Farmer case study: Ian and Karen Litchfield, southern Riverina

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Climate Change Research Strategy for Primary Industries

Farmer Ian and Karen Litchfield discuss changes they have made to their dairy farm operations in response to hotter temperatures and drought in southern Australia. Their farm milks 470 cows across 400 hectares, with 63% of land being irrigated. They estimated heat stress was costing them over $75,000 per year in lost milk production and fertility issues. To address this, they transitioned to a hybrid feeding system that provides shade and cooled feed to cows during hot months, instead of relying solely on pasture. This involved building a covered feedpad area with shade, sprinklers, and fans to help cows better manage heat loads.

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Farmer case study: Ian and Karen Litchfield ‘Kariana’, Mayrung (southern Riverina) X Our farm

Our farm business: 400 hectares (37% dry / 63% irrigated) 470 Holstein-Friesian dairy cows Milk twice per day Avg. production: 10,000 litres/cow Have limited paddock shade Use irrigation Ongoing drought and hotter temperatures have prompted us to change to a more flexible feeding system, which is less reliant on pasture and gives us more control over heat stress

Temp. Humidity Index (THI) Moderate (THI 75) Cows begin to experience heat stress In-calf rates drop Milk production declines Big losses in milk Severe heat stress +/- dead cows Heat load: Heat stress risk level: High (THI 78) Severe (THI 82+) Impact:

Temp. Humidity Index: Deniliquin 2009-10 Our cows are highly susceptible to heat stress (large Holstein-Friesians, high milk production) We estimated that heat stress was costing us > 200 litres lost milk production/cow/year plus additional losses a.w cow fertility and health (= approx. $75,000 / year)

[object Object],[object Object],1. Low bail (Grazed pasture + other forages + up to 1.0 tn grain / conc. in bail) 2. Mod.- High bail (Grazed pasture + other forages + > 1.0 tn grain / conc. in bail) 3. PMR (Grazed pasture for most or all of year + PMR on feed pad +/- grain / conc. in bail) 4. Hybrid (Grazed pasture over cooler months + PMR on feed pad +/- grain / conc. in bail over hot months) 5. TMR (Zero grazing. Cows housed and fed TMR) 5 Feeding Systems

[object Object],(Dairy Australia Nat. Dairy Farmer Survey, 2010) We are part of a shift in recent years in Nth Vic. & Sth. Riv. from feeding systems 1 & 2 towards 3 & 4 Our cows are fed pasture plus supplements from April to Oct., and a mixed ration from Nov. to March

Feed troughs Feedpad 1 Shade shed - Single pitch roof, North-South - Provides 4m ² shade/cow Central drive alley between two feedpads Water troughs Raised earthen loafing area

Feedpad 2 Cows utilising shade as sun moves across

5% slope to enhance drainage Manure is scraped from heavily trafficked areas weekly Compacted clay surface

Rainfall on roof is directed into recycle system Roof is designed to withstand high winds Concrete footings protect steel from contact with manure

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Temp. Humidity Index: Deniliquin 2009-10 We estimate that our $120,000 investment in cooling infrastructure provides us with greater control over milk production during extended hot weather, and saves us approx. $33,000 to $40,000 / year

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A field study on the impact of the nitrification inhibitor DMPP on nitrous ox...

Climate Change Research Strategy for Primary Industries

The study evaluated the impact of the nitrification inhibitor DMPP on nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from a pasture in southwestern Victoria treated with urea fertilizer. When applied with urea, DMPP delayed the formation of nitrates, reduced cumulative net N2O emissions by 73% over 6 months, and increased dry matter production by 6% compared to urea alone. DMPP particularly reduced N2O emissions during periods of high rainfall and temperature by inhibiting the nitrification process. The results demonstrate that DMPP can significantly decrease N2O emissions from fertilized pastures while maintaining crop growth.

Securing pulses under changed climates - Rebecca Ford

Climate Change Research Strategy for Primary Industries

This document discusses the threats posed by fungal pathogens to global food security under a changing climate. It provides examples of how past epidemics like the Irish Potato Famine were exacerbated by wet and cool conditions. Current threats like wheat stem rust could cause major crop losses. Pulses like chickpeas grown in Australia are susceptible to diseases that are being influenced by more frequent extreme rainfall events linked to climate change. Effective management may require anticipating how farming practices need to adapt.

