We take albendazole medicine for deworming, get relief and forget. Many people have a curiosity to know the fate of the drug.
Albendazole is a miracle drug because it uniquely kills parasitic worms.
Albendazole medicine is basically used for deworming, and it comes on the essential drugs list of WHO (World Health Organisation).
Here, I have made an easy guide to understanding albendazole mechanism of action (moa) and pharmacokinetics.
After reading this post, you will know how albendazole works and how the body reacts in response to albendazole.
The principal mechanism of action of albendazole is inhibiting polymerization and the cell division process of helminths. But it also depends on the types of parasitic worms –
Albendazole mechanism of action for intestinal worms :
When you take albendazole, it goes to your small intestine and is directly active against intestinal worms.
Albendazole strongly binds to the β-tubulin site of worm parasites. As a result, it inhibits the polymerization process that destroys the assembly of the worm’s microtubules.
You don’t need albendazole in your blood circulation for intestinal helminths (such as hookworm, pinworm, roundworm).
In this condition, you have to take albendazole on an empty stomach so that it can stay for a longer time in your intestine. Albendazole does not absorb on an empty stomach but is rapidly absorbed with a fatty meal.
Albendazole mechanism of action for tissue worms:
Sometimes, parasitic worms penetrate your blood circulation and tissues via intestine to blood or skin to blood. In this condition, Albendazole act as a prodrug.
Suppose you have a neurocysticercosis problem (worms in your brain) and take albendazole with a fatty meal.
Firstly, it goes to your stomach and then the small intestine. From the small intestine, albendazole is rapidly absorbed into your hepatic portal circulation via the inferior mesenteric vein.
As soon as albendazole reaches the liver, it converts into albendazole sulfoxide by First Pass Metabolism. Here, albendazole sulfoxide is a real anthelmintic for systemic worm infections.
After reaching blood circulation, it easily crosses your blood-brain barrier (BBB) and enters cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) because albendazole is a highly lipid-soluble drug.
In your brain, albendazole get accumulates in higher concentrations. It effectively kills Taenia solium worms that cause neurocysticercosis.
Here, albendazole binds on the β-tubulin site of Taenia solium worms, inhibiting polymerization and cell division.
Albendazole medicine effectively works in intestinal and tissue helminths by binding on the β-tubulin site of worm parasites.
It is the safest anthelmintic with minimal side effects.
We should especially focus on the administration of albendazole – with food (for tissue parasites) or without food (intraluminal parasites). It is always best to take albendazole under proper medical supervision.
Anthelmintics | B.Pharm 3rd year 2nd Sem | Medicinal Chemistry-III | History, Classification, Structures & Synthesis of anthelmintics, Synthesis of Diethylcarbamazine citrate, Synthesis of Mebendazole
Lecture slides for undergraduate MBBS class in Pharmacology on " Drugs for Diarrhoea" . It includes various treatment modalities which are used in the management of Diarrhoea. Basic source of information for preparing this slides is" Essentials of Pharmacology by KD tripathi, 7th Edition". Images are searched with the help of google images.
Sulphonamides Pharmacology For Pharmacy studentsMalay Pandya
This is the PowerPoint presentation of the Antimicrobial drug - SULPHOANMIDE.
Sulphonamide is the first antimicrobial agent
It Can be employed for suppressive therapy of chronic urinary tract infection, streptococcal pharyngitis and gum infection.
Combined with trimethoprim (cotrimoxazole) sulfamethoxazole is used for many bacterial infections.
This will be useful to all Pharmacy Student ...
Albendazole Mechanism of Action & Pharmacokinetics ExplainedSUMIT SHARMA
We take albendazole medicine for deworming, get relief and forget. Many people have a curiosity to know the fate of the drug. Albendazole works on the genetic material of parasites.
The principal mechanism of action of albendazole is inhibiting polymerization and the cell division process of parasites.
Here, I have made an easy guide to understanding the albendazole mechanism of action (moa), pharmacokinetics, side effects, and contraindications.
In this post, you will learn how albendazole works and how the body reacts in response to albendazole.
Anthelmintics | B.Pharm 3rd year 2nd Sem | Medicinal Chemistry-III | History, Classification, Structures & Synthesis of anthelmintics, Synthesis of Diethylcarbamazine citrate, Synthesis of Mebendazole
Lecture slides for undergraduate MBBS class in Pharmacology on " Drugs for Diarrhoea" . It includes various treatment modalities which are used in the management of Diarrhoea. Basic source of information for preparing this slides is" Essentials of Pharmacology by KD tripathi, 7th Edition". Images are searched with the help of google images.
