The document summarizes information about raising dairy beef cattle. It discusses producing dairy beef calves on pasture, finishing cattle through grazing or combining grazing with grain feeding, and marketing dairy beef through niche markets. Key points include that dairy beef production can boost farm income, calves should receive adequate colostrum and milk replacer when young, and pasture finishing is possible but requires close grazing management.
The document discusses research conducted on Breneman Farms to investigate dry matter intake (DMI) and manure production of dairy cattle practicing management intensive grazing. Four methods were used to estimate DMI - clipping, pasture plate, height, and energy balance. Manure production was estimated using feed intake, milk production and quality. The results showed variability between the four DMI estimation methods and provided data that dairy farmers can use to better estimate DMI and manure production for grazing cattle.
Summer Phosphate Supplementation of Grazing Beef Cattle in ZimbabweEddington Gororo
This brief outlines results of some research carried out to show the impact of mineral supplementation for productivity of cattle grazing native pasture in Zimbabwe
This document discusses dairy beef production, including:
1) Dairy beef calves can be raised on pasture, finishing on forage to produce high-quality beef. Studies show pasture-raised Holstein beef can be more profitable than stocker beef operations.
2) Young dairy calves are usually sold at auction but can also be raised for beef. Proper colostrum and feeding is important for calf health in the first few weeks.
3) Older dairy calves can be finished on pasture by grazing annual ryegrass or clover pastures, gaining over 3 pounds daily without additional feed inputs. Selling feeder cattle before summer reduces costs.
Winter Options for Cattle in Highveld of ZimbabweEddington Gororo
The document discusses winter options for cattle in the Highveld region of Zimbabwe. During winter, the veld quality declines due to factors like frost and lack of growth. This leads to weight loss in cattle and reduced fertility. Supplementation options during winter include protein blocks and cubes, conserved forages, crop residues, and multipurpose trees. Strategic supplementation of breeding stock is most important to maintain weights and conception rates. Feeding should start early and continue regularly to support cattle nutrition over the dry winter months.
Aa service bulletinfeedingthemodernbreederaug2014-enAle Hernandez
Managing broiler breeder nutrition is challenging but important for maximizing reproductive output. Proper nutrition is needed during rearing to ensure uniform growth and development, and during lay to support egg production while maintaining body weight and fat reserves. Feeding programs must account for the flock's stage of production, energy requirements, and genetic improvements in growth and feed efficiency to avoid under or overfeeding. A holistic strategy considering all nutritional parameters is required to fully realize the breeder's reproductive potential.
The document provides an overview of sustainable goat production, covering feeding, health, and pasture management. Goats are ruminants that thrive on pasture, utilizing brush and vegetation inaccessible to cattle. Integrating goats into grazing systems improves land quality and income. Proper fencing and rotational grazing are necessary to prevent overgrazing and allow forage regrowth. Management intensive grazing maximizes forage quality and grazing capacity.
Factors responsible for Milk Production in IndiaManjunath CG
The document summarizes the growth of milk production in India from 1991-2012. Key factors driving growth included the Operation Flood program launched in 1970 to develop a nationwide milk grid and dairy cooperative societies, improvements in cattle breeds through cross-breeding of indigenous and exotic breeds, and government policies and programs supporting dairy development. Milk production increased from 55.7 million tonnes pre-1990 to over 127 million tonnes in 2011-2012. However, constraints on further growth remain, such as inadequate feed and fodder supplies and animal health issues.
The document discusses research conducted on Breneman Farms to investigate dry matter intake (DMI) and manure production of dairy cattle practicing management intensive grazing. Four methods were used to estimate DMI - clipping, pasture plate, height, and energy balance. Manure production was estimated using feed intake, milk production and quality. The results showed variability between the four DMI estimation methods and provided data that dairy farmers can use to better estimate DMI and manure production for grazing cattle.
Summer Phosphate Supplementation of Grazing Beef Cattle in ZimbabweEddington Gororo
This brief outlines results of some research carried out to show the impact of mineral supplementation for productivity of cattle grazing native pasture in Zimbabwe
This document discusses dairy beef production, including:
1) Dairy beef calves can be raised on pasture, finishing on forage to produce high-quality beef. Studies show pasture-raised Holstein beef can be more profitable than stocker beef operations.
2) Young dairy calves are usually sold at auction but can also be raised for beef. Proper colostrum and feeding is important for calf health in the first few weeks.
3) Older dairy calves can be finished on pasture by grazing annual ryegrass or clover pastures, gaining over 3 pounds daily without additional feed inputs. Selling feeder cattle before summer reduces costs.
Winter Options for Cattle in Highveld of ZimbabweEddington Gororo
The document discusses winter options for cattle in the Highveld region of Zimbabwe. During winter, the veld quality declines due to factors like frost and lack of growth. This leads to weight loss in cattle and reduced fertility. Supplementation options during winter include protein blocks and cubes, conserved forages, crop residues, and multipurpose trees. Strategic supplementation of breeding stock is most important to maintain weights and conception rates. Feeding should start early and continue regularly to support cattle nutrition over the dry winter months.
Aa service bulletinfeedingthemodernbreederaug2014-enAle Hernandez
Managing broiler breeder nutrition is challenging but important for maximizing reproductive output. Proper nutrition is needed during rearing to ensure uniform growth and development, and during lay to support egg production while maintaining body weight and fat reserves. Feeding programs must account for the flock's stage of production, energy requirements, and genetic improvements in growth and feed efficiency to avoid under or overfeeding. A holistic strategy considering all nutritional parameters is required to fully realize the breeder's reproductive potential.
The document provides an overview of sustainable goat production, covering feeding, health, and pasture management. Goats are ruminants that thrive on pasture, utilizing brush and vegetation inaccessible to cattle. Integrating goats into grazing systems improves land quality and income. Proper fencing and rotational grazing are necessary to prevent overgrazing and allow forage regrowth. Management intensive grazing maximizes forage quality and grazing capacity.
Factors responsible for Milk Production in IndiaManjunath CG
The document summarizes the growth of milk production in India from 1991-2012. Key factors driving growth included the Operation Flood program launched in 1970 to develop a nationwide milk grid and dairy cooperative societies, improvements in cattle breeds through cross-breeding of indigenous and exotic breeds, and government policies and programs supporting dairy development. Milk production increased from 55.7 million tonnes pre-1990 to over 127 million tonnes in 2011-2012. However, constraints on further growth remain, such as inadequate feed and fodder supplies and animal health issues.
This document provides an overview of global poultry production trends. It notes that poultry meat and egg production have increased the most compared to other animal sectors. Poultry is well positioned to meet growing global demand for protein as the world's population increases. Key factors that will influence future poultry production include population growth and urbanization, especially in developing countries, as well as concerns about food safety and nutrition. Poultry production systems have improved efficiency and will continue playing an important role in global food security.
This document discusses balancing rations for small ruminants. Balancing rations ensures nutritional requirements are met in a cost effective way to maximize performance and profits. The key steps involve gathering data on animal needs based on factors like age, stage of production, and environmental conditions. Feeds are then selected based on availability and costs. Critical times like late gestation and early lactation when needs are highest are identified. Animal requirements are determined using resources like the NRC guidelines. Rations are then balanced to meet the identified protein and energy needs in a least cost manner. Software tools can help in calculating balanced rations.
'Beef cattle finishing in the feedlot' is a brief document on the basics farmers and investors need to know before they engage in cattle pen fattening exercises. It emphasizes the pitfalls that must be avoided and the best courses of action, particularly under the economic conditions prevailing in Zimbabwe right now. However, i have tried as much to share the why, but when you need the how, you may have to contact me or animal business experts. I hope you will all find the document useful.
The document summarizes research comparing the growth performance and carcass traits of meat goats finished in pens versus on pasture at the University of Maryland over three years (2011-2013). Key findings include:
- Pen-fed goats generally had higher average daily gains, lower parasite loads, and produced superior carcasses compared to pasture-raised goats.
- In 2011 and 2013, pen-fed goats yielded 5% more boneless, fat-free meat than pasture-raised goats. However, in 2012 there were no differences in carcass traits between the groups.
