Like diabetes, Fatty liver disease is also considered a Silent Killer disease because people don’t feel any symptoms in the initial stage of fatty liver disease.
It slowly comes into your body and causes chronic liver disease.
The severity of the fatty liver disease depends on fatty liver grades. Your liver condition will become more vulnerable if fatty liver grades get increase.
Fatty liver disease is a metabolic disease where fat gets stored in your hepatocytes or liver cells that, cause inflammation.
There are two main types of fatty liver disease – alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
Fatty liver disease is generally graded based on the amount of fat stored and the degree of liver damage. This is called Fatty Liver Grades.
Simply, this fatty liver grade represents stages of fatty liver. There are four grades of fatty liver – Grade 1, Grade 2, Grade 3 and Grade 4.
Fatty liver disease is a silent disease; it comes with no signs or symptoms.
NAFLD (non-inflammatory or Grade 1 fatty liver) is asymptomatic, meaning you don’t feel any symptoms.
Still, you may have fatigue, thirst, anxiety, upper abdominal pain, bloating or discomfort, etc. These are the most common symptoms of NAFLD.
As the disease progresses, symptoms start appearing, usually in advance grading of fatty liver disease such as NASH (inflammatory fatty liver)
If left untreated, you may have a more severe liver condition that gets more complicated.
Although the exact cause of fatty liver is still unclear, but there are certain possible reasons to cause fatty liver.
A bad lifestyle is the most significant risk factor for developing NAFLD (Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease).
The good news is that you can reverse your fatty liver disease and even cure it.
If you get diagnosed early, it can be treated because some fatty liver grades are reversible, such as grade 1, grade 2 and grade 3.
But if you get liver cirrhosis or grade 4 fatty liver, that is irreversible. At this stage, your liver cells cannot reduce fat and can’t return to a healthy liver.
This post will discuss fatty liver grades, types, causes, pathology, symptoms, complications, diagnostic tests and treatment.
Memorias Conferencia Científica Anual sobre Síndrome Metabólico 2016 - Programa Científico
SIMPOSIO COLEGIO DE MEDICINA INTERNA DE MÉXICO
SÍNDROME METABÓLICO: UPDATE 2016 NUEVAS PERSPECTIVAS
Esteatosis hepática en obesidad y diabetes tipo 2
Dra. Eva María Perusquía Frías
Presidente Filial de Queretaro, Colegio de Medicina Interna de México
Memorias Conferencia Científica Anual sobre Síndrome Metabólico 2016 - Programa Científico
SIMPOSIO COLEGIO DE MEDICINA INTERNA DE MÉXICO
SÍNDROME METABÓLICO: UPDATE 2016 NUEVAS PERSPECTIVAS
Esteatosis hepática en obesidad y diabetes tipo 2
Dra. Eva María Perusquía Frías
Presidente Filial de Queretaro, Colegio de Medicina Interna de México
Celiac Disease: Beyond Bowes, Bone, & Blood Rev 2019Patricia Raymond
Celiac disease can cause iron deficiency anemia, osteoporosis, and malabsorption…but is that all? Nope. There are a huge number of other disease associations with celiac disease beyond just bowels, bone, and blood. Join us for this classic presentation of celiac comorbidities that may alert you to the presence of this woefully under-diagnosed condition.
Fatty liver is the fastest growing epidemic in the world now. There is no known drug available to treat. Ayurveda medicines can reverse liver damage and help cure fatty liver in the early stages.
Steatohepatitis is a type of fatty liver disease, characterized by inflammation of the liver with concurrent fat accumulation in the liver.
Mere deposition of fat in the liver is termed steatosis, and together these constitute fatty liver changes.
The word is from steato-, meaning "fat“ and hepatitis, meaning "inflammation of the liver".
Celiac Disease: Beyond Bowes, Bone, & Blood Rev 2019Patricia Raymond
Celiac disease can cause iron deficiency anemia, osteoporosis, and malabsorption…but is that all? Nope. There are a huge number of other disease associations with celiac disease beyond just bowels, bone, and blood. Join us for this classic presentation of celiac comorbidities that may alert you to the presence of this woefully under-diagnosed condition.
Fatty liver is the fastest growing epidemic in the world now. There is no known drug available to treat. Ayurveda medicines can reverse liver damage and help cure fatty liver in the early stages.
Steatohepatitis is a type of fatty liver disease, characterized by inflammation of the liver with concurrent fat accumulation in the liver.
Mere deposition of fat in the liver is termed steatosis, and together these constitute fatty liver changes.
The word is from steato-, meaning "fat“ and hepatitis, meaning "inflammation of the liver".
One of the common liver problems, fatty liver is a condition in which the liver cells are accumulated with fats. Though, not life-threatening, in some cases, it can lead to complications that can be mild to severe.
Liver failure is a life-threatening condition that demands urgent medical care.
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a leading cause of cirrhosis, liver cancer, and acute and chronic liver failure and as such causes significant morbidity and mortality.
this is a brief study on liver failure and associated liver conditions and stages of conditions ,
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Provide this resource to patients diagnosed with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) or non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).
This resource accompanies the accredited CME activity:
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Understanding NAFLD: Causes, Risk Factors, and Symptoms- Dr. Vikrant KaleDr. Kale's Gastro Clinic
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a serious condition that can lead to liver damage and failure. Learn about the causes, risk factors, and symptoms of NAFLD, as well as how to prevent it, from Dr. Vikrant Kale.
Reading And Interpreting Your Liver Function Test - A Guide To Commonly Used ...HealixHospitals
The liver is a vital organ responsible for numerous metabolic functions in the body, including detoxification, protein synthesis, and bile production. Monitoring liver health is crucial for early detection and management of liver diseases. One of the primary tools for assessing liver function is the Liver Function Test (LFT). In this guide, we will delve into the commonly used liver tests, how to interpret the results, and what they indicate about your liver health.