Sulphonamides Pharmacology For Pharmacy studentsMalay Pandya
This is the PowerPoint presentation of the Antimicrobial drug - SULPHOANMIDE.
Sulphonamide is the first antimicrobial agent
It Can be employed for suppressive therapy of chronic urinary tract infection, streptococcal pharyngitis and gum infection.
Combined with trimethoprim (cotrimoxazole) sulfamethoxazole is used for many bacterial infections.
This will be useful to all Pharmacy Student ...
Albendazole Mechanism of Action & Pharmacokinetics ExplainedSUMIT SHARMA
We take albendazole medicine for deworming, get relief and forget. Many people have a curiosity to know the fate of the drug. Albendazole works on the genetic material of parasites.
The principal mechanism of action of albendazole is inhibiting polymerization and the cell division process of parasites.
Here, I have made an easy guide to understanding the albendazole mechanism of action (moa), pharmacokinetics, side effects, and contraindications.
In this post, you will learn how albendazole works and how the body reacts in response to albendazole.
Rabeprazole sodium and domperidone capsules.pdf.pdfSumit Sharma
Here, we will discuss rabeprazole sodium and domperidone capsule’s uses, dosage, mechanism, side effects, warnings or precautions.
Rabeprazole is an anti-ulcer drug, whereas domperidone comes in the anti-emetic (or prokinetic) category. This combination of rabeprazole and domperidone medicines reliefs in stomach related problems like acidity, ulcer & gas.
Rabeprazole belongs to the proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) class. This medicine suppresses the excess acid in your stomach by inhibiting the proton pump.
Rabeprazole is a newer proton pump inhibitor drug that strongly stops gastric acid secretion. This medicine is a potent and fastest acid suppression than other PPIs. It starts to work within 5 minutes.
The combination of rabeprazole and domperidone is commonly used for treating ulcers and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).
Rabeprazole is usually preferred for an empty stomach. Because it is more effective if you take an empty stomach once daily in the morning.
When you take a Rabeprazole sodium tablet or capsule on an empty stomach, it goes into your bloodstream. And it gets converted into the active form of sulphenamide (sulfenamide).
This active form inhibits the proton pump H+K+ ATPase enzyme. In this way, it helps in acid suppression.
The use of rabeprazole sodium is not recommended in pregnancy and breastfeeding. It should be used if clearly needed. On the other hand, domperidone has shown teratogenicity in pregnant animals. So, the use of domperidone should be avoided during pregnancy.
Although, all proton pump inhibitor (PPI) drugs have almost similar efficacy and safety profile. But clinically, rabeprazole has shown better results than other PPIs.
Rabeprazole sodium is a well-tolerated, effective and safe proton pump inhibitor.
Based on clinical experience and few clinical trials, rabeprazole is considered stronger and more powerful than other PPIs.
In addition to providing satisfying relief of symptoms of GERD, rabeprazole sodium and domperidone capsules are also well tolerated.
The use of rabeprazole sodium and domperidones capsules are not recommended in children, the elderly, liver disease, heart disease, pregnancy, and breastfeeding.
Since it is a prescription-based medicine, so you don’t take self-medication. You must consult your doctor before taking a rabeprazole sodium and domperidone capsules.
Generic Albendazole (Bandy Tablets) is used for the treatment of parenchymal neurocysticercosis due to active lesions caused by larval forms of the pork tapeworm, Taenia solium.
Bandy is also used for the treatment of cystic hydatid disease of the liver, lung, and peritoneum, caused by the larval form of the dog tapeworm, Echinococcus granulosus.
Albendazole is an anthelmintic (an-thel-MIN-tik) or anti- worm medication. It prevents newly hatched insect larvae (worms) from growing or multiplying in your body. Albendazole is used to treat certain infections caused by worms such as pork tapeworm and dog tapeworm
Anti Parkinson Disease | PDF | Pharmacology | Assignment MrHotmaster1
An anti-parkinson is a type of drug which is intended to treat and relieve the symptoms of parkinson’s disease.
Most of these agents act by either increasing dopamine activity or reducing acetylcholine activity in the central nervous system.
In clinical practice, anti-cholinergic drugs, amantadine, and the anti-histamines have their primary use of treatment for medication induced parkinsonism, acute dystonia, and medication induced tremor.
Albendazole dose for kids in worm infestationSUMIT SHARMA
Albendazole is a prescription medication used to treat infections caused by a type of worm called a helminth.
This drug belongs to a group of medicines called anthelmintics. It is a broad-spectrum anthelmintic of the benzimidazole class that is designed to treat all worms.
Worm infestation can spread to anyone, but it is more prevalent in children who live in a soil area or live in an unhygienic environment, eat without washing their hands, and play with pets like cats or dogs.