- Management of internal parasites, diet quality and quantity, and breed/age of goats impacted results between the
Optimal nutrition management targets for the transition ewe: Lessons learned ...Grey Bruce Farmers Week
Richard Ehrhardt discusses optimal nutrition management for transition ewes. He outlines 3 critical stages - flushing, late pregnancy, and early lactation - where nutritional investment can improve productivity. Precise nutrition management during these stages allows for improved out of season conception, larger litter sizes, higher colostrum/milk production, and improved lamb survival and growth. Forage quality, determined by fiber digestibility, is key to maximizing intake and performance. Managing forage maturity through harvest timing is the most important factor controlling quality.
This document discusses strategies for improving whole farm forage utilization for sheep and goat production, including using annual forages. It notes that annual forages can fill deficits in perennial pasture production by extending the grazing season. Studies showed that annual forages like brassicas can produce high gains per acre for lambs as well as individual gains comparable to grain diets at lower costs. The document recommends including annual forages in crop rotations and as cover crops to improve forage quality and availability while providing benefits to soil and crops. Precise grazing management is key to optimizing animal performance on annual forage systems.
Full Precision farming presentation sept 2011Greg Ludvigsen
This document discusses precision farming applied to intensive livestock production through real-time monitoring and control of production to maximize output while minimizing inputs and waste. The author details their precision farming system designed for pigs at their farm called Target Hill, which uses computerized liquid feeding, automatic weighing and sorting of pigs into groups, and real-time monitoring of growth parameters to precisely feed each group according to their needs. The goal is to optimize growth and profitability by precisely meeting each pig's nutritional requirements as their weight changes over time.
current trends in research on grain processing technologies SureshRamalingam12
1) The document discusses research on grain processing technologies, including both earlier and recent works.
2) Various grain processing methods are described, including cold, hot, and chemical processing, as well as studies on their effects on health, gene expression, and rumen fermentation.
3) Recent studies show that dry rolling of grains like barley and maize can help prevent acidosis in cattle and improve rumen pH and fermentation compared to grinding.
This document discusses factors that affect beef quality and consumer preferences. It addresses grass-fed versus grain-fed beef production, the effects of forage versus grain diets on methane emissions and beef quality, and strategies for finishing cattle on pasture to meet quality standards. The summary is:
1) The document discusses beef production methods and their effects on quality attributes and greenhouse gas emissions.
2) Finishing cattle entirely on forage presents challenges in meeting quality grade standards for tenderness, juiciness, and flavor.
3) Strategies for grass-fed beef production focus on achieving adequate growth rates, external fat levels, and maturity to optimize palatability.
This document summarizes the Resource Efficient Dairying trial which compares six dairy farm systems with varying levels of feed input and management practices. The trial aims to measure the productivity, economic, and environmental impacts of the different systems. The six systems range from low input with no nitrogen fertilizer to high input systems using supplemental feeds like maize silage and soymeal. Two years of data collection have measured milksolids production, pasture utilization, and financial performance for economic analysis. Preliminary results show that higher input systems increased milksolids per hectare but not necessarily per total land area when factoring in land for supplemental feed production. Financial analysis found the lower input systems can be competitive at lower milk payouts while
Comparative Study of Feeding Different Levels of Black Cumin (Nigella sativa)...BRNSS Publication Hub
The present work was aimed to determine the comparative effect of feeding different levels of black cumin
on growth, feed consumption, and feed efficiency of COBB-500 broiler. Three hundred and twenty, daysold straight run COBB-500 chicks from a lot of the same hatch were brooded in an electrically operated
battery brooder for a period of 7 days, where pre-experimental diet was offered. On the 8th day, chicks
having uniform body weight were randomly allocated into four dietary treatments with four replications
(20 chicks in each). The isoproteinous and isocaloric formulated standard starter (1–10 days), grower
(11–20 days), and finisher (21–42 days) diets were supplemented with different levels of black cumin of
T1 – control, T2 – 0.25% black cumin, T3 – 0.5% black cumin, and T4 – 0.75% black cumin, respectively.
The chicks were offered ad libitum treatment diets and clean drinking water. The desired data were
recorded weekly, which included live weight, weight gain, feed consumption, and feed efficiency of
broiler birds. The obtained data were subjected to statistical analysis under completely randomized design
as per the methods of MSTAT. Final live weight of the birds was found highly significant (P < 0.01) for
all treatment groups. Highest final weight gain (2244.59 g) was found in birds fed ration supplemented
with 0.5% black cumin. Daily live weight of the birds was also found highly significant (P < 0.01) for all
treatment groups. Highest daily live weight gain (60.27 g) was found in birds fed ration supplemented
with 0.5% black cumin. Supplementation of black cumin in the broiler rations did not exhibit any
significant effect (P > 0.05) on the total feed consumption. Feed conversion ratio was found significantly
different (P < 0.01) for all treatment groups. It is, therefore, concluded that inclusion of black cumin in
the broiler rations could be economical and efficient production of broilers
Were those the days? Agriculture Then and NowJohn Blue
Were those the days? Agriculture Then and Now - Dr. Alison Van Eenennaam, University of California, Davis, from the 2019 Iowa Pork Congress, January 23 - 24, 2019, Des Moines, IA, USA.
More presentations at https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCEFNbfee_Rq3AfAFTRpuCrQ
Dairy Production on Pasture: An Introduction to Grass-Based and Seasonal Dair...ElisaMendelsohn
This document provides an introduction to grass-based and seasonal dairy production. It addresses key aspects of establishing a pasture-based dairy system including animal selection, forage resource assessment, grazing management, facilities, reproduction, health, organic standards, and seasonal economics. Some of the main topics covered include the importance of adaptive management, providing high-quality pasture as the main feed source, nutrient cycling to maintain soil fertility, and how New Zealand dairy farmers have successfully implemented low-cost grass-based systems through intensive grazing management.
This document discusses ration balancing software options for sheep. It begins by explaining why ration balancing is important to meet nutritional requirements and maximize animal performance while managing costs. There are several methods for ration balancing, including by hand or using computer programs. When using computer programs, the most common method is substitution, where feeds are edited until nutritional requirements are met. The document then reviews several free and paid ration balancing software and spreadsheet options, comparing their features such as whether they require Excel or Access, use of substitution method, and ability to perform least cost formulation.
Dr. Alison Van Eenennaam - Were Those the Days? Animal Ag Then & NowJohn Blue
Were Those the Days? Animal Ag Then & Now - Dr. Alison Van Eenennaam, Cooperative Extension Specialist, Animal Genomics and Biotechnology, University of California, Davis, From the 2018 Animal Agriculture Alliance Stakeholders Summit, Protect Your Roots, May 3 - 4, 2018, Arlington, VA, USA.
More presentations at https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC9xWTLbiBMQQi8L_WHIWcjA
This document summarizes a study comparing the health, performance, and carcass characteristics of pen-fed vs. pasture-raised meat goats. Over two years, male Kiko goat bucklings were either kept in pens and fed hay and grain, or grazed on pasture. The pen-fed goats had higher weight gains, lower parasite loads, and heavier carcasses with a higher percentage of lean meat compared to the pasture-raised goats. The study concluded that pen-feeding improved health and performance, adding $65-$70 of value per goat and was more profitable than pasture-raising in this two-year trial.
This document discusses the nutrient requirements of sheep and goats. It begins by describing the ruminant digestive system and how it processes different types of feeds. It then discusses the five essential nutrients required by sheep and goats: water, energy, protein, minerals, and vitamins. For each nutrient, it provides details on sources, requirements, and factors that can affect requirements. The document emphasizes that nutrient requirements vary based on species, size, stage of production, production level, and other environmental factors. It concludes with steps for balancing rations to meet animal nutrient needs.
This document provides tips for minimizing feed costs when raising livestock. It recommends calculating current feed costs, balancing rations to meet nutritional requirements cost-effectively, utilizing pasture and forages, purchasing feeds in bulk when possible, exploring alternative feeds, and designing feeders to reduce waste. Proper mineral supplementation, feed storage, and ration balancing can also help lower costs. The overall message is to understand current feed expenses, maximize the use of available forages, and formulate least-cost rations.
This document discusses the importance of balanced diets for optimizing animal production. It defines key terms like balanced diet and animal productivity. It explains that animals cannot synthesize minerals and must obtain them through diet, but feed and fodders alone do not provide all required minerals. The document outlines various nutrients needed in animal diets and how balanced rations are necessary to meet nutritional needs as sole feeding of one ingredient is insufficient. Balanced rations can lead to greater returns through improved health, fertility and productivity. The consequences of imbalanced feeding like reduced growth and milk production are also described.