Hormonal regulation of blood glucose level_pdf.pdfSumit Sharma
Insulin and Glucagon are two key hormones that maintaining blood glucose level (or glucose homeostasis) in your body.
If there is a problem with your Insulin or Glucagon, you may have an imbalance blood glucose level. It may be either a high blood glucose level or a low blood glucose level.
This post will describe the hormonal regulation of blood glucose levels. Moreover, we will see how Insulin and Glucagon work together to maintain homeostatic glucose levels.
When glucose enters your systemic circulation, it goes to tissues, but glucose cannot enter your cells without Insulin.
Insulin helps in glucose uptake into cells. This means that Insulin increases the entry of glucose into your cells.
When you have a meal, incretins (GIP, GLP, etc.) release from your gut and go to your Pancreas. It stimulates Pancreas and releases Insulin.
Eventually, Incretins help to release Insulin. Due to this, Incretins are considered a natural anti-diabetic hormone.
After releasing Insulin from Pancreas, it goes to your blood circulation. It acts on the Tyrosine Kinase receptor that is present on the cell surface.
As soon as Insulin binds to the Tyrosine Kinase receptor, it facilitates the entry of glucose into cells.
Glucose also binds on the cell surface but acts on GLUT receptors or transporter like GLUT 1, GLUT 2, GLUT 3 and GLUT 4.
This is a normal process that occurs in the human body.
But our blood glucose level does not remain the same for an entire day; it fluctuates. Sometimes it gets high or low blood glucose levels.
To maintain this fluctuation, our Pancreas releases two crucial hormones – Insulin and Glucagon.
What is the Difference Between Conjugated and Unconjugated Bilirubin?Sumit Sharma
Bilirubin is a biochemical parameter of your liver function test. Your doctor uses this tool to diagnose liver disease.
In the human body, bilirubin is a waste product of your hemoglobin produced during the red blood cells breakdown in the spleen.
Although bilirubin does not have a specific function, it is generally a component of bile juice. It is also called a bile pigment, which is yellow in color.
There are two forms of bilirubin in our blood.
One is unconjugated bilirubin, which forms during the breakdown of red blood cells, and the other is conjugated, which starts during metabolism in the liver.
The unconjugated bilirubin is a catabolic product of red blood cells. This non-conjugated compound is also known as indirect bilirubin.
Some possible reasons or diseases associated with unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia –
1. Hemolytic anemia
2. Neonatal Jaundice
3. Genetic factors
4. Drug induced unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia
On the other hands, Conjugated bilirubin is generally formed after the glucuronidation of the unconjugated bilirubin.
The conjugation process occurs in your liver and converts your unconjugated bilirubin into conjugated bilirubin. This type of glucuronidation compound is also known as direct bilirubin.
In simple words, direct bilirubin means conjugated bilirubin.
The elevated conjugated bilirubin indicates Conjugated hyperbilirubinemia.
This condition is most commonly seen in cholestatic liver disease.
Cholestatic is a medical condition where the flow of bile juice gets reduced or stopped. You may have this cholestatic liver disease in two forms – Intrahepatic and extrahepatic obstruction.
In this article, we will discuss bilirubin, metabolism of bilirubin, normal range of bilirubin, and its clinical relevance. Further, we will also know the difference between conjugated and unconjugated bilirubin.
Dopamine injection is an inotropic agent that contracts your heart muscles effectively.
This injection is one of the primary emergency drugs in emergency hospital areas to treat life-threatening medical conditions.
So, the primary use of dopamine injection is to save patient life. That’s why it is also called Life Saving Drug.
This post will describe dopamine injection uses, side effects, action, route and dose.
Dopamine belongs to a category of sympathomimetic drug or adrenergic drug. This drug contains a catechol ring, that’s why it comes in the catecholamine category.
Dopamine is a potent agonist on dopaminergic receptors (D1 and D2 receptors).
It also works on adrenergic receptors (Alpha 1 and Beta 1 receptors) that mimic the effect of the sympathomimetic nervous system.
The significant therapeutic action of dopamine injection is
-Vasoconstrictor means to increase the blood flow due to stimulation of alpha 1 adrenergic receptor
-Cardiac stimulant means to increase the heart pumping due to stimulation of beta 1 adrenergic receptor
-Nephroprotective means increasing the renal blood flow due to stimulation of the D1 receptor.
Dopamine injection is always injected into a vein through an intravenous (i.v.) route of administration. This injection must be diluted in a sterile parenteral preparation such as 5% dextrose, normal saline etc.
If you receive dopamine injections, your vital organs will be closely monitored, such as your breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, blood sugar level, oxygen levels, kidney function, etc.
Dopamine injection has the potential to cause unwanted effects or side effects.
Dopamine injection is only prescribed by an expert doctor.
You may have been given dopamine injections in emergencies such as congestive heart failure, septic shock, and cardiogenic shock with oliguria.
Knowing how to increase dopamine naturally is challenging and sometimes easier for most people.
In today’s time, we all are trapped or engaged in certain activities such as shopping offers, social media apps, video games, smartphones, porn videos, YouTube, Netflix, eating junk foods, etc.
But this kind of way to increase dopamine may give a harmful effect on your body. It could be a mental problem, stress, obesity, insomnia, etc.
If you increase your dopamine in natural ways. In that case, you become happier, smarter, more productive, more creative, more focused, and more social. Therefore, we should have a sufficient amount of dopamine in our brains.
In this article, we will discover how to increase dopamine levels naturally.