Generally, all worms are known as parasitic worms. In medical terms, they are knowns as helminths. If you get a worms infection, it would say Helminthiasis.
Although Helminthiasis is rarely deadly, it frequently makes your health ill, especially in children.
This article aims to provide an accurate dose of albendazole to your kids.
We will discuss how to take the exact albendazole dose for kids like infants (1-2 years), toddlers/preschool (2-3 years), and school-aged children (more than 3 years).
LASA LABS has worked on developing unique manufacturing processes with a focus on low cost of production. A competent team is working on customer service and satisfaction. Hence the product will be highly competitive and cost effective for international markets.
Action of anticholinergics on Genito-urinary SystemJasleenrait
It describes the action of Anticholinergics on the genitourinary system. Detailed description of each anticholinergic drug is given .
they can be given in urinary incontinence.
Albendazole 400 mg tablets smpc taj pharmaceuticalsTaj Pharma
Albendazole Taj Pharma : Uses, Side Effects, Interactions, Pictures, Warnings, Albendazole Dosage & Rx Info | Albendazole Uses, Side Effects -: Indications, Side Effects, Warnings, Albendazole - Drug Information - Taj Pharma, Albendazole dose Taj pharmaceuticals Albendazole interactions, Taj Pharmaceutical Albendazole contraindications, Albendazole price, Albendazole Taj Pharma Albendazole Tablets 400 mg SMPC- Taj Pharma . Stay connected to all updated on Albendazole Taj Pharmaceuticals Taj pharmaceuticals Hyderabad.
The content of this presentation was taken from the:
MIT Open Course Ware http://ocw.mit.edu
ES.S10 Drugs and the Brain
This was made on behalf of the final requirements for:
CEIT321 Course in Middle East Technical University
Zentel (Albendazole Tablets) is used to clear worms or parasites from the gut and other tissues. Zentel is effective against threadworm or pinworm, roundworm, whipworm, tapeworm and hookworm among others.
Hormonal regulation of blood glucose level_pdf.pdfSumit Sharma
Insulin and Glucagon are two key hormones that maintaining blood glucose level (or glucose homeostasis) in your body.
If there is a problem with your Insulin or Glucagon, you may have an imbalance blood glucose level. It may be either a high blood glucose level or a low blood glucose level.
This post will describe the hormonal regulation of blood glucose levels. Moreover, we will see how Insulin and Glucagon work together to maintain homeostatic glucose levels.
When glucose enters your systemic circulation, it goes to tissues, but glucose cannot enter your cells without Insulin.
Insulin helps in glucose uptake into cells. This means that Insulin increases the entry of glucose into your cells.
When you have a meal, incretins (GIP, GLP, etc.) release from your gut and go to your Pancreas. It stimulates Pancreas and releases Insulin.
Eventually, Incretins help to release Insulin. Due to this, Incretins are considered a natural anti-diabetic hormone.
After releasing Insulin from Pancreas, it goes to your blood circulation. It acts on the Tyrosine Kinase receptor that is present on the cell surface.
As soon as Insulin binds to the Tyrosine Kinase receptor, it facilitates the entry of glucose into cells.
Glucose also binds on the cell surface but acts on GLUT receptors or transporter like GLUT 1, GLUT 2, GLUT 3 and GLUT 4.
This is a normal process that occurs in the human body.
But our blood glucose level does not remain the same for an entire day; it fluctuates. Sometimes it gets high or low blood glucose levels.
To maintain this fluctuation, our Pancreas releases two crucial hormones – Insulin and Glucagon.
What is the Difference Between Conjugated and Unconjugated Bilirubin?Sumit Sharma
Bilirubin is a biochemical parameter of your liver function test. Your doctor uses this tool to diagnose liver disease.
In the human body, bilirubin is a waste product of your hemoglobin produced during the red blood cells breakdown in the spleen.
Although bilirubin does not have a specific function, it is generally a component of bile juice. It is also called a bile pigment, which is yellow in color.
There are two forms of bilirubin in our blood.
One is unconjugated bilirubin, which forms during the breakdown of red blood cells, and the other is conjugated, which starts during metabolism in the liver.
The unconjugated bilirubin is a catabolic product of red blood cells. This non-conjugated compound is also known as indirect bilirubin.
Some possible reasons or diseases associated with unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia –
1. Hemolytic anemia
2. Neonatal Jaundice
3. Genetic factors
4. Drug induced unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia
On the other hands, Conjugated bilirubin is generally formed after the glucuronidation of the unconjugated bilirubin.
The conjugation process occurs in your liver and converts your unconjugated bilirubin into conjugated bilirubin. This type of glucuronidation compound is also known as direct bilirubin.