Forms, Documents, and Sample Letters for Organic ProducersGardening
This document provides summaries of various forms, documents, letters, and other materials that can help organic producers obtain and maintain organic certification in compliance with the USDA National Organic Program standards. It includes sample templates for land use history verification, neighbor notification letters, clean transport affidavits, complaint logs, and other common certification-related documents. The purpose is to offer producers editable examples of these required documents to simplify the certification process.
This document provides an overview of global poultry production trends. It notes that poultry meat and egg production have increased the most compared to other animal sectors. Poultry is well positioned to meet growing global demand for protein as the world's population increases. Key factors that will influence future poultry production include population growth and urbanization, especially in developing countries, as well as concerns about food safety and nutrition. Poultry production systems have improved efficiency and will continue playing an important role in global food security.
This document discusses balancing rations for small ruminants. Balancing rations ensures nutritional requirements are met in a cost effective way to maximize performance and profits. The key steps involve gathering data on animal needs based on factors like age, stage of production, and environmental conditions. Feeds are then selected based on availability and costs. Critical times like late gestation and early lactation when needs are highest are identified. Animal requirements are determined using resources like the NRC guidelines. Rations are then balanced to meet the identified protein and energy needs in a least cost manner. Software tools can help in calculating balanced rations.
'Beef cattle finishing in the feedlot' is a brief document on the basics farmers and investors need to know before they engage in cattle pen fattening exercises. It emphasizes the pitfalls that must be avoided and the best courses of action, particularly under the economic conditions prevailing in Zimbabwe right now. However, i have tried as much to share the why, but when you need the how, you may have to contact me or animal business experts. I hope you will all find the document useful.
The document summarizes research comparing the growth performance and carcass traits of meat goats finished in pens versus on pasture at the University of Maryland over three years (2011-2013). Key findings include:
- Pen-fed goats generally had higher average daily gains, lower parasite loads, and produced superior carcasses compared to pasture-raised goats.
- In 2011 and 2013, pen-fed goats yielded 5% more boneless, fat-free meat than pasture-raised goats. However, in 2012 there were no differences in carcass traits between the groups.
- Management of internal parasites, diet quality and quantity, and breed/age of goats impacted results between the
Optimal nutrition management targets for the transition ewe: Lessons learned ...Grey Bruce Farmers Week
Richard Ehrhardt discusses optimal nutrition management for transition ewes. He outlines 3 critical stages - flushing, late pregnancy, and early lactation - where nutritional investment can improve productivity. Precise nutrition management during these stages allows for improved out of season conception, larger litter sizes, higher colostrum/milk production, and improved lamb survival and growth. Forage quality, determined by fiber digestibility, is key to maximizing intake and performance. Managing forage maturity through harvest timing is the most important factor controlling quality.
This document discusses strategies for improving whole farm forage utilization for sheep and goat production, including using annual forages. It notes that annual forages can fill deficits in perennial pasture production by extending the grazing season. Studies showed that annual forages like brassicas can produce high gains per acre for lambs as well as individual gains comparable to grain diets at lower costs. The document recommends including annual forages in crop rotations and as cover crops to improve forage quality and availability while providing benefits to soil and crops. Precise grazing management is key to optimizing animal performance on annual forage systems.
Full Precision farming presentation sept 2011Greg Ludvigsen
This document discusses precision farming applied to intensive livestock production through real-time monitoring and control of production to maximize output while minimizing inputs and waste. The author details their precision farming system designed for pigs at their farm called Target Hill, which uses computerized liquid feeding, automatic weighing and sorting of pigs into groups, and real-time monitoring of growth parameters to precisely feed each group according to their needs. The goal is to optimize growth and profitability by precisely meeting each pig's nutritional requirements as their weight changes over time.
current trends in research on grain processing technologies SureshRamalingam12
1) The document discusses research on grain processing technologies, including both earlier and recent works.
2) Various grain processing methods are described, including cold, hot, and chemical processing, as well as studies on their effects on health, gene expression, and rumen fermentation.
3) Recent studies show that dry rolling of grains like barley and maize can help prevent acidosis in cattle and improve rumen pH and fermentation compared to grinding.
This document discusses factors that affect beef quality and consumer preferences. It addresses grass-fed versus grain-fed beef production, the effects of forage versus grain diets on methane emissions and beef quality, and strategies for finishing cattle on pasture to meet quality standards. The summary is:
1) The document discusses beef production methods and their effects on quality attributes and greenhouse gas emissions.
2) Finishing cattle entirely on forage presents challenges in meeting quality grade standards for tenderness, juiciness, and flavor.
3) Strategies for grass-fed beef production focus on achieving adequate growth rates, external fat levels, and maturity to optimize palatability.
This document summarizes the Resource Efficient Dairying trial which compares six dairy farm systems with varying levels of feed input and management practices. The trial aims to measure the productivity, economic, and environmental impacts of the different systems. The six systems range from low input with no nitrogen fertilizer to high input systems using supplemental feeds like maize silage and soymeal. Two years of data collection have measured milksolids production, pasture utilization, and financial performance for economic analysis. Preliminary results show that higher input systems increased milksolids per hectare but not necessarily per total land area when factoring in land for supplemental feed production. Financial analysis found the lower input systems can be competitive at lower milk payouts while
Comparative Study of Feeding Different Levels of Black Cumin (Nigella sativa)...BRNSS Publication Hub
The present work was aimed to determine the comparative effect of feeding different levels of black cumin
on growth, feed consumption, and feed efficiency of COBB-500 broiler. Three hundred and twenty, daysold straight run COBB-500 chicks from a lot of the same hatch were brooded in an electrically operated
battery brooder for a period of 7 days, where pre-experimental diet was offered. On the 8th day, chicks
having uniform body weight were randomly allocated into four dietary treatments with four replications
(20 chicks in each). The isoproteinous and isocaloric formulated standard starter (1–10 days), grower
(11–20 days), and finisher (21–42 days) diets were supplemented with different levels of black cumin of
T1 – control, T2 – 0.25% black cumin, T3 – 0.5% black cumin, and T4 – 0.75% black cumin, respectively.
The chicks were offered ad libitum treatment diets and clean drinking water. The desired data were
recorded weekly, which included live weight, weight gain, feed consumption, and feed efficiency of
broiler birds. The obtained data were subjected to statistical analysis under completely randomized design
as per the methods of MSTAT. Final live weight of the birds was found highly significant (P < 0.01) for
all treatment groups. Highest final weight gain (2244.59 g) was found in birds fed ration supplemented
with 0.5% black cumin. Daily live weight of the birds was also found highly significant (P < 0.01) for all
treatment groups. Highest daily live weight gain (60.27 g) was found in birds fed ration supplemented
with 0.5% black cumin. Supplementation of black cumin in the broiler rations did not exhibit any
significant effect (P > 0.05) on the total feed consumption. Feed conversion ratio was found significantly
different (P < 0.01) for all treatment groups. It is, therefore, concluded that inclusion of black cumin in
the broiler rations could be economical and efficient production of broilers
Were those the days? Agriculture Then and NowJohn Blue
Were those the days? Agriculture Then and Now - Dr. Alison Van Eenennaam, University of California, Davis, from the 2019 Iowa Pork Congress, January 23 - 24, 2019, Des Moines, IA, USA.
More presentations at https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCEFNbfee_Rq3AfAFTRpuCrQ
Dairy Production on Pasture: An Introduction to Grass-Based and Seasonal Dair...ElisaMendelsohn
This document provides an introduction to grass-based and seasonal dairy production. It addresses key aspects of establishing a pasture-based dairy system including animal selection, forage resource assessment, grazing management, facilities, reproduction, health, organic standards, and seasonal economics. Some of the main topics covered include the importance of adaptive management, providing high-quality pasture as the main feed source, nutrient cycling to maintain soil fertility, and how New Zealand dairy farmers have successfully implemented low-cost grass-based systems through intensive grazing management.
