 vs 430 stainless steel". Reliance Foundry Co. Ltd.
5. "Frederick Mark Becket American metallurgist". Encyclopaedia
Britannica.
6. Cobb, Harold M. (2012). Dictionary of Metals. ASM International. p.
307. ISBN 9781615039920.
7. Charles, J.; Mithieux, J.D.; Santacreu, P.; Peguet, L. (2009). "The
ferritic family: The appropriate answer to nickel volatility?". Revue
de Métallurgie. 106: 124–139. doi:10.1051/metal/2009024.
21