In simple words, direct bilirubin means conjugated bilirubin.
The elevated conjugated bilirubin indicates Conjugated hyperbilirubinemia.
This condition is most commonly seen in cholestatic liver disease.
Cholestatic is a medical condition where the flow of bile juice gets reduced or stopped. You may have this cholestatic liver disease in two forms – Intrahepatic and extrahepatic obstruction.
In this article, we will discuss bilirubin, metabolism of bilirubin, normal range of bilirubin, and its clinical relevance. Further, we will also know the difference between conjugated and unconjugated bilirubin.
Like diabetes, Fatty liver disease is also considered a Silent Killer disease because people don’t feel any symptoms in the initial stage of fatty liver disease.
It slowly comes into your body and causes chronic liver disease.
The severity of the fatty liver disease depends on fatty liver grades. Your liver condition will become more vulnerable if fatty liver grades get increase.
Fatty liver disease is a metabolic disease where fat gets stored in your hepatocytes or liver cells that, cause inflammation.
There are two main types of fatty liver disease – alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
Fatty liver disease is generally graded based on the amount of fat stored and the degree of liver damage. This is called Fatty Liver Grades.
Simply, this fatty liver grade represents stages of fatty liver. There are four grades of fatty liver – Grade 1, Grade 2, Grade 3 and Grade 4.
Fatty liver disease is a silent disease; it comes with no signs or symptoms.
NAFLD (non-inflammatory or Grade 1 fatty liver) is asymptomatic, meaning you don’t feel any symptoms.
Still, you may have fatigue, thirst, anxiety, upper abdominal pain, bloating or discomfort, etc. These are the most common symptoms of NAFLD.
As the disease progresses, symptoms start appearing, usually in advance grading of fatty liver disease such as NASH (inflammatory fatty liver)
If left untreated, you may have a more severe liver condition that gets more complicated.
Although the exact cause of fatty liver is still unclear, but there are certain possible reasons to cause fatty liver.
A bad lifestyle is the most significant risk factor for developing NAFLD (Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease).
The good news is that you can reverse your fatty liver disease and even cure it.
If you get diagnosed early, it can be treated because some fatty liver grades are reversible, such as grade 1, grade 2 and grade 3.
But if you get liver cirrhosis or grade 4 fatty liver, that is irreversible. At this stage, your liver cells cannot reduce fat and can’t return to a healthy liver.
This post will discuss fatty liver grades, types, causes, pathology, symptoms, complications, diagnostic tests and treatment.
Dopamine injection is an inotropic agent that contracts your heart muscles effectively.
This injection is one of the primary emergency drugs in emergency hospital areas to treat life-threatening medical conditions.
So, the primary use of dopamine injection is to save patient life. That’s why it is also called Life Saving Drug.
This post will describe dopamine injection uses, side effects, action, route and dose.
Dopamine belongs to a category of sympathomimetic drug or adrenergic drug. This drug contains a catechol ring, that’s why it comes in the catecholamine category.
Dopamine is a potent agonist on dopaminergic receptors (D1 and D2 receptors).
It also works on adrenergic receptors (Alpha 1 and Beta 1 receptors) that mimic the effect of the sympathomimetic nervous system.
The significant therapeutic action of dopamine injection is
-Vasoconstrictor means to increase the blood flow due to stimulation of alpha 1 adrenergic receptor
-Cardiac stimulant means to increase the heart pumping due to stimulation of beta 1 adrenergic receptor
-Nephroprotective means increasing the renal blood flow due to stimulation of the D1 receptor.
Dopamine injection is always injected into a vein through an intravenous (i.v.) route of administration. This injection must be diluted in a sterile parenteral preparation such as 5% dextrose, normal saline etc.
If you receive dopamine injections, your vital organs will be closely monitored, such as your breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, blood sugar level, oxygen levels, kidney function, etc.
Dopamine injection has the potential to cause unwanted effects or side effects.
Dopamine injection is only prescribed by an expert doctor.
You may have been given dopamine injections in emergencies such as congestive heart failure, septic shock, and cardiogenic shock with oliguria.
Knowing how to increase dopamine naturally is challenging and sometimes easier for most people.
In today’s time, we all are trapped or engaged in certain activities such as shopping offers, social media apps, video games, smartphones, porn videos, YouTube, Netflix, eating junk foods, etc.
But this kind of way to increase dopamine may give a harmful effect on your body. It could be a mental problem, stress, obesity, insomnia, etc.
If you increase your dopamine in natural ways. In that case, you become happier, smarter, more productive, more creative, more focused, and more social. Therefore, we should have a sufficient amount of dopamine in our brains.