This document discusses ration balancing software options for sheep. It begins by explaining why ration balancing is important to meet nutritional requirements and maximize animal performance while managing costs. There are several methods for ration balancing, including by hand or using computer programs. When using computer programs, the most common method is substitution, where feeds are edited until nutritional requirements are met. The document then reviews several free and paid ration balancing software and spreadsheet options, comparing their features such as whether they require Excel or Access, use of substitution method, and ability to perform least cost formulation.
Dr. Alison Van Eenennaam - Were Those the Days? Animal Ag Then & NowJohn Blue
Were Those the Days? Animal Ag Then & Now - Dr. Alison Van Eenennaam, Cooperative Extension Specialist, Animal Genomics and Biotechnology, University of California, Davis, From the 2018 Animal Agriculture Alliance Stakeholders Summit, Protect Your Roots, May 3 - 4, 2018, Arlington, VA, USA.
More presentations at https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC9xWTLbiBMQQi8L_WHIWcjA
This document summarizes a study comparing the health, performance, and carcass characteristics of pen-fed vs. pasture-raised meat goats. Over two years, male Kiko goat bucklings were either kept in pens and fed hay and grain, or grazed on pasture. The pen-fed goats had higher weight gains, lower parasite loads, and heavier carcasses with a higher percentage of lean meat compared to the pasture-raised goats. The study concluded that pen-feeding improved health and performance, adding $65-$70 of value per goat and was more profitable than pasture-raising in this two-year trial.
This document discusses the nutrient requirements of sheep and goats. It begins by describing the ruminant digestive system and how it processes different types of feeds. It then discusses the five essential nutrients required by sheep and goats: water, energy, protein, minerals, and vitamins. For each nutrient, it provides details on sources, requirements, and factors that can affect requirements. The document emphasizes that nutrient requirements vary based on species, size, stage of production, production level, and other environmental factors. It concludes with steps for balancing rations to meet animal nutrient needs.
This document provides tips for minimizing feed costs when raising livestock. It recommends calculating current feed costs, balancing rations to meet nutritional requirements cost-effectively, utilizing pasture and forages, purchasing feeds in bulk when possible, exploring alternative feeds, and designing feeders to reduce waste. Proper mineral supplementation, feed storage, and ration balancing can also help lower costs. The overall message is to understand current feed expenses, maximize the use of available forages, and formulate least-cost rations.
This document discusses the importance of balanced diets for optimizing animal production. It defines key terms like balanced diet and animal productivity. It explains that animals cannot synthesize minerals and must obtain them through diet, but feed and fodders alone do not provide all required minerals. The document outlines various nutrients needed in animal diets and how balanced rations are necessary to meet nutritional needs as sole feeding of one ingredient is insufficient. Balanced rations can lead to greater returns through improved health, fertility and productivity. The consequences of imbalanced feeding like reduced growth and milk production are also described.
Forms, Documents, and Sample Letters for Organic ProducersGardening
This document provides summaries of various forms, documents, letters, and other materials that can help organic producers obtain and maintain organic certification in compliance with the USDA National Organic Program standards. It includes sample templates for land use history verification, neighbor notification letters, clean transport affidavits, complaint logs, and other common certification-related documents. The purpose is to offer producers editable examples of these required documents to simplify the certification process.
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An overview of the Soca contribution made by the Barbadian composer and cultural activist, Dr. Anthony 'Mighty Gabby' Carter. The video is of course missing, however the general trajectory can still be seen. This presentation was made at the University of the West Indies, Cave Hill, Cultural Studies' department, 10th Anniversary Symposium, "Talking Culture," in 2014.
This document provides an overview of sustainable pecan production. It discusses the differences between native pecan groves and varietal orchards. Native groves are established from existing bottomland forests, while orchards use planted varieties. Management varies, with native groves requiring lower inputs due to inherently low yields. The document recommends using legumes as a nitrogen source to reduce fertilizer needs and provide habitat for beneficial insects. It also discusses organic and least-toxic pest control methods as part of an integrated approach to sustainable pecan farming.
Sprouts and Wheatgrass Production and MarketingGardening
This document provides an overview of sprout and wheatgrass production and marketing. It discusses two main production methods and optimal growing requirements for different seed types. Issues of food safety and bacterial contamination in sprouts are also covered. The document provides sources for seeds, equipment, and further information on sprout production.
La Dictadura de Porfirio Díaz se refiere al período histórico entre 1876 y 1911 en el que Porfirio Díaz ejerció el control del poder en México. Formado en la Guerra de Reforma y durante la Intervención Francesa, Porfirio Díaz triunfó militarmente contra el presidente Lerdo de Tejada y luego ganó la presidencia a través del Plan de Tuxtepec en 1876, gobernando de forma casi ininterrumpida hasta 1911 cuando renunció y abandonó México.
This document discusses queer digital history and archives. It touches on topics like ephemeral queer histories, academic vs activist approaches, public vs private archives, and challenges around permissions and copyright for digital archives. Examples discussed include the Lesbian Herstory Archives digital collection and challenges around building context and community for queer histories.
The Surfrider Foundation submitted comments on the Draft Environmental Impact Report for the E&B Oil Development Project. They expressed concerns about potential accumulative biological impacts to the sensitive Santa Monica Bay ecosystem from oil spills or leaks. They also highlighted concerns about hydrology and water quality impacts given warnings in the project's own documents about possible surface runoff, groundwater, and spill contamination from drilling and production activities. The Surfrider Foundation requested that the final EIR include more thorough analysis of these risks, as well as elaborate oil spill contingency plans.
Valentine day with Google, Seems another update is underway –Google Updaterahulchoudhary88
The document discusses exploring the website of the owner of the #2 search result for the term "SEO" on Google.co.in to discover what strategies they used to achieve that ranking, such as obtaining links from popular sites like barackobama.com or using other black hat SEO techniques since Ahrefs and Google do not reference their site. It wishes Google a happy Valentine's Day for no longer behaving like a bachelor in its search results.
This document provides information about urban agriculture and starting a farm in the city. It discusses the growing trend of urban farming across many major US cities. Urban agriculture can help address issues like food insecurity, neighborhood safety, and local economies. The document provides resources for urban farmers, including ATTRA publications on topics like organic production, marketing, and soil management. It also discusses risks of heavy metal contamination in urban soils and ways to test soils and reduce exposure, such as using raised beds.
This document appears to be a website domain for a company called xeedesign. The domain www.xeedesign.com likely belongs to a design firm or individual designer. Unfortunately there is no other context or information provided in the given text to form a more descriptive summary.
This document provides a summary of key concepts about sustainable soil management from a publication by the National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service. It discusses the importance of soil organisms in maintaining healthy soil and explains how native ecosystems function without tillage or fertilizers by recycling nutrients through soil food webs and plant litter. Maintaining high levels of organic matter and diverse soil life through appropriate management practices helps soils remain productive over the long term in a sustainable manner.
This document provides methods for assessing the biological activity and health of pasture soils. It describes making soil and plant tissue samples to analyze nutrient levels and the effects of fertilization programs. Six methods are outlined for assessing soil biological properties without expensive lab tests: 1) Counting the diversity of living organisms on the soil surface. 2) Counting earthworms and their burrows. 3) Noting the smell of soil. 4) Testing soil aggregate stability in water. 5) Timing water infiltration into the soil. 6) Measuring soil compaction using a homemade penetrometer. Conducting regular assessments using these methods provides insight into soil nutrient cycling and identifies areas for improving pasture soil quality.
This document provides a summary of a feasibility study examining the potential for developing alternative markets for livestock products in Inyo and Mono Counties, California. The study found that:
1) While sales of organic and natural meats have grown nationally, capturing higher prices in alternative markets may not be feasible for local producers due to infrastructure and cooperation challenges.
2) Surveys of local producers and merchants found limited interest in seriously developing alternative markets at this time.
3) The study recommends that further education and research efforts, as well as greater leadership from producers and merchants, would be needed to develop a viable alternative livestock industry in the region.
Har 1014 Vortec DBW Wiring Harness Manual and Instructions PSI Conversion
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Thank you for purchasing what PSI has designed as the most up-to-date and easiest to install automotive
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injection system on General Motors 2003 and newer Vortec fuel injected engines with Drive By Wire
Throttle Body and 4L60E or 4L80E transmission.
