1. KHUSHNAM P.N.
K.V. NAL

2. FEDERALISMFEDERALISM
 A system of government in which the power isA system of government in which the power is
divided between a central and various constituentdivided between a central and various constituent
units is calledunits is calledFederalismFederalism..
 Federation has two levels of government:Federation has two levels of government:
a. Govt. for entire countrya. Govt. for entire country
b. Provincial / States govt.b. Provincial / States govt.

3. Both these levels of governments enjoyBoth these levels of governments enjoy
their power independent of other.their power independent of other.
The Federal govt. is usually responsibleThe Federal govt. is usually responsible
for a few subjects of national importancefor a few subjects of national importance
like Defence, Foreign Policy,Currency etc.like Defence, Foreign Policy,Currency etc.
The provincial or state government looksThe provincial or state government looks
after the day to day administration of theirafter the day to day administration of their
states.states.

5.  Two Levels of GovernmentTwo Levels of Government
 Constitutional division of jurisdiction and powers of theConstitutional division of jurisdiction and powers of the
levels of the government.levels of the government.
 Independence and autonomy of the Judiciary toIndependence and autonomy of the Judiciary to
interperate the constitution and the jurisdictions of theinterperate the constitution and the jurisdictions of the
two levels of the govt.two levels of the govt.
 Fundamental changes in the Constitution cannot beFundamental changes in the Constitution cannot be
made by one level of the govt. Consent of the othermade by one level of the govt. Consent of the other
level is necessary.level is necessary.

7.  To safeguard and promote unity and integrity ofTo safeguard and promote unity and integrity of
the country.the country.
 Respect the regional variations and theirRespect the regional variations and their
aspirationsaspirations
 Ensure rich socio-cultural and enonomicEnsure rich socio-cultural and enonomic
traditions and practices with national outlook.traditions and practices with national outlook.

13. TYPES OF FEDERATIONSTYPES OF FEDERATIONS

14. FEDRATION BASED ONFEDRATION BASED ON
FORMATIONFORMATION
 COMING TOGETHER FEDERATIONCOMING TOGETHER FEDERATION
 HOLDING TOGETHER FEDERATIONHOLDING TOGETHER FEDERATION

15. • States come together to form a bigger unit byStates come together to form a bigger unit by
pooling their sovereignty and retaining theirpooling their sovereignty and retaining their
identity.identity.
• The constituent states usually have equal powerThe constituent states usually have equal power
and strong vis-à-vis the Federal govt.and strong vis-à-vis the Federal govt.
• ExamplesExamples
a. the USAa. the USA
b. Switzerlandb. Switzerland
c. Australiac. Australia

16. A large country decides to divides it’s power between
the constituent states and the National govt.
In this scheme, the central govt. tends to be more
powerful vis-à-vis the states.
Examples
a. India
b. Spain
c. Belgium

18. To safeguard and promote unity and
integrity of the country with due
respect to the regional variations and
their aspirations in order to ensure
rich socio-cultural and enonomic
traditions and practices with national
outlook

19. WHAT MAKES INDIA A FEDERALWHAT MAKES INDIA A FEDERAL
COUNTRYCOUNTRY
 Constitution provides for two levels ofConstitution provides for two levels of
governmentsgovernments
 Division of power of power & functions of theDivision of power of power & functions of the
Central & state govt.Central & state govt.
 Independent JudiciaryIndependent Judiciary
 Power sharing of the centre and the states isPower sharing of the centre and the states is
the basic structure of the Constitution.the basic structure of the Constitution.

20. SPECIAL FEATURES OF INDIANSPECIAL FEATURES OF INDIAN
FEDERATIONFEDERATION
 The Concurrent List of Subjects on which bothThe Concurrent List of Subjects on which both
Centre & states have the power to make lawsCentre & states have the power to make laws
 The Residuary power with the Centre.The Residuary power with the Centre.
 All states are not equal.All states are not equal.
a. Statesa. States
b. Union Territoriesb. Union Territories
c. National Capital Territory (U.T)c. National Capital Territory (U.T)
d.Special Status to J&K (Article- 370)d.Special Status to J&K (Article- 370)
e. Autonomous Hill Council in Manipur,e. Autonomous Hill Council in Manipur,
Nagaland, Mizoram.(Article-371)Nagaland, Mizoram.(Article-371)

21. UNITARY FEATURESUNITARY FEATURES
 Changes in the name,boundaries,merger& division ofChanges in the name,boundaries,merger& division of
the states.the states.
 Single hierarchical JudiciarySingle hierarchical Judiciary
 Centre has overshadowing power on Concurrent ListCentre has overshadowing power on Concurrent List
and monopoly over the Residuary subjects.and monopoly over the Residuary subjects.
 Appointment of Governors by the CentreAppointment of Governors by the Centre
 All-India Services- IAS,IPS appointed by the centreAll-India Services- IAS,IPS appointed by the centre
 Planning Commission & it’s rolePlanning Commission & it’s role
 Emergency powers specially the President Rule underEmergency powers specially the President Rule under
Article 356 of the Constitution.Article 356 of the Constitution.