In this article, we will discover how to increase dopamine levels naturally.
Dopamine is considered a happy neuro-hormone because it releases in the happiest or most pleasurable moment. It acts as a chemical messenger or neurotransmitter that helps to pass information from one nerve cell to another.
The main function of the dopamine neurotransmitter is movement, motivation memory and emotional responses.
If you think you have a low level of dopamine, you may have struggled in enthusiasm, movement, and motivation.
There are a lot of reasons that cause low dopamine in our brains. It could indicate a neurological disease such as –
-Parkinson disease
-Depression
-Restless leg syndrome
-ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperkinetic Disorder)
If you’re wondering how to increase dopamine naturally, I have mentioned the 9 best ways to increase dopamine levels naturally –
1. Avoid junk foods
2. Healthy foods that increase dopamine
3. Exercise releases dopamine
4. Get good sleep
5. Supplements that increase dopamine
6. Drugs that increase dopamine
7. Music release dopamine
8. Reduce stress from your life
9. Engage in good pleasurable activities
You will be shocked to know that there are 500 functions of the liver in our body.
Well! The liver plays a versatile role in the human body.
Your liver has a lot of functions, such as digestion, metabolism, detoxification, filtration of blood, producing essential proteins etc.
But do you know the primary function of the liver?
The primary function of the liver is the production and secretion of bile.
In this post, you will learn about numerous functions of the liver, anatomy, histology, and physiology.
e liver is the heaviest organ and largest gland of your body which is around 1.5 kg weight.
Your liver is covered by Glisson’s capsule, made of white fibrous connective tissue.
Basically, the liver is an intraperitoneal organ that presents within the peritoneal cavity. You can’t feel the liver because most of the portion is covered with the ribcage.
Your liver cells or hepatocytes are responsible for many functions of the liver.
It is believed that the liver performs more than 500 different functions, usually in conjunction with other body systems.
Here, we will discuss only the major functions of the liver.
1. Function of the liver in the digestive system
2. Function of the liver in bilirubin metabolism
3. Role of the liver in deamination and urea production
4. Function of the liver in glucose metabolism
5. Function of the liver in lipid metabolism
6. Role of the liver in drug metabolism
7. Role of the liver in production of essential blood proteins
8. Function of the liver in detoxification
9. Function of the liver in modification of Vitamin-D
10. Some other functions of the liver in the human body
Best pain killer tablet for body pain_pdf.pdfSumit Sharma
Painkillers are the most commonly used medicines that help reduce pain sensation and inflammatory response. These medicines are also known as analgesics or anti-inflammatory drugs.
Analgesic medicines also improve the quality of life in long-lasting pain and help to relieve different pain conditions like generalized body pain, headaches, joint pain, muscle pain, etc.
They are broadly classified into three groups –
1. Paracetamol (Antipyretic)
2. NSAIDs (Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs)
3. Opioids (Narcotics)
Paracetamol has two important properties – antipyretic and analgesic. In other words, it can treat fever and mild to moderate body pain by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis in the brain region.
However, it does not have anti-inflammatory properties. So, it would not work in swelling and severe pain.
As far as the concern of NSAIDs, these medicines have three important properties – antipyretic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory.
NSAIDs generally decrease prostaglandin production by blocking cyclooxygenase enzymes (COX-1 and COX-2) or only COX-2.
If we talk about Opioids, it has only one property – analgesic. It does not work in inflammation. It blocks pain transmission by interfering with opioid receptors.
NSAIDs are usually preferred; if there is inflammation and pain.
In contrast, opioids are the strongest painkiller. These medicines are usually preferred if there is only visceral pain (or pain in internal organs like the heart, kidney, intestine, etc.), after surgery, burn, and cancer pain.
This post has discussed the best pain killer tablet names for various conditions.
Here, I have reviewed the best painkiller medicine for fever, acute pain, toothache, stomach pain, joint pain, muscle pain, and other body pain.
Moreover, I have explored the safest pain killer in children, pregnancy, asthma conditions, peptic ulcers, and heart disease conditions.
Best Cough Syrup in India for Kids, Adults, & Pregnancy.pdfSumit Sharma
Selecting the ideal cough syrup is always challenging for everyone.
Anyone has a cough, and it is very common to have a cough and cold as the weather changes.
Although, all the coughs are not the same. So, it is evident that even cough syrups are not the same.
This post will review the best cough syrup for kids, adults, & pregnancy.
As we know, cough is a common symptom of lung infection. You need to understand the cause of the cough.
If your cough is persisting more than 8 weeks, you should not treat the cough yourself. It may be a lung infection or chronic lung disease. You must consult your doctor.
Your doctor may assess your cough based on intensity, severity, frequency, and sensitivity.