This harness is constructed with GM Delphi Connectors and Terminals with GXL/TXL (600 volt
polyethylene cross-linked) wire which is professionally assembled and 100% quality inspected prior to
shipping. This harness includes all wiring that is needed by the PCM to run and control the fuel injection
system and transmission
This document discusses dairy beef production, including:
1) Dairy beef calves can be raised on pasture, finishing on forage to produce high-quality beef. Studies show pasture-raised Holstein beef can be more profitable than stocker beef operations.
2) Young dairy calves are usually sold at auction but can also be raised for beef. Proper colostrum and feeding is important for calf health in the first few weeks.
3) Older dairy calves can be finished on pasture by grazing annual ryegrass or clover pastures, gaining over 3 pounds daily without additional grain feeding. Pasture finishing matches the calves' growth curve and avoids heat stress.
The document discusses research conducted on Breneman Farms to investigate dry matter intake (DMI) and manure production of dairy cattle practicing management intensive grazing. Four methods were used to estimate DMI - clipping, pasture plate, height, and energy balance. Manure production was estimated using feed intake, milk production and quality. The results showed variability between the four DMI estimation methods and provided data that dairy farmers can use to better estimate DMI and manure production for grazing cattle.
This document provides an overview of sustainable goat production. It discusses selecting healthy goats, feeding ruminants, raising goats on pasture through both continuous and controlled grazing, and related ATTRA publications on topics like dairy goats, meat goats, grazing, and predator control. The document is from the National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service and provides fundamental information on feeding, reproduction, health, and includes an extensive resource list for goat producers.
This document discusses feeding systems and nutrient requirements for swine. It describes the three main feeding systems for pigs as extensive/scavenging, semi-intensive/semi-scavenging, and intensive. It outlines the nutrient requirements for pigs at different growth phases according to sources like NRC and BIS. The document provides recommended ingredient compositions for starter, grower, and finisher diets. It also discusses feeding recommendations for different pig stages like creep feeding, weaning, gestating and lactating sows, and use of unconventional feedstuffs in pig rations.
This document provides an overview of pig production. It discusses the history and origins of pig farming, important pig breeds, and pig breeding systems. It also covers the pig production cycle and management considerations for young pigs. Some key points:
- Pig farming has a long history and was an important part of medieval agriculture. Modern pig production has become highly specialized and intensive.
- Important pig breeds include Large White, Landrace, Hampshire, and Duroc. Breeding systems like inbreeding and crossbreeding can be used to improve certain traits.
- The pig production cycle includes gestation, farrowing, suckling, and growing periods. Good management is important for young piglets' health and survival.
Dairy Production on Pasture: An Introduction to Grass-Based and Seasonal Dair...Gardening
This document provides an introduction to grass-based and seasonal dairy production. It discusses how many dairy producers are relying more on pasture to provide nutrition for their cows during grazing seasons due to high feed costs and milk price uncertainty. The document covers topics like forage and grazing management, facilities, herd health, organic standards, and seasonal economics of grass-based dairying. It emphasizes the importance of resource assessment, adaptive management, and establishing grazing systems that allow forages to sufficiently recover between grazings.
Feeding decisions for the newly weaned pigs in East Africa are weight dependentILRI
Poster by Natalie Carter, Cate Dewey, Delia Grace and Kees de Lange presented at the 24th International Pig Veterinary Society Congress, Dublin, Ireland, 7–10 June 2016.
Goat care and management depends on factors like age, health, nutrition, and facilities. Young kids have very different needs than mature goats. Goats are bred for milk, meat, fiber, and other purposes. Worldwide there are over 460 million goats producing milk and meat. Housing can be confinement or pasture systems. Feeding requires energy, protein, vitamins, minerals, fiber, and water. Newborn kids need colostrum. Proper health, breeding, and disease prevention are also important for goat management.
This document provides information on pig management, including the advantages and disadvantages of pig farming, chemical composition of pork, breeding management factors, selection of boars and sows, guidelines for pig reproduction, management at breeding, detection of heat in sows, feeding management considerations, and water requirements. Some key advantages listed are pigs' efficient conversion of feed to meat, high reproductive rates, and ability to utilize various feed sources. Breeding management covers selection criteria and breeding systems. Feeding discusses pigs' digestion and nutrition needs.
To manage means "to handle or control". Animal management is the care, control and
handling of the animal species under study. In our livestock species, most of the time and energies of the animal manager are spent providing food and shelter and assuring optimal health and reproductive capacity of the animals under the care of the manager. In this course we will study "typical livestock management systems."
While we refer to these as "typical" management systems, the particular management system in any livestock operation will vary depending upon the following:
species of animal
intended use of animal (dairy cow vs. beef cattle)
location - part of the country, climate, resources available, nearness to neighbors, etc.
resources of producer -- land, labor, capital
materials handling required -- what goes in and what comes out of system feed and water are materials handling inputs waste products and products to be marketed are materials handling outputs
government rules and regulations -- waste management, food safety, humane care,
etc.
preference of producer, processor and consumer
A Good Management system must do the following:
provide for basic needs of animal -- food, water, shelter
provide a product that can be sold at a profit for producer
In operating a livestock management system, a great deal of time is devoted to providing food and water, assuring the health of the animals under one's care and assuring animal reproduction in systems where reproduction is important to providing the final product. As a consequence, we will devote the majority of lecture time in this course to these topics.
This document is a BSc biology dissertation that analyzes the nutritional content of waste food to determine if it meets the nutritional requirements of swine. The author collected waste food samples from various establishments and tested them to determine protein, fat, fiber and ash content. The results showed that samples from cafes and take-aways contained too much fat, while samples from restaurants and households were suitable for pigs. Historically, pig swill (waste food) was used to feed pigs and could help address issues of food waste and security if shown to meet pigs' nutritional needs. Strict controls would need to be in place to avoid disease transmission risks.
Feeding the dairy herd in an environment of high feed costsJaylor
Jaylor nutritionist, Janet Kleinschmidt, discusses feeding your dairy herd in an environment of high feed costs and low/poor quality forage inventories.
With the emerging concern on environmental cost more specifically greenhouse gas emission related with conventional livestock rearing for meat has come to a problematic situation. Therefore, animal scientists and human nutritionists collectively try to develop a new trend of rearing non-conventional livestock for meat purposes. Some of the non conventional species are already being exploited to commercial levels. This presentation attempts to discuss some key points about non conventional livestock in a brief and simple manner.
This document summarizes a course on small ruminant management taught by Prof. E.E. Ndemanisho at Sokoine University of Agriculture in Morogoro, Tanzania. The key points are:
1) The course covers the management of small ruminants like goats and sheep. These animals are well-suited for grazing in arid areas and an important source of meat, milk, and other products worldwide.
2) While goats and sheep are closely related, they differ in aspects like production potential and behavior. The document will treat them separately to avoid confusion.
3) Small ruminants represent an underutilized resource in developing countries. Increased research and
Major economic traits of cattle and buffalopratee5
Selection and judging of the breeding stocks are the first and foremost steps to start with any breeding programme. For this, a no. of phenotypic and behavioral traits are taken into consideration. Breeding plans for cattle and buffalo should aim to meet the quantitative and qualitative demands of milk and meat in the country. From a practical standpoint, traits with a measurable or at least readily recognizable economic value are generally to be given the most emphasis.The economic traits are typically those that affect either the income obtained or the costs of production. So, a thorough understanding of economic traits of livestock is of utmost importance.
Manual australiano de manejo de bezerros de corte [em inglês]AgroTalento
Weaning calves is primarily done to benefit the cow by reducing her nutritional demands and allowing her body condition to recover. This improves her chances of reconceiving in the next mating period. Removing the need to produce milk is equivalent to supplementing the cow with 2kg of grain or 3kg of molasses daily. Weaning is most effective when done before the cow's body condition declines, as occurs when pasture quality decreases late in the growing season. Maintaining the cow in good body condition (BCS 3 or higher) is important for high fertility and low mortality in the breeder herd.
The document provides an overview of the swine industry and production systems. It discusses that the swine industry is an important economic contributor in Missouri and the United States, generating over $11 billion annually. It describes the main production systems as farrow-to-finish, feeder pig production, and feeder pig finishing. The industry has seen consolidation, with fewer and larger farms, and the growing prevalence of corporate production facilities. A variety of career opportunities exist within the diverse swine industry.