Nutrient supply, below ground processes and elevated CO2 change the nutrition...

Climate Change Research Strategy for Primary Industries

1. White clover biomass and cyanide levels tended to increase, suggesting resources were diverted from protein production to cyanide defense. 2. The effect of elevated CO2 depended on nutrient availability - only with phosphorus addition did cyanide levels rise relative to protein. 3. Microbial symbionts like mycorrhizal fungi and nitrogen-fixing rhizobia that aid nutrient acquisition may also be impacted by elevated CO2, further influencing plant nutrition.

Impact of climate change on wheat phenology in the NSW wheat belt - De Li Liu

Climate Change Research Strategy for Primary Industries

The document models the impacts of climate change on wheat flowering times in the NSW wheat belt of Australia. It finds that under climate change, spring wheat flowering times will be shortened, especially with earlier sowing dates. Winter wheat flowering times will be shortened in cooler eastern regions and lengthened in warmer western regions. Heat stress risks for spring wheat increase with late sowing dates after 2070, though grain filling stress may decrease due to earlier flowering. For winter wheat, heat stress risks during flowering and grain filling increase in some northwestern regions after 2030. The document recommends adapting sowing dates, changing varieties, and breeding slower developing spring varieties.

Will climate change negate better farm management for improving water quality...

Climate Change Research Strategy for Primary Industries

1) The study uses a farming systems model to compare the effects of improved agricultural management practices and predicted climate change on sugarcane yields and nitrogen loads in the Mackay-Whitsunday region. 2) Adopting best management practices (Class A) is found to significantly reduce nitrogen loads compared to conventional practices (Class D), with an effect much greater than any predicted climate change scenario. 3) While climate change may impact yields, moving to the best practices provides water quality improvements regardless of climate scenario due to large nitrogen load reductions.

Managing crop production uncertainties and climate variability through a map-...

Climate Change Research Strategy for Primary Industries

Managing crop production uncertainties and climate variability though a map-based system. The document discusses how Bungulla Farming, which operates 7,200 hectares of cropping land in Australia, uses a map-based system to manage risks and increase productivity in the face of increasing input costs, volatile grain prices, and climate change impacts like decreasing rainfall. Key data layers like soil nutrients, climate records, water availability, and machinery operations are integrated into interactive farm maps to help make strategic decisions at critical points and increase nitrogen use efficiency and targeted weed control.

Can flexibility be built into cropping systems for adapting to climate uncert...

Climate Change Research Strategy for Primary Industries

This project aims to demonstrate ways for wheat cropping systems in Western Australia to adapt to climate uncertainty through increased flexibility. Potential strategies discussed include: 1) Growing varieties with desirable stability/plasticity of yield components under varying conditions. 2) Strategically structuring plant populations using varietal mixtures to maximize buffering against stress. 3) Controlling populations by killing part of the crop later in the season if weather forecasts indicate dry and warm conditions to reduce yield loss.

Managing future agricultural production in a variable and changing climate - ...

Climate Change Research Strategy for Primary Industries

This document summarizes a project that aims to help Australian farmers manage future agricultural production in a changing climate. The project brings together experts and farmers to discuss potential climate impacts and adaptation options. Farmers provide local knowledge of cropping systems while experts use crop modeling and simulations to evaluate adaptation strategies. The research shows that combining local expertise with modeling is needed to develop effective regional adaptations, as climate change impacts and solutions will vary locally. Adapting to significant climate change remains a challenge across Australia.

An integrated assessment of land use change in the Border Rivers-Gwydir catch...

Climate Change Research Strategy for Primary Industries

This document summarizes research on the potential for land use change in the Border Rivers-Gwydir Catchment region of Australia to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions through carbon sequestration. The research analyzed the carbon sequestration potential and costs of converting land to different uses like forests and environmental plantings. It found that mixed-species environmental plantings and Pinus radiata plantations have the highest carbon sequestration potential. However, targeting only regions with the highest sequestration may not be the lowest-cost strategy. The results are sensitive to the discount rate used in the analysis.