24. DECLINE OF CONGRESSDECLINE OF CONGRESS

25. CONGRESS & CONGRESSCONGRESS & CONGRESS
ALLAINCE STATESALLAINCE STATES
 Maharashtra, West Bengal, Manipur, J&K,Maharashtra, West Bengal, Manipur, J&K,
Uttrakhand, Kerala, Assam , Meghalaya,Uttrakhand, Kerala, Assam , Meghalaya,
Arunachal Pradesh, HarayanaArunachal Pradesh, Harayana

26. EMERGENCE OF REGIONAL &EMERGENCE OF REGIONAL &
SMALLER PARTIESSMALLER PARTIES

28. KARNATAKA GLOBALKARNATAKA GLOBAL
INVESTORS MEETINVESTORS MEET

29. JUDICIAL SUPPORT FORJUDICIAL SUPPORT FOR
AUTONOMY OF STATESAUTONOMY OF STATES
Supreme Court of IndiaSupreme Court of India
S.R. Bommai vs Union Of India on 11S.R. Bommai vs Union Of India on 11
March,March, 19941994
1.1. No President Rule till the state govt. enjoyNo President Rule till the state govt. enjoy
majoritymajority
2.2. Satisfaction of the President should haveSatisfaction of the President should have
proven basisproven basis

31. NEW EMERGING TRENDSNEW EMERGING TRENDS
 Decline of the dominance of the CongressDecline of the dominance of the Congress
 Emergence of Regional Political PartiesEmergence of Regional Political Parties
 Rise and acceptance ofRise and acceptance of COALITIONCOALITION govt.govt.
 Growing strength of National DevelopmentGrowing strength of National Development
Council (NDC)Council (NDC)
 In the post-Economic Reform Era(1991) statesIn the post-Economic Reform Era(1991) states
are empowered to make agreement with foreignare empowered to make agreement with foreign
countries/ investors.countries/ investors.
 Judicial support for the autonomy of the states.Judicial support for the autonomy of the states.

32. WHAT MAKES INDIA AWHAT MAKES INDIA A
FEDERAL COUNTRY ?FEDERAL COUNTRY ?

33. Following features makes IndiaFollowing features makes India
FederalFederal
 Constitution provides for two levels ofConstitution provides for two levels of
governmentsgovernments
 Division of power of power & functions of theDivision of power of power & functions of the
Central & state govt.Central & state govt.
 Independent JudiciaryIndependent Judiciary
 Power sharing of the centre and the states isPower sharing of the centre and the states is
the basic structure of the Constitutionthe basic structure of the Constitution

34.  WHAT MAKES INDIA A FEDERAL WITHWHAT MAKES INDIA A FEDERAL WITH
UNITARY BIAS ?UNITARY BIAS ?
OROR
 WHAT ARE THE UNITARY FEATURESWHAT ARE THE UNITARY FEATURES
OF INDIAN FEDERALISM ?OF INDIAN FEDERALISM ?

35. FOLLOWING ASPECTS AREFOLLOWING ASPECTS ARE
RESPONSIBLERESPONSIBLE
 Changes in the name,boundaries,merger& division of theChanges in the name,boundaries,merger& division of the
states by the Centrestates by the Centre
 Single hierarchical JudiciarySingle hierarchical Judiciary
 Centre has overshadowing power on Concurrent ListCentre has overshadowing power on Concurrent List
and monopoly over the Residuary subjects.and monopoly over the Residuary subjects.
 Appointment of Governors by the CentreAppointment of Governors by the Centre
 All-India Services- IAS,IPS appointed by the centreAll-India Services- IAS,IPS appointed by the centre
 Planning Commission & it’s rolePlanning Commission & it’s role
 Emergency powers specially the President Rule underEmergency powers specially the President Rule under
Article 356 of the ConstitutionArticle 356 of the Constitution

36. WHAT IS COALITIONWHAT IS COALITION
GOVT. ?GOVT. ?

37.  WHEN NO POLITICALWHEN NO POLITICAL
PARTY GETS THEPARTY GETS THE
MAJORITY SEATS , IN THISMAJORITY SEATS , IN THIS
WAKE FEW LIKE-MINDEDWAKE FEW LIKE-MINDED
POLITICAL PARTIES COMEPOLITICAL PARTIES COME
TOGETRER AND FORMTOGETRER AND FORM
GOVT. WITH COMMONGOVT. WITH COMMON
MINIMUM PROGRAMMEMINIMUM PROGRAMME

38. SUMMARYSUMMARY
 FEDERALISMS HAVE TWO LEVELS OFFEDERALISMS HAVE TWO LEVELS OF
GOVT.GOVT.
 POWERS ARE CONSTITUTIONALLY DIVIDEDPOWERS ARE CONSTITUTIONALLY DIVIDED
 INDIA HAS THE FEATURES OF FEDERALISM.INDIA HAS THE FEATURES OF FEDERALISM.
 INDIAN FEDERALISM HAS UNITARY BIAS.INDIAN FEDERALISM HAS UNITARY BIAS.
 DEVELOPING COALITION POLITICS ANDDEVELOPING COALITION POLITICS AND
JUDICIAL ACTIVISM IS STRENGTHENINGJUDICIAL ACTIVISM IS STRENGTHENING
FEDERAL PRACTICES.FEDERAL PRACTICES.
 GLOBAL ECONOMIC FORCES ALSOGLOBAL ECONOMIC FORCES ALSO
FAVOURS THE TREND.FAVOURS THE TREND.

39. IMPORTANT QUESTIONESIMPORTANT QUESTIONES
 What do you understand by Federalism?What do you understand by Federalism?
 Describe main features of Federalism.Describe main features of Federalism.
 What makes India a Federal states?What makes India a Federal states?
 Why India is called a federal state with unitaryWhy India is called a federal state with unitary
bias?bias?
 India functions as a federal system in normalIndia functions as a federal system in normal
time, but becomes a unitary state in the time oftime, but becomes a unitary state in the time of
crisis.Explain.crisis.Explain.
 What is coalition government? How does itWhat is coalition government? How does it
impact on our federal system?impact on our federal system?