This document provides guidance on dairy herd and cattle management practices at different stages of an animal's life. It discusses recommendations for calf, heifer, and cow nutrition as well as health practices from birth through lactation and pregnancy. Record keeping is important for herd management. Housing, feeding, breeding, and health programs need to minimize stress and risks of disease while maximizing productivity and animal welfare. Proper management varies by climate and breed but generally aims to support health, growth, and milk production through the dairy cattle lifecycle.
Integrated farming system IN rainfed ecosystemRamyajit Mondal
This document discusses integrated farming systems (IFS) for rainfed ecosystems. It begins by defining farming systems and their components, which can include cropping, dairy, poultry, fisheries, and beekeeping. It then lists several issues facing agriculture like declining growth and productivity. The objectives of IFS are outlined as meeting household needs, conserving resources, and improving efficiency.
Common IFS components for rainfed areas are then described, including crop husbandry, dairy, poultry, duckery, horticulture, and goatery. Details are provided on suitable crops, breeds, housing requirements, feeding, and yields. The document concludes by stating that IFS can increase overall productivity and profitability
Este documento contiene una lista de más de 50 libros en español relacionados con la agricultura ecológica, orgánica y sostenible. Incluye títulos como "25 años de agricultura orgánica: Una experiencia en el archipiélago de Chiloé", "Abonos, lombricultura y compostaje" y "Agricultura ecológica: Manual y guía didáctica". Para cada libro se proporciona el autor, enlace a Google Books y otros sitios web para encontrar y comprar el libro.
City Farming, Backyard Farming & Urban FarmingGardening
The document provides a collection of links to resources about city farming, urban agriculture, and urban forestry. It includes links to articles, manuals, books, and websites on topics such as urban farming systems, the economic and social impacts of urban agriculture and forestry, policy issues around urban natural resource use, and case studies of specific city farming programs from locations around the world. The links provide research and information for those interested in learning about approaches to integrating food production and natural resource management into urban and peri-urban areas.
Pesticides are Hurting Your Child’s EducationGardening
Pesticides are linked to lower performance in schools in 3 ways:
1. Prenatal exposure to pesticides can lead to poorer motor development in children by age 2.
2. Exposure to organophosphate pesticides is linked to lower IQs in young children, resulting in 17 million lost IQ points.
3. Studies link pesticide exposure to higher rates of ADHD diagnoses in children. Reducing pesticide exposure through an organic diet can lower levels by 90%.
Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with ChildrenGardening
The document provides links to numerous books about establishing and maintaining edible schoolyard gardens to teach students about healthy eating and nutrition. Some of the books discuss the origins and philosophy of the edible schoolyard movement started by Alice Waters, while others provide practical guidance on creating gardens and incorporating them into lesson plans and classroom activities. The books cover topics like designing organic gardens, engaging young children in gardening, integrating gardens into the school curriculum, and using gardens to promote healthy, sustainable food practices.
This document provides information on companion planting and polyculture gardening techniques. It discusses the traditional Native American "Three Sisters" companion planting of corn, beans, and squash. It explains how these three plants benefit each other. The document then discusses other benefits of companion planting such as attracting beneficial insects, decreasing disease and pests, and increasing yields. It describes polyculture gardening, which involves planting many different crops together to increase biodiversity. Examples of successful companion planting and polyculture projects in Africa and South America are also discussed.
The document provides links to free manuals, books, and resources about organic gardening and farming techniques, including companion planting, rainwater harvesting, green roofs, solar energy, volunteering on organic farms in Europe, and development projects related to eco-friendly topics like coffee, solar energy, and helping address hunger. It encourages using these free resources to boost garden yields, learn organic composting and recycling, understand issues around pesticides, and explore volunteering and training opportunities in sustainable agriculture and energy.
This document provides information about edible landscaping and lists many books on the topic. It begins by noting that some web browser links may not work properly with Microsoft Internet Explorer and recommends alternative browsers. It then provides a long list of book titles and links related to edible landscaping, food gardens, edible plants and flowers, landscaping with fruits and vegetables, and using edible plants in landscape design. The document resources cover topics like growing, cooking with, and designing with edible flowers, fruits, vegetables and other edible plants.
This document contains over 100 links to publications, newsletters, fact sheets, and other resources related to xeriscape gardening and landscaping. The resources cover topics like the 7 stages of successful xeriscaping, water conservation tips, recommended plant lists for various regions, and more. The document provides a comprehensive list of informational materials on designing, installing, and maintaining water-efficient landscapes.
This document provides links to books and resources about keeping chickens and using chicken manure in organic gardening. It includes over 50 book listings with titles, authors and links to library catalogs and book retailers. It also provides additional links to information on topics like composting, soil health, rainwater harvesting, and organic gardening techniques.
This document provides summaries of and links to numerous books and resources about urban beekeeping and beekeeping topics. It begins by noting some browser compatibility issues and then lists over 50 books on topics like urban beekeeping, top-bar beekeeping, natural beekeeping approaches, mason bees, and bee health. Links are provided to purchase or borrow each book from various sources.
Garden Wicking Beds = Water Wise GardeningGardening
Wicking beds are a high-yield, water-efficient gardening system that works well for Perth's sandy soils and dry climate. They consist of a garden bed with a water-holding reservoir directly underneath. Water and nutrients that drain below the plant roots are absorbed back up by capillary action and evaporation. This keeps the soil moist with minimal water waste. DIY wicking beds can be made from materials like bathtubs, barrels or plastic-lined garden beds filled with a porous material like broken bricks to hold water in the reservoir space beneath the plants. Wicking beds require less watering and fertilizer than traditional gardens while providing high and reliable yields, making them a sustainable option for urban food growing.
Self Watering Container Gardens for Drought GardeningGardening
This document provides instructions for creating a self-watering container using two 20-liter buckets. The container is made by drilling holes in one bucket to use as an inner pot within the other bucket. A small plastic pot is secured in the bottom of the inner bucket to hold the plant. A plastic tube inserted down the center fills the space between the buckets with water. Following 12 steps allows one to assemble the container cheaply and easily for growing tomatoes, peppers or eggplants with less frequent watering needs. Though smaller than other self-watering designs, these buckets are quicker to build and can be moved easily while full of water and soil.
The author has been experimenting with and refining sustainable wicking worm beds over the past year. They have found that the beds use little water while maintaining moist soil conditions suitable for growing vegetables and supporting a thriving worm farm. The largest bed described is 2700mm by 1650mm by 600mm deep. It incorporates a worm farm to naturally fertilize the soil and minimize the need for external inputs. The author aims to replace their conventional garden beds with larger wicking worm beds that are self-sustaining ecosystems.
A Brief Overview of Nutrient Cycling in PasturesGardening
This document provides an overview of nutrient cycling in pastures through three key components: soil organisms, pasture plants, and grazing livestock. It describes how nutrients cycle naturally through the soil-plant-animal system when pastures are well-managed. Soil organisms like bacteria, fungi and earthworms break down organic matter and release nutrients in forms available to pasture plants. Plants take up nutrients from the soil and fix nitrogen in the case of legumes. Grazing livestock consume nutrients from forage but most are returned to the pasture through manure and urine, completing the nutrient cycle. Proper management, like rotational grazing and soil testing, can enhance this natural cycling of nutrients in pasture systems.
Adding Value through Sustainable Agriculture EntrepreneurshipGardening
The document provides resources for farmers and entrepreneurs in sustainable agriculture to develop value-added agricultural enterprises. It includes national and regional organizations, financing options, training programs, consultants, and books and websites that provide information on business skills, planning, marketing, financing, and managing agricultural ventures. A special section focuses on resources available in Southern states. The overall goal is to help farmers transition from traditional to sustainable agriculture and strengthen rural communities through entrepreneurship.
Adding Value to Farm Products: An OverviewGardening
This document discusses adding value to farm products through various means of processing and marketing. It distinguishes between capturing value through commodity processing and creating value through unique products and experiences. Starting a food business offers opportunities in specialty and niche markets but faces challenges from regulations and a competitive industry. Non-food options for adding value include crafts, entertainment, and producer cooperatives for energy and fiber. Success requires marketing skills, risk management, and adequate capital and expertise.