Agricultural adaptation during times of change - Thilak Mallawaarachchi

Climate Change Research Strategy for Primary Industries

This document discusses agricultural adaptation to climate change. It notes that adaptation involves finding ways to deal with issues like less water and higher temperatures. Crop adaptation is the basis of agriculture and involves the relationship between environmental factors and plant growth. Climate risks go beyond individual farms and are linked through markets. Increasing uncertainty due to climate change affects available options and outcomes. The document examines factors like declining terms of trade and total factor productivity in Australian agriculture over time. It discusses challenges like path dependence and separating climate change from natural variability when making adaptation decisions.

Future Farm Industries Cooperative Research Centre: profitable perennials - B...

Climate Change Research Strategy for Primary Industries

1. The Future Farm Industries Cooperative Research Centre aims to develop profitable perennial pastures and farming systems to change the nature of farming, create new industries, and improve natural resource management in southern Australia. 2. The CRC conducts research and development with partners to increase productivity, develop new regional industries using woody crops, and reduce environmental degradation through perennials. It estimates monetary benefits of $808 million by 2021 and $2.51 billion by 2030 from adopting perennial systems. 3. An analysis of adopting new perennial pastures in Western Victoria found they can improve farm profitability through increased carrying capacity and returns on investment, but results depend on climate variability and supplementary feeding costs.

Yield Prophet and precision agriculture - a suitable tool for risk management...

Climate Change Research Strategy for Primary Industries

The document discusses how yield prophet and precision agriculture tools can help farmers in the North Agricultural Region of Western Australia better manage risk and increase productivity by accounting for significant seasonal production volatility and soil variability within fields. It provides examples of how yield prophet has accurately predicted yields when soils are well characterized and highlights the need for experienced operators and thorough soil testing to set up accurate soil zones and variable rate crop management.

Practical management of climate variability in a changing climate - Peter McI...

Climate Change Research Strategy for Primary Industries

This document summarizes research on using seasonal climate forecasts to inform nitrogen application strategies for wheat farming in order to maximize profits while minimizing risk. Simulations show that a forecast-informed conservative nitrogen management strategy can increase farm profits from $235K to $402K compared to no forecast. A moderately skillful forecast was found to pay for itself within 7 years with a 80% chance of paying off within 3 years. Adopting mixed farming practices and incorporating seasonal forecasts provides additional financial benefits for dealing with climate variability.

An historical analysis of the changes in pasture production and growing seaso...

Climate Change Research Strategy for Primary Industries

This document summarizes research analyzing changes in pasture production and growing seasons in three dairy regions of Southeast Australia over several decades. Biophysical models were used to simulate pasture growth rates based on definitions of growing season length and wet or dry conditions. The models accurately represented measured pasture growth rates. Historical analyses of the three regions from 1960 to 2008 found changes in the start and end dates of the growing seasons over time.

Attitudes to climate change in southern NSW - Jan Edwards

Climate Change Research Strategy for Primary Industries

- The document discusses a climate change adaptation project in Southern NSW that engaged local farmers through case studies and surveys to understand their attitudes towards and preparation for climate change. - Preliminary survey results found that farmers were uncertain about the impacts of climate change but many agreed that droughts would increase and temperatures would rise. - While many farmers intended to stay committed to farming, they were open to adapting their practices like using more drought-tolerant crops or increasing water conservation.

Resilience surfaces for pasture production under climate change scenarios - B...

Climate Change Research Strategy for Primary Industries

The document discusses the projected impacts of climate change on pasture production in southern Australia. It summarizes climate projections showing increased temperatures and decreased rainfall by 2030, 2050, and 2070. It then describes how a modeling approach was used to explore the effects of these climate changes on annual pasture growth. The modeling indicated higher winter production but shorter springs under warmer and drier conditions. Finally, it recommends a focus on heat-tolerant and water-efficient species as adaptations to support resilient pasture systems into the future.

Grains best management practice for managing climate threats and opportunitie...

Climate Change Research Strategy for Primary Industries

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