Suppose your cough is bothering you in daily routine activity or if it is an acute cough. In that case, you can take symptomatic relief or over-the-counter (OTC) cough and cold medications.
There are two types of cough syrups in the market –
-Expectorant, and
-Antitussives
These kinds of cough syrups are usually available in a combination of antihistaminic drugs, nasal decongestants, or bronchodilators like –
-Expectorant + bronchodilator
-Expectorant + antihistaminic drug
-Antitussives + antihistaminic drug
-Antitussives + antihistaminic drug + nasal decongestant
You need to understand – which type of cough do you have? We usually need clarification while selecting the best cough syrup.
If you have a productive cough, you should choose expectorant cough syrup, while for dry cough, you need to take antitussive cough syrup.
Choosing the best cough syrup for kids is also challenging because there are safety concerns.
As per FDA, if your child has a cough due to a cold or upper respiratory cough infection, it does not need treatment.
Still, if you want to give cough syrup to your children, then you may go with OTC medicines but don’t give any cough syrup to children under 2 years.
Here, I am reviewing the safest and best cough syrup for kids.
Diphenhydramine and dexchlorpheniramine are the safest and best cough relief medicine for pregnant women.
It would be best to consult your doctor before taking any cough syrup, especially in kids and pregnancy.
Introduction
Have you ever thought about how does medicine move throughout your body? In this post, we will learn about the process of ADME in pharmacokinetics.
Suppose you have a headache and you take Disprin (Aspirin) tablet. But do you know how Dispirin knows where to go in your body or where the problem is?
Here, we will understand the entire journey of medicine in the human body. This post will be fascinating and informative for medical students, physicians, pharmacists, nurses, and general people.
So, keep reading to learn about ADME in pharmacokinetics –
What is meant by ADME in pharmacokinetics?
Pharmacokinetics is the branch of pharmacology (study of medicine) that deals with how drugs move through the body.
If we split the term pharmacokinetics. In Greek, “Pharmakon” means drug (or medicine), and “kinetics” implies movement.
In other words, pharmacokinetics is simply a movement of medicine in the body.
All medicines are indeed drugs, but not all drugs are medicines. So, medicine is considered a drug.
The pharmacokinetics would be basically an ADME study. The ADME in pharmacokinetics refers to absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.
Every medicine must follow the ADME process (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion). Here, ADME in pharmacokinetics -
A represents absorption – medicine gets into the bloodstream.
D represents distribution – medicine moves from the bloodstream to tissue (or site of action)
M represents metabolism – biotransformation of medicine (drug change from one form to another form)
E represents excretion – medicine eliminate from the body via urine/stool
What are the 4 steps of pharmacokinetics?
For a good pharmacokinetic profile, a medicine must complete 4 steps of pharmacokinetics in the human body, i.e., ADME.
Step 1 Absorption, Bioavailability & Prodrug
Step 2 Distribution
Step 3 Metabolism
Step 4 Excretion
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and IndigestionSwastikAyurveda
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
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CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Triangles of Neck and Clinical Correlation by Dr. RIG.pptx
Albendazole mechanism of action_pdf.pdf
1. Albendazole mechanism of action (moa) &
pharmacokinetics: crystal clear concepts
Posted On August 13, 2022
Posted By SUMIT SHARMA
Contents [hide]
● Introduction
● How does albendazole work in the body?
● Albendazole mechanism of action for intestinal worms
● Albendazole mechanism of action for tissue worms
● Where is albendazole absorbed?
● How is albendazole metabolized?
● What is the half-life of albendazole?
● How often should albendazole be taken?
2. ● Is albendazole safe for humans?
● What drugs interact with albendazole?
● Who should not take albendazole?
● Conclusion
● FAQ
Introduction
Do you want to know the albendazole mechanism of action (moa) and
pharmacokinetics in the human body? If yes, then this article is for you.
We take albendazole medicine for deworming, get relief and forget. Many people
have a curiosity to know the fate of the drug.
Albendazole is a miracle drug because it uniquely kills parasitic worms.
Albendazole medicine is basically used for deworming, and it comes on the
essential drugs list of WHO (World Health Organisation).
Here, I have made an easy guide to understanding albendazole mechanism of
action (moa) and pharmacokinetics.
After reading this post, you will know how albendazole works and how the body
reacts in response to albendazole.
How does albendazole work in the body?
The principal mechanism of action of albendazole is inhibiting polymerization and
the cell division process of helminths. But it also depends on the types of parasitic
worms –
Albendazole mechanism of action for intestinal worms
3. When you take albendazole, it goes to your small intestine and is directly active
against intestinal worms.