Agricultural Business Planning Templates and ResourcesGardening
This document provides resources for agricultural business planning, including templates, publications, and sources of assistance. It lists websites with business planning templates for various agricultural enterprises like chicken, dairy, and greenhouse operations. It also identifies publications from ATTRA and other organizations that can help with feasibility assessment and organic enterprise budgeting. Sources of personal assistance include SCORE and Small Business Development Centers. Software options for developing business plans include FINPACK and Business Plan Pro. Training courses are also identified.
Agriculture, Climate Change and Carbon SequestrationGardening
The document discusses how climate change influences agriculture and how agriculture influences climate change. It states that the Earth's average temperature has increased 1.3 degrees Fahrenheit over the past century and is projected to increase by 3.2 to 7.2 degrees this century. These increases could lengthen growing seasons but also increase drought risks. The document then outlines how agricultural practices like fertilizer use and livestock emissions contribute to greenhouse gas emissions, but that carbon can also be sequestered in soils through certain farming techniques.
This document provides an overview of agroforestry, which integrates trees and shrubs with crops and livestock to create multiple economic and environmental benefits. It describes common agroforestry practices including alleycropping, silvopasture, windbreaks, riparian buffer strips, and forest farming. While agroforestry systems offer advantages, they also involve complex interactions that require careful planning and management. The document provides examples of agroforestry operations and discusses marketing considerations for agroforestry products.
This document provides an overview of considerations for selecting, cultivating, and marketing alternative agronomic crops. It discusses inventorying farm resources to determine suitable alternative crops. Several categories of alternative crops are listed, including cereals, legumes, and oilseeds. Developing new crops requires research into cultivar collection, breeding, production practices, and markets. Resources for information on alternative crop research and production include various state universities and USDA groups. Marketing alternative crops requires exploring demand, competition, and potential markets.
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
CapTechTalks Webinar Slides June 2024 Donovan Wright.pptxCapitolTechU
Slides from a Capitol Technology University webinar held June 20, 2024. The webinar featured Dr. Donovan Wright, presenting on the Department of Defense Digital Transformation.
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
How Barcodes Can Be Leveraged Within Odoo 17Celine George
In this presentation, we will explore how barcodes can be leveraged within Odoo 17 to streamline our manufacturing processes. We will cover the configuration steps, how to utilize barcodes in different manufacturing scenarios, and the overall benefits of implementing this technology.
How to Manage Reception Report in Odoo 17Celine George
A business may deal with both sales and purchases occasionally. They buy things from vendors and then sell them to their customers. Such dealings can be confusing at times. Because multiple clients may inquire about the same product at the same time, after purchasing those products, customers must be assigned to them. Odoo has a tool called Reception Report that can be used to complete this assignment. By enabling this, a reception report comes automatically after confirming a receipt, from which we can assign products to orders.
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...EduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher, Director of Education and Skills at the OECD presents at the launch of PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Minds, Creative Schools on 18 June 2024.
1. The National Sustainable
Agriculture Information Service,
ATTRA (www.attra.ncat.org),
was developed and is managed
by the National Center for
Appropriate Technology (NCAT).
The project is funded through
a cooperative agreement with
the United States Department
of Agriculture’s Rural Business-
Cooperative Service. Visit the
NCAT website (www.ncat.org/
sarc_current.php) for
more information on
our other sustainable
agriculture and
energy projects.
1-800-346-9140 • www.attra.ncat.orgA project of the National Center for Appropriate Technology
By Anne Fanatico
NCAT Agriculture
Specialist
Published 2000
Updated 2010
by Lee Rinehart, NCAT
Agriculture Specialist
Contents
Dairy Beef
Dairy beef is an opportunity to diversify operations and boost income, especially when production is
pasture-based. This publication discusses production, finishing, niche markets and direct marketing,
and analyzing profitability.
Introduction
Dairy beef is an opportunity to diversify opera-
tions and boost income, especially when pro-
duction is pasture-based. Since many consum-
ers are interested in lean, naturally-raised beef,
dairy beef also represents an enterprise option
for direct marketing to a niche market. How-
ever, market research is critical before getting
started in dairy beef production.
It has been estimated that 2.35 million Holstein
steers are marketed annually in the U.S. (Schae-
fer, 2005), and dairy beef accounts for about
18% of all beef and veal marketed in the U.S.
(Lowe and Gereffi, 2009). Until recently, most
dairy bull calves were sold for veal. However,
dairy calves are also valuable for beef produc-
tion. Dairy beef production has the advantage of
being relatively easy to enter and exit compared
to other enterprises. For instance, Holstein beef
calves gain weight very efficiently and can pro-
duce a high-quality carcass if fed and managed
correctly (Eng, 2005).
Production
The Penn State publication, Agricultural Alter-
natives: Dairy-beef Production (Comerford et
al., 2008), describes how young dairy calves
are usually sold through local auctions at 2 to
5 days old, though they are sometimes sold as
older animals. Since the health of newly arrived
calves can vary greatly, guidelines are given for
starting calves out in individual clean stalls with
electrolytes and a health maintenance program.
An “all-in, all-out” approach is often used in
which each batch of calves is treated as a unit
from the time of arrival on the farm until depar-
ture—new animals are not added to the group.
The feeding program for Holstein beef calves
depends on the age at which the calves are
acquired. According to Rulofson et al. (1993),
a calf needs 4 to 5 percent of its body weight
in colostrum by the time it is 12 hours old and
preferably within 1 to 2 hours. Calves also need
milk for the first 3 to 4 weeks of life. They can
be weaned between 4 and 8 weeks of age, so
plan on getting calves on to a calf starter feed as
soon as possible, at about 10 days of age. When
they are 10 to 20 weeks old, the calves still
require a high-energy feed. Nurse cows and even
dairy goats have been used by some producers to
suckle dairy calves instead of using milk replacer
(Nation, 1993). After 20 weeks, more flexibil-
ity in feeding is possible. Forage-feeding, which
includes grazing pastures and feeding conserved
forage, can be used.
Forage feeding
Grazing dairy steers may be a profitable feeding
option for farmers. According to Lehmkuhler,
the expected performance of grazing Holstein
steers will vary depending on the grazing sys-
tem, forage type, and level and form of sup-
plementation (2005). Forage-feeding Holstein
calves up to 850 pounds does not necessarily
change how the carcass will grade at slaughter.
In addition, steers that are fed forage during the
Introduction......................1
Production.........................1
Forage feeding.................1
Pasture finishing .............2
Combination pasture/
grain finishing...................3
Niche markets and
direct marketing..............4
Analyzing
profitability........................4
Resources...........................5
References .........................6
2. Page 2 ATTRA Dairy Beef
Allan Nation describes how pasture-based Hol-
stein beef production in Mississippi can be more
profitable than stocker beef. In an article for the
Stockman Grassfarmer, he writes “the growth rate
of fall-born baby Holstein steers almost perfectly
matches the seasonal growth rate of annual rye-
grass pasture” (Nation, 1991). In Nation’s sce-
nario, pasture was fertilized with a high rate of
nitrogen, and spring calf gains were more than
3 pounds per day. With the addition of legumes
such as white clover in the pasture, nitrogen fer-
tilization can be significantly reduced or even
eliminated (Gerrish, 2007). Calves were placed
on pasture at 2 months and sold as feeder cattle
by late May—before the summer heat set in. A
good health program to reduce mortality was
critical to profitability.
Pasture finishing
Finishing is a term that describes feeding an ani-
mal to a predetermined end weight. In a feedlot,
cattle are fed to achieve an end weight of around
1150 to 1300 pounds with a carcass grade of
Select or Choice. In pasture finishing, cattle are
grazed on high-quality forages to accomplish
the same purpose. This requires strict attention
to forage and grazing management because cat-
tle typically take longer to finish on grass than
they do on a concentrated feedlot diet.
A project conducted by the Northern New York
Agricultural Development Program in 2005
growing period (325 to 700 pounds) and are
later switched back to grain, still reach a market
weight of about 1200 pounds in the same time
as steers on a constant grain diet (Grant et al.,
1993).
Dairy calves typically gain less weight per day
on pasture than do their beef breed counter-
parts, due to their higher maintenance require-
ments. However, a study in 1997 suggests that,
given an improved cool-season pasture (no-till
annual ryegrass) and appropriate supplementa-
tion (including implants), Holstein calves can
compete with beef breeds, with average daily
gains approaching 2.7 pounds per day (Mur-
phey et al., 1997).
