This document discusses traffic accidents and prevention measures. It defines disasters and classifies them as natural or man-made. Traffic accidents are discussed as a type of man-made disaster. The key organizations intervening in prevention strategies are outlined. Prevention measures aim to reduce exposure risk, avoid crashes, lessen injury severity, and improve post-crash care. These include speed limits, anti-drunk driving laws, seatbelt usage, helmets, airbags, emergency response, and hospital care. Conclusions state the factors contributing to reduced accidents in 2007-2010 included less traffic, fewer young male drivers, less drinking and driving, and colder winters.

1. Traffic Accidents
Created BY:-
‫خليل‬ ‫علي‬ ‫حسين‬
University of Diyala
College Of Engineering
Civil
Engineering Department
Fourth Stage

2. DEFINITIONS OF DISASTER
 A disaster can be defined as any occurrence that
cause damage, ecological disruption, loss of human
life, deterioration of health and health services on a
scale ,sufficient to

3. DISASTERS CLASSIFICATIONS
MANMADE NATURAL

4. NATURAL DISASTER
 Avalanches
 Earthquakes
 Volcanic eruptions
 Hydrological disasters
 Cyclonic storms
 Space disasters
 Health disasters
 Wildfires

5. MAN- MADE DISASTERS
 fires
 transport accidents
 industrial accidents
 oil spills
 nuclear explosions/radiation
traffic accident

6. DEFININTION OF ACCIDENT
 The who definition:
- Unpremeditated event resulting in recognizable
damage
- An unexpected, unplanned occurrence which may
involve injury.

7. TRAFFIC ACCIDENT IMAGES


8. OTHER LAWS YOU NEED
TO KNOW!
 Headlights must be lighted from sunset to sunrise or
when visibility is poor.
 You must dim your brights 500’ before meeting and 200’
before overtaking another vehicle.
 It is illegal to engage in any vehicle race, exhibit of
speed, or speed contest on any public road, street, or
highway.
 Windows and windshields must be kept clean and free
of stickers, signs, posters, except those required by law.
 When a load extends 4’ or more out the back, a red flag
must be attached to the load.
 It is illegal to drive recklessly or inattentively.
 It is illegal to send or read text messages while
driving!

9. SPEED LIMITS
 The Basic Rule: No matter what the posted speed,
you must judge the situation and conditions and
adjust your speed accordingly.
 The maximum speed on a freeway is 75mph,
65mph on a highway, and 35mph on city streets
(unless posted otherwise).
 It is illegal to drive so slowly that you disrupt the
normal flow of traffic.
 Observe posted speeds in school and construction
zones to protect students and workers (penalties
are higher in these areas).

10. FACT ABOUT SIGNALING & TURNING
 You must signal when turning at an intersection or
into a driveway!
 You must signal when changing lanes.
 You must signal when entering or leaving the
freeway.
 You must signal when pulling toward or away from
the curb.
 You must signal 100 feet (about 5 seconds) before
turning.
 In Idaho, you may turn right on a red light, after
stopping.
 In Idaho, you may turn left on a red light, after
stopping, and if turning onto a one-way street.

11. TEXTING AND DRIVING
 As of July 1, 2012, it is illegal to text while driving in
Idaho.
 “Texting” means, “engaging in the review of, or
manual preparation and transmission of, written
communication via handheld wireless devices.”

12. PERFORMANCE OF ORIGINAL ARPANET
ALGORITHM
 Light load
 Delay dominated by the constant part (transmission
delay and propagation delay)
 Medium load
 Queuing delay is no longer negligible
 Moderate traffic shifts to avoid congestion
 Heavy load
 Very high metrics on congested links
 Busy links look bad to all of the routers
 All routers avoid the busy links
 Routers may send packets on longer paths

13. MOTOROLA ESENSOR™
 DNA Detection System.
 Binding properties of DNA and RNA.
 Electronic circuit element.
 Detectable electronic signal.
 Disposable biochip cartridges, detection reagents,
electronic biochip reader, software and protocols.
 Convenient, economically feasible.

14. AIM
INVESTIGATE THE CAUSES OF THE MAJOR REDUCTION
IN THE NUMBER OF ROAD ACCIDENT FATALITIES IN 2007-10
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Casualties
indexed
to
2000
figure
Killed Seriously injured

15. RISK FACTORS
The risk depends on four elements :
 A) Exposure excess (need to travel)
 B) Risk of crash, given a particular exposure,
 C) Risk of injury, given a crash,
 D) Risk of death or severe consequences,
given an injury.

16. PREVENTION
 Traffic accidents are preventable.
 The three targets of the road safety actions :
- the road users
- the vehicles
- the roads infrastructure as well as the
traffic management.

17. PREVENTION
A scientific approach to the issue is necessary :
Many conditions are required to guarantee the
efficiency of the prevention strategies which are
adopted.
 To collect, analyse and carefully interpret reliable
data : The National Traffic Observatory in Tunisia was
established to fulfill theses missions.
 To define objectives.
 To promote research, which subjects are concerned with
road safety.
 To encourage the cooperation between different
organizations intervening in traffic accidents prevention
(NETWORKING).

18. THE KEY ORGANIZATIONS
INTERVENING IN THE PREVENTION
STRATEGIES :
Organizations intervening
in road safety actions

19. PREVENTION MEASURES
Prevention strategies are made of interventions
which are aiming to :
 diminish the exposure risk.
 avoid road crashes, given a particular
exposure.
 reduce the severity of injuries caused by
crashes
 improve the medical care for victims.

20. MEASURES AVOIDING ROAD CRASHES, GIVEN
AN EXPOSURE
 Speed limitation
 Measures against « alcohol and driving »
 Measures avoiding the drivers fatigue :
 Measures ensuring pedestrian and cyclists safety
 Prevention of traffic accidents implying young
drivers
 The prohibition of the use of hand- held mobile
telephones while driving
 More road visibility

21. MEASURES REDUCING THE SEVERITY OF
INJURIES CAUSED BY CRASHES :
a – The use of seat-belts
 When use, the seat- belt reduce the risk of fatal or
severe accident, between 40% and 65 % (1).
 Making the wearing of safety belts compulsory
improves their use rates.
b- Use of helmets
c- Availability of air bags

22. ACTIONS IMPROVING POST-CRASH
INJURY OUTCOME
- pre-hospital mesures :
* Bystanders : call for help, carry out simple acts to
rescue victims, protect victims from
an other accident
* Larger access to emergency services
* Better pre- hospital medical care
- actions in the hospital :

23. 

24. CONCLUSIONS
Traffic
Vehicle
safety
Financial
stability
Vehicle
safety

25. CONCLUSIONS
 General reduction in traffic
 Reduction in young male drivers
 Drink driving accidents reduce
 Small reduction in speeding
 Progressively colder winters