Albendazole strongly binds to the β-tubulin site of worm parasites. As a result, it
inhibits the polymerization process that destroys the assembly of the worm’s
microtubules.
In other words, it stops the cell division process. Moreover, albendazole stops egg
production and prevents the hatching of existing eggs.
Albendazole also stops the glucose supply for helminths.
You don’t need albendazole in your blood circulation for intestinal helminths (such
as hookworm, pinworm, roundworm).
In this condition, you have to take albendazole on an empty stomach so that it can
stay for a longer time in your intestine. Albendazole does not absorb on an empty
stomach but is rapidly absorbed with a fatty meal.
4. Albendazole mechanism of action for tissue worms
Sometimes, parasitic worms penetrate your blood circulation and tissues via
intestine to blood or skin to blood. In this condition, Albendazole act as a prodrug.
Suppose you have a neurocysticercosis problem (worms in your brain) and take
albendazole with a fatty meal.
Firstly, it goes to your stomach and then the small intestine. From the small
intestine, albendazole is rapidly absorbed into your hepatic portal circulation via
the inferior mesenteric vein.
As soon as albendazole reaches the liver, it converts into albendazole sulfoxide by
First Pass Metabolism. Here, albendazole sulfoxide is a real anthelmintic for
systemic worm infections.
After reaching blood circulation, it easily crosses your blood-brain barrier (BBB)
and enters cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) because albendazole is a highly lipid-soluble
drug.
In your brain, albendazole get accumulates in higher concentrations. It effectively
kills Taenia solium worms that cause neurocysticercosis.
Here, albendazole binds on the β-tubulin site of Taenia solium worms, inhibiting
polymerization and cell division.
Where is albendazole absorbed?
Albendazole is a weak base drug. Generally, weak base drugs have good
absorption in the basic medium because it remains unionized in an alkaline
medium.
5. So, albendazole is well absorbed in an alkaline medium like the small intestine.
Here, it would be best to take a fatty meal because albendazole dissolves better
with fatty substances.
In the influence of fatty meal, albendazole drug readily crosses the bilayer lipid
membrane of the small intestine and enters the hepatic portal circulation. By this
hepatic portal vein, it goes to your liver for first-pass metabolism.
How is albendazole metabolized?
Albendazole is a prodrug that is inactive and gets activated after ingestion of
albendazole in the liver.
When you take an albendazole tablet or suspension, it is rapidly absorbed with a
fatty meal.
After the absorption of albendazole, it goes to your liver for First Pass Metabolism
via the hepatic portal vein.
Here, albendazole gets rapidly metabolized in the liver and converts into an active
metabolite, i.e., albendazole sulfoxide (primary metabolite).
Albendazole sulfoxide is an active metabolite (anthelmintic action) that produces a
therapeutic or pharmacological effect.
Albendazole sulfoxide (ABZ sulfoxide) is widely distributed in your entire body. It
goes to the target site (like the brain, lungs, etc.), where the parasitic worms cause
infestation.
The volume of distribution of ABZ sulfoxide is not much high because albendazole
sulfoxide is 70% bound to plasma protein. It means 70% bound drug and 30%
unbound drug (free drug).
This 30 % unbound drug goes to your target tissue for an anthelmintic effect. The
rest of the bound drug is slowly released from protein binding and provides a
therapeutic effect.
6. After the therapeutic effect, albendazole sulfoxide re-enters in your blood and goes
to the liver for biotransformation.
Here, albendazole sulfoxide converts from an active metabolite to an inactive one.
The main purpose of the biotransformation (or metabolism) of albendazole
sulfoxide is to eliminate the drug from your body. Albendazole sulfoxide can’t
excrete itself because it is a lipid-soluble drug.
Therefore, it has to metabolize from lipid-soluble to water-soluble.
In phase I reaction, albendazole sulfoxide gets destroyed (or breaks down) so that it
cannot go back to your tissue. Here, CYP3A4 P450 enzymes help to introduce
oxygen atoms in ABZ sulfoxide and decrease its pharmacological effects.
After that, ABZ sulfoxide gets conjugate with glucuronide in Phase 2 reaction and
makes the drug super polar (or water-soluble) – Albendazole sulfone.
Albendazole sulfoxide (primary metabolite or active metabolite or lipid soluble)
↓
Albendazole sulfone (secondary metabolite or inactive metabolite, or
water-soluble)
This ABZ sulfone goes to your kidney and eliminates quickly. But the maximum
proportion of albendazole sulfone is eliminated via bile.
7. What is the half-life of albendazole?
The half-life of albendazole sulfoxide is around 8.5 hours. This means 50% ABZ
sulfoxide will start to eliminate from your body every 8.5 hours.