Dopamine is considered a happy neuro-hormone because it releases in the happiest or most pleasurable moment. It acts as a chemical messenger or neurotransmitter that helps to pass information from one nerve cell to another.
The main function of the dopamine neurotransmitter is movement, motivation memory and emotional responses.
If you think you have a low level of dopamine, you may have struggled in enthusiasm, movement, and motivation.
There are a lot of reasons that cause low dopamine in our brains. It could indicate a neurological disease such as –
-Parkinson disease
-Depression
-Restless leg syndrome
-ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperkinetic Disorder)
If you’re wondering how to increase dopamine naturally, I have mentioned the 9 best ways to increase dopamine levels naturally –
1. Avoid junk foods
2. Healthy foods that increase dopamine
3. Exercise releases dopamine
4. Get good sleep
5. Supplements that increase dopamine
6. Drugs that increase dopamine
7. Music release dopamine
8. Reduce stress from your life
9. Engage in good pleasurable activities
You will be shocked to know that there are 500 functions of the liver in our body.
Well! The liver plays a versatile role in the human body.
Your liver has a lot of functions, such as digestion, metabolism, detoxification, filtration of blood, producing essential proteins etc.
But do you know the primary function of the liver?
The primary function of the liver is the production and secretion of bile.
In this post, you will learn about numerous functions of the liver, anatomy, histology, and physiology.
e liver is the heaviest organ and largest gland of your body which is around 1.5 kg weight.
Your liver is covered by Glisson’s capsule, made of white fibrous connective tissue.
Basically, the liver is an intraperitoneal organ that presents within the peritoneal cavity. You can’t feel the liver because most of the portion is covered with the ribcage.
Your liver cells or hepatocytes are responsible for many functions of the liver.
It is believed that the liver performs more than 500 different functions, usually in conjunction with other body systems.
Here, we will discuss only the major functions of the liver.
1. Function of the liver in the digestive system
2. Function of the liver in bilirubin metabolism
3. Role of the liver in deamination and urea production
4. Function of the liver in glucose metabolism
5. Function of the liver in lipid metabolism
6. Role of the liver in drug metabolism
7. Role of the liver in production of essential blood proteins
8. Function of the liver in detoxification
9. Function of the liver in modification of Vitamin-D
10. Some other functions of the liver in the human body
Best pain killer tablet for body pain_pdf.pdfSumit Sharma
Painkillers are the most commonly used medicines that help reduce pain sensation and inflammatory response. These medicines are also known as analgesics or anti-inflammatory drugs.
Analgesic medicines also improve the quality of life in long-lasting pain and help to relieve different pain conditions like generalized body pain, headaches, joint pain, muscle pain, etc.
They are broadly classified into three groups –
1. Paracetamol (Antipyretic)
2. NSAIDs (Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs)
3. Opioids (Narcotics)
Paracetamol has two important properties – antipyretic and analgesic. In other words, it can treat fever and mild to moderate body pain by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis in the brain region.
However, it does not have anti-inflammatory properties. So, it would not work in swelling and severe pain.
As far as the concern of NSAIDs, these medicines have three important properties – antipyretic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory.
NSAIDs generally decrease prostaglandin production by blocking cyclooxygenase enzymes (COX-1 and COX-2) or only COX-2.
If we talk about Opioids, it has only one property – analgesic. It does not work in inflammation. It blocks pain transmission by interfering with opioid receptors.
NSAIDs are usually preferred; if there is inflammation and pain.
In contrast, opioids are the strongest painkiller. These medicines are usually preferred if there is only visceral pain (or pain in internal organs like the heart, kidney, intestine, etc.), after surgery, burn, and cancer pain.
This post has discussed the best pain killer tablet names for various conditions.
Here, I have reviewed the best painkiller medicine for fever, acute pain, toothache, stomach pain, joint pain, muscle pain, and other body pain.
Moreover, I have explored the safest pain killer in children, pregnancy, asthma conditions, peptic ulcers, and heart disease conditions.
Best Cough Syrup in India for Kids, Adults, & Pregnancy.pdfSumit Sharma
Selecting the ideal cough syrup is always challenging for everyone.
Anyone has a cough, and it is very common to have a cough and cold as the weather changes.
Although, all the coughs are not the same. So, it is evident that even cough syrups are not the same.
This post will review the best cough syrup for kids, adults, & pregnancy.
As we know, cough is a common symptom of lung infection. You need to understand the cause of the cough.
If your cough is persisting more than 8 weeks, you should not treat the cough yourself. It may be a lung infection or chronic lung disease. You must consult your doctor.
Your doctor may assess your cough based on intensity, severity, frequency, and sensitivity.
Suppose your cough is bothering you in daily routine activity or if it is an acute cough. In that case, you can take symptomatic relief or over-the-counter (OTC) cough and cold medications.
There are two types of cough syrups in the market –
-Expectorant, and
-Antitussives
These kinds of cough syrups are usually available in a combination of antihistaminic drugs, nasal decongestants, or bronchodilators like –
-Expectorant + bronchodilator
-Expectorant + antihistaminic drug
-Antitussives + antihistaminic drug
-Antitussives + antihistaminic drug + nasal decongestant
You need to understand – which type of cough do you have? We usually need clarification while selecting the best cough syrup.
If you have a productive cough, you should choose expectorant cough syrup, while for dry cough, you need to take antitussive cough syrup.
Choosing the best cough syrup for kids is also challenging because there are safety concerns.
As per FDA, if your child has a cough due to a cold or upper respiratory cough infection, it does not need treatment.
Still, if you want to give cough syrup to your children, then you may go with OTC medicines but don’t give any cough syrup to children under 2 years.
Here, I am reviewing the safest and best cough syrup for kids.
Diphenhydramine and dexchlorpheniramine are the safest and best cough relief medicine for pregnant women.
It would be best to consult your doctor before taking any cough syrup, especially in kids and pregnancy.
Albendazole mechanism of action_pdf.pdfSumit Sharma
We take albendazole medicine for deworming, get relief and forget. Many people have a curiosity to know the fate of the drug.
Albendazole is a miracle drug because it uniquely kills parasitic worms.
Albendazole medicine is basically used for deworming, and it comes on the essential drugs list of WHO (World Health Organisation).
Here, I have made an easy guide to understanding albendazole mechanism of action (moa) and pharmacokinetics.
After reading this post, you will know how albendazole works and how the body reacts in response to albendazole.
The principal mechanism of action of albendazole is inhibiting polymerization and the cell division process of helminths. But it also depends on the types of parasitic worms –
Albendazole mechanism of action for intestinal worms :
When you take albendazole, it goes to your small intestine and is directly active against intestinal worms.
Albendazole strongly binds to the β-tubulin site of worm parasites. As a result, it inhibits the polymerization process that destroys the assembly of the worm’s microtubules.
You don’t need albendazole in your blood circulation for intestinal helminths (such as hookworm, pinworm, roundworm).
In this condition, you have to take albendazole on an empty stomach so that it can stay for a longer time in your intestine. Albendazole does not absorb on an empty stomach but is rapidly absorbed with a fatty meal.
Albendazole mechanism of action for tissue worms:
Sometimes, parasitic worms penetrate your blood circulation and tissues via intestine to blood or skin to blood. In this condition, Albendazole act as a prodrug.
Suppose you have a neurocysticercosis problem (worms in your brain) and take albendazole with a fatty meal.
Firstly, it goes to your stomach and then the small intestine. From the small intestine, albendazole is rapidly absorbed into your hepatic portal circulation via the inferior mesenteric vein.
As soon as albendazole reaches the liver, it converts into albendazole sulfoxide by First Pass Metabolism. Here, albendazole sulfoxide is a real anthelmintic for systemic worm infections.
After reaching blood circulation, it easily crosses your blood-brain barrier (BBB) and enters cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) because albendazole is a highly lipid-soluble drug.
In your brain, albendazole get accumulates in higher concentrations. It effectively kills Taenia solium worms that cause neurocysticercosis.
Here, albendazole binds on the β-tubulin site of Taenia solium worms, inhibiting polymerization and cell division.
Albendazole medicine effectively works in intestinal and tissue helminths by binding on the β-tubulin site of worm parasites.
It is the safest anthelmintic with minimal side effects.
We should especially focus on the administration of albendazole – with food (for tissue parasites) or without food (intraluminal parasites). It is always best to take albendazole under proper medical supervision.
Rabeprazole sodium and domperidone capsules.pdf.pdfSumit Sharma
Here, we will discuss rabeprazole sodium and domperidone capsule’s uses, dosage, mechanism, side effects, warnings or precautions.
Rabeprazole is an anti-ulcer drug, whereas domperidone comes in the anti-emetic (or prokinetic) category. This combination of rabeprazole and domperidone medicines reliefs in stomach related problems like acidity, ulcer & gas.
Rabeprazole belongs to the proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) class. This medicine suppresses the excess acid in your stomach by inhibiting the proton pump.
Rabeprazole is a newer proton pump inhibitor drug that strongly stops gastric acid secretion. This medicine is a potent and fastest acid suppression than other PPIs. It starts to work within 5 minutes.
The combination of rabeprazole and domperidone is commonly used for treating ulcers and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).
Rabeprazole is usually preferred for an empty stomach. Because it is more effective if you take an empty stomach once daily in the morning.
When you take a Rabeprazole sodium tablet or capsule on an empty stomach, it goes into your bloodstream. And it gets converted into the active form of sulphenamide (sulfenamide).
This active form inhibits the proton pump H+K+ ATPase enzyme. In this way, it helps in acid suppression.
The use of rabeprazole sodium is not recommended in pregnancy and breastfeeding. It should be used if clearly needed. On the other hand, domperidone has shown teratogenicity in pregnant animals. So, the use of domperidone should be avoided during pregnancy.
Although, all proton pump inhibitor (PPI) drugs have almost similar efficacy and safety profile. But clinically, rabeprazole has shown better results than other PPIs.
Rabeprazole sodium is a well-tolerated, effective and safe proton pump inhibitor.
Based on clinical experience and few clinical trials, rabeprazole is considered stronger and more powerful than other PPIs.
In addition to providing satisfying relief of symptoms of GERD, rabeprazole sodium and domperidone capsules are also well tolerated.
The use of rabeprazole sodium and domperidones capsules are not recommended in children, the elderly, liver disease, heart disease, pregnancy, and breastfeeding.
Since it is a prescription-based medicine, so you don’t take self-medication. You must consult your doctor before taking a rabeprazole sodium and domperidone capsules.
Introduction
Have you ever thought about how does medicine move throughout your body? In this post, we will learn about the process of ADME in pharmacokinetics.
Suppose you have a headache and you take Disprin (Aspirin) tablet. But do you know how Dispirin knows where to go in your body or where the problem is?
Here, we will understand the entire journey of medicine in the human body. This post will be fascinating and informative for medical students, physicians, pharmacists, nurses, and general people.
So, keep reading to learn about ADME in pharmacokinetics –
What is meant by ADME in pharmacokinetics?
Pharmacokinetics is the branch of pharmacology (study of medicine) that deals with how drugs move through the body.
If we split the term pharmacokinetics. In Greek, “Pharmakon” means drug (or medicine), and “kinetics” implies movement.