Suppose you have taken Albendazole 400 tablet. It will reach in your bloodstream
in albendazole sulfoxide 400 mg
ABZ sulfoxide 400 mg (100%)
↓8.5 hrs
ABZ sulfoxide 200 mg (50%)
↓17 hrs
ABZ sulfoxide 100 mg (25%)
8. ↓25.5 hrs
ABZ sulfoxide 50 mg (12.5%)
↓34 hrs
ABZ sulfoxide 25 mg (6.25%)
↓42.5 hrs
ABZ sulfoxide 12.5 mg (3.125%)
↓51 hrs
ABZ sulfoxide 6.25 mg (1.562%)
↓59.5 hrs
ABZ sulfoxide 3.125 mg (0.781%)
It takes around 60 hours to wash out albendazole from your body thoroughly.
How often should albendazole be taken?
The dosage of albendazole depends upon the type and severity of parasitic worms.
As per a study, each person should take albendazole a single dose every six
months.
But the dose of albendazole may differ in tissue and parasitic intestinal worms.
Therefore, you should take the albendazole dose in kids and adults under proper
medical supervision.
To know albendazole dosage, click here
9. Is albendazole safe for humans?
Albendazole is a well-tolerated and safest drug for deworming. Using albendazole
improves the health of entire communities, including child nutrition and
development.
Albendazole drug may cause common side effects like headache, nausea, vomiting,
and abdominal pain.
Suppose you take an ABZ drug for systemic worms like hydatid disease and
neurocysticercosis. In this case, it may also elevate the level of your liver enzymes
as albendazole is metabolized by the liver.
During ABZ therapy for tissue parasites, you may also observe low platelet count
(leukopenia) in your blood test report.
What drugs interact with albendazole?
Albendazole does not cause any severe reaction to other drugs. But some
medicines may interfere with the efficacy of albendazole.
Drugs that decrease the efficacy of albendazole
Your doctor may increase the albendazole dose if you or your children are on
antiepileptics drugs like phenytoin, carbamazepine, and phenobarbital. These drugs
are enzyme inducers that decrease the efficacy of albendazole by increasing the
metabolism of albendazole.
Drugs that increase the efficacy of albendazole
10. Some drugs inhibit the metabolism of albendazole. So, your doctor may decrease
the dose of albendazole if you or your children are taking the following medicines
or foods –
● Cimetidine
● Corticosteroids like dexamethasone,
● Antiparasitic drugs like praziquantel and levamisole
● Grapefruit (by inhibiting albendazole metabolism)
● Long-term administration of antiretroviral drug – ritonavir
Who should not take albendazole?
Albendazole may contraindicate in certain conditions –
● Hypersensitivity to albendazole and other drugs related to benzimidazole
derivatives
● Liver disease
● Pregnancy – cause teratogenicity in animals but lack safety data in human.
● Anemia or any blood disorder like leukopenia
Conclusion
11. Finally, we have seen the albendazole mechanism of action and pharmacokinetics
in the human body.
We learned how albendazole works in the body and how your body responds after
taking albendazole.
Albendazole medicine effectively works in intestinal and tissue helminths by
binding on the β-tubulin site of worm parasites.
It is the safest anthelmintic with minimal side effects.
We should especially focus on the administration of albendazole – with food (for
tissue parasites) or without food (intraluminal parasites). It is always best to take
albendazole under proper medical supervision.
If you found this post (Albendazole mechanism of action) informative, please share
it on social media.
Have questions?
Let me know in the comments below. I will try my best to answer all of them.
FAQ
Q 1 How long does albendazole stay in your system?
The half-life of albendazole sulfoxide in your blood is 8.5 hours. So, it effectively
works for around 8.5 hours. But it stays in your blood for 2-3 days for complete
washout.
Q 2 What is the mechanism of action of mebendazole?
Since mebendazole also belongs to the benzimidazole class of drugs. So, its
mechanism of action is similar to albendazole. Mebendazole is also bound to the
β-tubulin site of parasitic worms.
12. Q 3 What happens after taking albendazoles?
After taking albendazole, it rapidly absorbs in your blood for tissue helminths. But
in intestinal helminths, it does not absorb if you have taken it on an empty
stomach. It stays in your intestine and kills the worms.
Sources –
1. KD Tripathi. Essentials of medical pharmacology, 7th edition. Jay Pee Brothers,
2013; Anthelmintic drugs, Chapter-61, Pages – 849 to 851.
2. Michelle A. Clark et al. Lippincott’s Illustrated reviews: Pharmacology, 5th
edition. Wolters Kluwer health, 2012. Anthelmintic drugs; Chapter-27; Pages 455
to 460.