In other words, pharmacokinetics is simply a movement of medicine in the body.
All medicines are indeed drugs, but not all drugs are medicines. So, medicine is considered a drug.
The pharmacokinetics would be basically an ADME study. The ADME in pharmacokinetics refers to absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.
Every medicine must follow the ADME process (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion). Here, ADME in pharmacokinetics -
A represents absorption – medicine gets into the bloodstream.
D represents distribution – medicine moves from the bloodstream to tissue (or site of action)
M represents metabolism – biotransformation of medicine (drug change from one form to another form)
E represents excretion – medicine eliminate from the body via urine/stool
What are the 4 steps of pharmacokinetics?
For a good pharmacokinetic profile, a medicine must complete 4 steps of pharmacokinetics in the human body, i.e., ADME.
Step 1 Absorption, Bioavailability & Prodrug
Step 2 Distribution
Step 3 Metabolism
Step 4 Excretion
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Role of Mukta Pishti in the Management of Hyperthyroidism
fatty liver grades.pdf
1. Fatty Liver Grades Explained: How To Reverse
It?
Posted By SUMIT SHARMA
Contents
➢ Introduction
➢ What does fatty liver mean?
➢ How many grades of fatty liver are there? What are the histological features of fatty liver?
❖ Grade 1 fatty liver (Steatosis stage)
❖ Grade 2 fatty liver (NASH)
❖ Grade 3 fatty liver (Fibrosis stage)
❖ Grade 4 fatty liver (Cirrhosis stage)
➢ What are the signs and symptoms of fatty liver grades?
❖ 1. Ascites and pedal oedema
2. ❖ 2. Portal hypertension
❖ 3. Jaundice
❖ 4. Hepatic encephalopathy
❖ 5. Oesophageal varices
❖ 6. Red palms
➢ What are the causes and risk factors of fatty liver?
❖ 1. Eating excess calories
❖ 2. Insulin resistance
❖ 3. Alcoholism
❖ 4. Hepatitis-induced fatty liver
❖ 5. Drug-induced fatty liver
❖ 6. Genetic predisposition
➢ What is the pathophysiology of fatty liver grades?
➢ Does fatty liver cause high SGOT/SGPT in LFT lab findings?
❖ SGPT and SGOT level in Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)
❖ SGPT and SGOT levels in alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD)
➢ How to check fatty liver grades in ultrasound?
➢ Can Liver fatty be cured?
❖ 1. Weight loss
❖ 2. Diet modification
❖ 3. Avoid alcohol
❖ 4. Control diabetes
3. ❖ 5. Natural remedies
❖ 6. Supplements
❖ 7. Medicines
❖ 8. Liver transplant
➢ Conclusion
➢ FAQ
❖ Q 1. Which fatty liver grade is dangerous?
❖ Q 2. Is grade 1 fatty liver dangerous?
❖ Q 3. Is fatty liver grade 2 serious?
❖ Q 4. Is fatty liver grade 3 serious?
Introduction
Fatty liver grades are generally stages of fatty liver disease.
You will be shocked to know that 9 to 32% population suffers from non-alcoholic
fatty liver disease in India
According to a review and meta-analysis study published in The Lancet 2022,
32·4% population are exposed to fatty liver disease worldwide.
You can understand how fatty liver disease is increasing at an alarming rate.
Like diabetes, Fatty liver disease is also considered a Silent Killer disease because
people don’t feel any symptoms in the initial stage of fatty liver disease.
Therefore, it slowly comes into your body and causes chronic liver disease.
The severity of the fatty liver disease depends on fatty liver grades. Your liver
condition will become more vulnerable if fatty liver grades get increase.
4. This post will discuss fatty liver grades, types, causes, pathology, symptoms and
complications.
I’ll also share some tips on how to reverse fatty liver disease?
Let’s get started.
What does fatty liver mean?
Fatty liver disease is a metabolic disease where fat gets stored in your hepatocytes
or liver cells that, cause inflammation.
If we say simply, too much fat deposition in your liver may lead to fatty liver
disease.
In a healthy person, a small amount of fat is stored in the liver in a triglyceride
form (up to 5%). You will have fatty liver disease if it exceeds 5%.
It is also known as Hepatic Steatosis. Here, Steatosis means fat accumulation in
liver cells.
There are two main types of fatty liver disease – alcoholic fatty liver disease
(AFLD) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
If you have ever taken too excess alcohol for a long time. This can be capable of
damaging your liver. This type of liver disease is called Alcoholic Fatty Liver
Disease (AFLD), also known as Alcoholic Steatohepatitis.
On the contrary, you may also have the fatty liver disease even if you don’t take
alcohol. It could be due to lifestyle changes and having a poor diet. This type of
liver disease is called Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD).
5. How many grades of fatty liver are there? What are the
histological features of fatty liver?
Fatty liver disease is generally graded based on the amount of fat stored and the
degree of liver damage. This is called Fatty Liver Grades.
Simply, this fatty liver grade represents stages of fatty liver. There are four grades
of fatty liver – Grade 1, Grade 2, Grade 3 and Grade 4.
A liver biopsy is considered a gold-standard test to identify the grade of fatty liver.
Suppose you get a biopsy done of your fatty liver. You see the microscopic view of
fatty liver cells in your report.
Let’s understand fatty liver histology and look at the differences between fatty liver
grades on the microscopic level.
6. Grade 1 fatty liver (Steatosis stage)
It is a mild form of fatty liver that simple fat accumulation in your liver cells.
Sometimes, this first stage of fatty liver is called Simple fatty Liver or Steatosis.
This Grade 1 fatty liver has only small fat vacuoles (or liposomes) without
inflammation or scars.
You can see a lot of tiny fat droplets in liver cells that seems to be inflated balloon.
This type of structure is called Fat-Filled Hepatocytes.
You may have triglyceride (or fat) content between 5%–33% in grade 1 fatty liver.
In official medical terms, this non-inflammatory fatty liver is called NAFLD
(Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease).
Although NAFLD is not life-threatening, but it can significantly cause chronic
liver disease.
Grade 2 fatty liver (NASH)
This is the second stage of your fatty liver. Your grade 1 fatty liver may convert
into a Grade 2 fatty liver, which is a more severe liver condition.
In this stage, your liver starts depositing high-fat content. As a result, liver cells get
inflamed and, eventually, damaged.
You may see fat content of 34%–66% in your biopsy report. You will also find
large fat droplets that seem to be swollen hepatocytes.
The size of fat vacuoles increases with the progression of fatty liver.
When fat molecules damage the liver cells and lead to inflammation, the condition
is called non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).
Simply, the inflammatory condition of fatty liver is called NASH. Whereas the
non-inflammatory fatty liver is called NAFLD.
7. Grade 3 fatty liver (Fibrosis stage)
Grade 3 fatty liver is more severe and dangerous than all fatty liver grading.
At this stage, fat molecules start accumulating in entire liver cells.
Due to this invading of fat content, you may see colossal hepatocyte ballooning (or
large fat vacuole) in a microscopic structure in your biopsy report.
You may have more than 66% fat content in this grade 3 fatty liver.
This excess fat deposition in your liver cells leads to severe inflammation and liver
damage. Later, it converts into liver fibrosis and stiffness.
This third stage of fatty liver is called Fibrotic fatty liver.
Grade 4 fatty liver (Cirrhosis stage)
Grade 4 is the final stage of your fatty liver.
At this stage, your liver cells make many large fatty cysts that dissolve in liver cells
and form scars.
As far as the concern of fat content, it is very high (more than >66%).
These things do not let your liver works properly. As a result, your liver stops
functioning.
This is an irreversible stage of fatty liver. Here, the liver can’t recover its normal
phase. This stage is called End-stage liver disease.
It is also known as Hepatic (Liver) Cirrhosis or Liver failure.
8. What are the signs and symptoms of fatty liver grades?
Fatty liver disease is a silent disease; it comes with no signs or symptoms.
NAFLD (non-inflammatory or Grade 1 fatty liver) is asymptomatic, meaning you
don’t feel any symptoms.
Still, you may have fatigue, thirst, anxiety, upper abdominal pain, bloating or
discomfort, etc. These are the most common symptoms of NAFLD.
As the disease progresses, symptoms start appearing, usually in advance grading of
fatty liver disease such as NASH (inflammatory fatty liver)
If left untreated, you may have a more severe liver condition that gets more
complicated.
9. I have mentioned the critical signs, symptoms and complications for grade 3 and 4
fatty liver disease (liver cirrhosis).
1. Ascites and pedal oedema
You must have heard about albumin. This is an essential protein that releases from
your healthy liver.
Albumin acts as an osmotic gradient. It has a crucial function that pulls the water
from tissue and drains it into blood vessels.
Suppose you have a grade 4 fatty liver (or liver cirrhosis). You get your LFT done
and find a low albumin level that indicates water accumulation in your interstitial
tissue, such as the peritoneal cavity.
This water accumulation in tissue develops into ascites and pedal oedema.
In pedal oedema, you will feel swelling and puffiness in your legs. While you may
have a bulge in your entire abdomen during ascites.
2. Portal hypertension
It is a leading complication of an advanced stage of fatty liver disease. Your liver
receives all nutritious blood (which comes from the digestive tract, spleen, and
pancreas) by the portal vein.
Fatty liver disease resists blood flow and stresses the portal vein.
This causes increased blood pressure called Portal hypertension.
3. Jaundice
Liver cells generally convert the unconjugated bilirubin to conjugated bilirubin.
10. In liver cirrhosis, your liver cells do not work, and they stop the bilirubin
conjugation.
As a result, the unconjugated bilirubin returns to the bloodstream that deposits in
the skin and the eye’s sclera. You will have increased conjugated bilirubin in your
LFT report.
The higher level of bilirubin in your blood indicates jaundice.
4. Hepatic encephalopathy
The liver is a big detox organ. It has crucial role in deamination and urea
production.
In a healthy person, the liver converts ammonia (a toxic compound) into urea (a
non-toxic compound) by the urea cycle.
But with high fatty liver disease (or Liver failure), your liver cannot convert
ammonia to urea, which causes high ammonia levels in your blood.
This increased ammonia level crosses the blood-brain barrier and enters your brain,
which leads to hepatic encephalopathy.
In this condition, you might have confusion, loss of brain function, thinking
problems, etc.
5. Oesophageal varices
If your blood vessels to the liver are blocked by scar tissue. Then, the tiny
capillaries start to leak and rupture. As a result, it causes severe bleeding in the
oesophagus that can be life-threatening complications.
You may get pale/black colour stool and blood in vomiting.
11. 6. Red palms
It is caused by dilated capillaries in the palm. Since your liver is not producing
clotting factors. Thus, you may get microscopic bleeding and redness on the
surface of your palms.
What are the causes and risk factors of fatty liver?
Although the exact cause of fatty liver is still unclear, but there are certain possible
reasons to cause fatty liver.
A bad lifestyle is the most significant risk factor for developing NAFLD
(Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease).
Let’s see what other risk factors influence the progression of fatty liver grades or
NAFLD.
1. Eating excess calories
The number one cause of the fatty liver disease is diet.
Carbohydrates are not your friend in fatty liver disease.
This means that if you eat carbohydrates from vegetables, fruits etc., it is fine, but
taking carbohydrates from processed foods (such as bread, pasta, sugary foods etc.)
is not good for your health, especially in fatty liver condition.
2. Insulin resistance
Insulin resistance is a second major cause of fatty liver disease. It is strongly
associated with NAFLD.
12. If your body cells don’t respond to insulin, it returns to blood, leading to
hyperinsulinemia. This higher insulin level in your blood after rejecting by body
cells is called Insulin resistance.
This means glucose can’t enter your cells during insulin resistance conditions. This
higher blood glucose level may cause hyperglycaemia (or diabetes mellitus).
The high glucose and insulin level in your blood may deposit in your liver cells
that, cause fatty liver.
All in all, uncontrolled diabetes can be a decisive risk factor for developing fatty
liver disease.
3. Alcoholism
Too much alcohol consumption is also another cause of fatty liver. This type of
fatty liver is called AFLD (Alcoholic Fatty Liver disease).
According to a study in 2017, you would be at higher risk if you consume alcohol
40 to 80 grams per day for males and 20 to 40 grams per day for females.
The standard drink of alcohol is 14 gm/day.
When alcohol gets metabolised in your cells, it gets converted into acetaldehyde by
the alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme. Eventually, it transforms into acetate from
acetaldehyde by aldehyde dehydrogenase enzyme.
Alcohol → Acetaldehyde→ Acetate
Acetaldehyde is a primary culprit, stimulating Ito cells and releasing fat. These fats
get accumulate in your liver, which causes fatty liver. It is also known as Alcoholic
steatohepatitis.
4. Hepatitis-induced fatty liver
13. If you have liver inflammation due to some viruses, that results in hepatitis.
Hepatitis is one of the reasons to cause of fatty liver disease. As per a study,
hepatitis B and C are strongly associated with NAFLD.
Fatty liver may also be due to autoimmune hepatitis.
5. Drug-induced fatty liver
Some drugs can accumulate in your liver and cause NASH fatty liver. These drugs
are –
● An antiarrhythmic drug like amiodarone
● Steroid medicines like prednisolone
● Antiepileptic drugs such as valproate
● Anticancer medications like methotrexate, tamoxifen, cisplatin and
irinotecan
● Antiretroviral agents like lamivudine, zidovudine etc.
6. Genetic predisposition
If someone has had this problem in your family, you will be more prone to fatty
liver.
Studies reveal that there may be involvement of a gene called PNPLA3,
responsible for a high risk of developing NAFLD.
Hemochromatosis is one of the genetic problems that cause fatty liver.
14. What is the pathophysiology of fatty liver grades?
Let’s understand fatty liver pathology and see how fat deposits in your liver cells.
Ito cells play a significant role in worsening fatty liver disease.
If you see the structure of a lobule in the liver. Ito cells are present in the space of
Disse (a small area between hepatocytes and sinusoids).
Ito cells are generally fat-storing cells or vitamin A. These cells are also called
Hepatic stellate cells or Perisinusoidal cells.
Suppose you have an advanced stage of fatty liver diseases such as grade 3 and
grade 4. In that condition, the inflammatory mediators (such as adipokines,
cytokines, etc.) stimulate the Ito cells.
These Ito cells lose their fat and get deposited in your liver cells. Over time, it
becomes very aggressive and dangerous. Then it converts into myofibroblast and
starts secreting collagen.
Due to this collagen, the liver becomes generalised fibrotic and constricts the
capillaries around sinusoids.
These factors reduce the blood flow in liver cells, which results in necrosis and
liver cell death.
15. Does fatty liver cause high SGOT/SGPT in LFT lab
findings?
When fats (more than 5%) get stored in your liver cells, they become fat-filled
hepatocytes. As a result, hepatocytes start bursting and cause inflammation.
These things may force your liver cells to leak liver enzymes. Due to this, SGOT
(or AST) and SGPT (or ALT) levels increase in your blood.
Suppose you have been suggested a liver function test by a doctor. If you get
higher SGOT and SGPT levels in your blood test report, it might indicate fatty
liver disease.
The level of SGOT and SGPT depends on the severity and type of fatty liver
disease.
16. SGPT and SGOT level in Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)
In non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, SGPT level is higher than SGOT because
SGPT is more specific for liver disease.
You can see the mild elevation of SGOT (45 IU/L) and SGPT (60 IU/L) in grade 1
fatty liver disease.
The SGPT level increases in inflammatory fatty conditions such as NASH (Grade
2 and Grade 3 fatty liver).
SGPT and SGOT levels in alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD)
On the contrary, SGOT is two times higher than SGPT in alcoholic fatty liver
disease.
But if someone has grade 4 fatty liver disease (or liver cirrhosis). In that case,
SGOT is much higher than SGPT because liver cirrhosis may also damage other
body parts like the heart, brain etc.
How to check fatty liver grades in ultrasound?
Ultrasound is an imaging diagnostic tool that produces high-frequency sound
waves and gives you a live picture of your inside body. It is also called
Sonography.
The results of the ultrasound report represent an echogenicity form.
It would help if you remembered fluid is always black, and tissue is Gray. It does
not penetrate bone, so you will see white colour.
The low echogenicity indicates dark colour images in ultrasound are called
hypoechogenic. It could be fluid.
17. In contrast, the high echogenicity indicates lighter colour images in ultrasound
reports called hyperechogenic. This hyperechogenic is a major finding in your
report.
The high echogenicity in the liver indicates the presence of fat content. This fat
content in the liver reflects in light colour images in your ultrasound report.
● Grade 1 fatty liver – slightly increased hepatic echogenicity with clearly
visible diaphragm
● Grade 2 fatty liver – moderate diffuse increased hepatic echogenicity with
impaired portal vein
● Grade 3 fatty liver – a marked increase of hepatic echogenicity with no
visualisation of the portal vein and diaphragm
It also depends on echotexture (homogenous or coarse) and liver surface (smooth
and nodular).
If there is a high SGPT and SGOT level with increased echogenic liver and
positive clinical signs, that indicates fatty liver disease.
These clinical tests help your doctor to find fatty liver grades.
Can Liver fatty be cured?
The good news is that you can reverse your fatty liver disease and even cure it.
If you get diagnosed early, it can be treated because some fatty liver grades are
reversible, such as grade 1, grade 2 and grade 3.
18. This means your liver reduces the excess fat itself and returns to the healthy liver
stage.
But if you get liver cirrhosis or grade 4 fatty liver, that is irreversible. At this stage,
your liver cells cannot reduce fat and can’t return to a healthy liver.
Liver transplantation is the only option for liver failure condition.
If we talk about life expectancy with fatty liver disease. An advanced stage of fatty
liver disease hampers the quality of life and decreases survival.
Although, there is no such proper medicine available for fatty liver disease. It
would be best if you manage your risk factors to prevent fatty liver disease.
You can do the following things to reduce fatty liver conditions –
1. Weight loss
Losing weight is the fastest way to decrease fatty liver conditions.
According to a study, your liver fat content can improve by up to 10 % through
exercise or weight loss.
Generally, exercise helps to cut down fat from your liver.
2. Diet modification
Taking less calorie food helps to reduce fat content from your liver.
You should avoid high glycaemic index foods such as Pizza, burgers, chips, ice
creams, bread and other processed foods.
You need to manage your fatty liver diet plan. You must include low glycaemic
index foods such as vegetables, fruits, nuts, seeds, brown bread etc.
Fasting is also an excellent way to improve your fatty liver condition.
19. 3. Avoid alcohol
Stopping alcohol is the best way to reduce fatty liver disease.
As you know, alcohol is one of the reasons for developing fatty liver. You should
not take alcohol for any liver disease, whether NAFLD or FLD.
4. Control diabetes
If you have diabetes, you should control your blood glucose level. We have seen
how high blood glucose levels induce fatty liver.
You should get your blood glucose level, and HBA1C checked. It will help if you
take your antidiabetic medicines at the proper time.
5. Natural remedies
Researchers found that regular caffeine and green tea intake significantly reduces
hepatic fibrosis in NAFLD. These beverages act as an antioxidant that regenerates
your healthy liver cells.
Some studies reveal that vitamin Eacts as a liver protective agent. It is a potent
antioxidant that helps to reduce oxidative stress in NAFLD.
6. Supplements
You can take some essential supplements that help to reduce your fatty liver. These
are –
● Glutathione (acts as detoxifier and antioxidant)
● Berberine (anti-dyslipidaemia effect)
20. ● Alpha lipoic acid (reduce insulin resistance)
● Omega 3 fatty acid (reduce triglyceride content)
7. Medicines
Although, there is no such new treatment for fatty liver disease. In the advanced
stage, you may be prescribed some medicines to prevent the worsening of fatty
liver. For example-
● Diuretics – to prevent ascites and edema
● Vitamin K – to improve coagulopathy
● L-ornithine L-aspartate (LOLA) – good evidence in hepatic encephalopathy
● Antibiotics (e.g., amoxicillin) – to prevent infections
● Antidiabetics – to control blood glucose level
● Antihypertensive (e.g., ACE inhibitors) – to control blood pressure
● Hypolipidemic agents or lipid-lowering drugs
8. Liver transplant
Suppose you have the final stage of fatty liver. You can say Grade 4 fatty liver or
liver cirrhosis.
This is an irreversible stage of fatty liver, where 90-95% of liver cells get damaged.
In that case, a liver transplant is the only way.
21. Conclusion
Living a sedentary lifestyle contributes to fatty liver disease. You just need to
change your lifestyle to reverse the fatty liver grades.
It is always better to stop fatty liver disease early because if it worsens, you will
have many serious complications that could be fatal.
It was the information about fatty liver disease. In this post, we have learned about
different fatty liver grades, symptoms, causes, diagnostic tests, and treatment
options.
You must consult your doctor if you have a fatty liver condition.
Please share this post on social media if you found this informative.
FAQ
Q 1. Which fatty liver grade is dangerous?
It is always a concern whenever your liver gets inflammation with fat
accumulation, known as inflammatory fatty liver. Grade 3 fatty liver is considered
the most dangerous stage among all fatty liver grades. If grade 3 fatty liver is
untreated, it may convert into fatal liver cirrhosis.
Q 2. Is grade 1 fatty liver dangerous?
You don’t need to worry too much if you have grade 1 fatty liver. In this stage,
only fat deposition in your liver cells without inflammation. It does not cause
major problems, and it is usually asymptomatic. It can be reversed by simple diet
modification.
22. Q 3. Is fatty liver grade 2 serious?
Yes. It can be serious because fatty liver grade 2 brings fat deposition and
inflammation towards your liver. It is known as NASH. Fortunately, simple diet
modification and lifestyle change can reverse your fatty liver grade 2 to a healthy
liver.
Q 4. Is fatty liver grade 3 serious?
Yes. Fatty liver grade 3 is the most dangerous stage in all fatty liver grades. This
fatty liver stage may cause serious complications such as ascites, oedema, portal
hypertension, jaundice, etc. Luckily, it is also a reversible stage. You can reverse
your grade 3 fatty liver into a healthy liver.
Read more posts…