Raising cattle on pasture necessitates manage-
ment decisions about grazing. Controlled graz-
ing or management-intensive rotational grazing
(MIG) can increase both plant and animal pro-
duction. Controlled grazing involves grazing and
then resting several pastures in sequence. The rest
periods allow plants to recover before they are
grazed again. Significant increases in forage uti-
lization are often possible when changing from
a continuous to a controlled grazing system.
Although an intensive system has initial costs of
electric fencing and watering investments, as well
as increased management, many farmers report
better profitability. See the ATTRA publications
Rotational Grazing; Ruminant Nutrition for Gra-
ziers; Pasture, Rangeland, and Grazing Manage-
ment; and Paddock Design, Fencing and Water
Systems for Controlled Grazing for detailed infor-
mation on grazing management.
Related ATTRA publications
Paddock Design, Fencing and Water Systems
for Controlled Grazing
Pastures: Sustainable Management
Grass-Based and Seasonal Dairying
Rotational Grazing
Managed Grazing in Riparian Areas
Pasture, Rangeland, and Grazing Management
Solar-Powered Livestock Watering Systems
Ruminant Nutrition for Graziers
Cattle Production: Considerations for Pasture-
Based Beef and Dairy Producers
Dairy Production on Pasture: An Introduction
to Grass-Based and Seasonal Dairying
Raising Dairy Heifers on Pasture
Beef Marketing Alternatives
Direct Marketing
Selling to Restaurants
Receiving program for young dairy calves
(Adapted from Boyles et al, no date (a))
Week 1 – Provide a clean, dry stall with adequate ventilation. Provide a
high-quality milk replacer. Check the navel and dip in iodine (7%) if not dry.
Inspect the calves for injuries and evidence of diarrhea. Develop a com-
prehensive health program including vaccinations with your veterinarian.
Provide a high-quality starter ration around day 5.
Weeks 2 to 4 – During this time calves are acclimated to starter feeds and
can be castrated and dehorned.
Week 5 – Booster vaccinations for respiratory diseases may be consid-
ered with additional vaccines for enterotoxemia and the other clostridial
diseases included.
Week 6 – Discontinue milk replacer abruptly when calves are consuming
adequate starter (2 to 3 pounds) and are healthy.
Week 7 – Move to pasture.
3. Page 3ATTRAwww.attra.ncat.org
grazing as soon as possible. The calves in the
study started off slow, as is expected, and it was
noted that a better way to start young calves may
be to place them on pasture with mature cows so
they learn how to eat grass (Buchanan, 2009).
Combination
pasture/grain finishing
Work from Chester-Jones and DiCostanzo
(1996) suggests that grazing works well for
Holsteins up to about 700 pounds. After 800
pounds, they generally need a higher-energy
ration, such as corn, in order to be able to grade
well at slaughter.
Dairy beef cattle can be finished one of two
ways. Many feeders (including large feedlots and
smaller farmer-feeders) feed a high concentrate
ration from weaning all the way to slaughter.
This system takes advantage of the efficiencies
inherent in feeding high-energy diets to rumi-
nant animals. A forage-based option is a two-
phase feeding program, in which a high forage/
roughage diet is fed to cattle up to 750 pounds,
and then replaced with a high-energy finishing
ration to slaughter. This allows for compensatory
growth in the finishing stage. Chester-Jones and
DiCostanzo (1996) suggest that pasture can be
used during the grazing season with no effect on
carcass cutability or the weight at which an ani-
mal reaches choice grade.
studied the viability of raising Holstein steers on
grass from calfhood to slaughter. New York, like
many dairy states, has a surplus of bull calves
that are often not profitable to farmers. The
study was conducted to see if these calves could
be used to supply the grass-fed market, which is
growing in many parts of the country.
The lessons learned from this trial are promis-
ing for farmers who are thinking about grazing
Holstein steers. According to Brent Buchanan
(2009), one of the investigators on the study,
the cattle grew rapidly and responded well to
the whole forage diet throughout the finishing
period. They finished well and, according to a
taste study, presented a good taste profile; the
grass-fed Holstein beef was preferred over grain-
fed beef. Maintaining a balanced ration was crit-
ical to success. One of the problems encountered
was excessive crude protein in the cool-season
forages and the need to get more energy into the
cattle to support growth. Some options to con-
sider might be high-energy forages such as bras-
sicas to allow for more efficient protein usage.
The cattle were also fed high-quality hay, low-
quality hay, and wet balage during the feeding
period, and Buchanan reports the best gains
occurred when the cattle had wet balage as part
of their diet.
Another problem that many farmers may be
familiar with is getting young calves to start
Northern New York ag development program grass-fed Holstein steer program
In 2005, Beef Extension Specialists in New York facilitated a demonstration project at the Extension Learning Farm in Canton,
New York, funded by the Northern New York Agricultural Development Program. Northern New York produces high-quality
forage as well as Holstein bull calves, and research exists indicating that Holstein steers make a high-quality beef carcass when
raised under commercial feedlot conditions. However, there is a growing demand for beef finished on an all-forage diet and
raised without growth promotants or feed-based antibiotics. One of the purposes of this project was to determine if grass-fed
Holstein steers can produce meat products that are acceptable to consumers.
In this study, Holstein bull calves were purchased from local dairies. Beginning at 200 lbs. and 300 lbs., animals were intensively
grazed from May through November 2004. At the end of the grazing season, calves were housed in the open-front barn with
cement pad feeding area. Animals from each weight category were randomly assigned to one of three all forage diets: 1) high-
quality baleage; 2) high-quality dry hay; and 3) medium-quality dry hay. The calves were fed all they could eat to maximize their
potential rate of gain. Following the winter feeding period, the calves were again grazed intensively. Harvest of the animals began
on September 7, 2005. At harvest, carcass weight, backfat, intramuscular fat, and rib eye area were measured.
Unlike most beef available in grocery stores today, carcasses were dry-aged for 10 to 14 days or longer, then processed into
vacuum packages and frozen. Consumer data were collected to determine tenderness, flavor, juiciness and overall eating satis-
faction of the product. No respondents indicated flavor was OK or Disappointing.
This project has held considerable interest for farmers and consumers alike. So far, the concept is encouraging as a potentially
viable farming enterprise.
For more information, contact Cornell Cooperative Extension in St. Lawrence County at 315-379-9192.
4. Page 4 ATTRA Dairy Beef
Niche markets
and direct marketing
Niche marketing involves producing and mar-
keting products for a targeted group of individu-
als, typically those who are dissatisfied with con-
ventional supply and willing to pay a premium
for specialty products. Niche marketing gener-
ally requires more intensive management (i.e.,
accounting for time spent in marketing in addi-
tion to managing an animal herd), more labor,
and is inherently more risky (Thilmany and Sul-
lins, 2004).
There are niche markets for beef that is grass-fed
to slaughter weight and raised without antibi-
otics or implanted growth hormones, and per-
haps certified organic. Direct-marketing—sell-
ing lean dairy beef directly to individuals and
restaurants—is a particularly effective way to
access these niche markets.
The SAN publication, How to direct market your
beef (Holder, 2005), available online at www.
sare.org/publications/beef.htm, describes in detail
the considerations in planning and implement-
ing a direct beef marketing campaign to niche
markets. In addition, ATTRA’s Beef Marketing
Alternatives has more information on marketing
beef to niche markets. ATTRA’s Direct Market-
ing publication provides further details on the
tasks, challenges, and opportunities a producer
faces when marketing farm products.
For more information, see the Marketing and
Economics section of Resources at the end of
this publication.
Analyzing profitability
You may want to evaluate a prospective dairy
beef operation from an economic standpoint
to figure out a break-even price and determine
if raising dairy beef is a viable option for you.
To do this you will need to write a budget. The
ATTRA publication Grazing Contracts for Live-
stock contains a simple beef cattle stocker bud-
get you can use for this purpose. Another good
resource for developing a budget is Stocker Enter-
prise Budgets for Grass-Based Systems (Schuster,
et al., 2001) from the University of Wisconsin.
Your local Cooperative Extension Service is also
a good source of information on the economics
of livestock production.
Carcass and meat qualities:
Holsteins, in particular, are valued by many
feeders and meat packers because of the consis-
tency of the breed. They have uniform rates of
gain and feed conversion and show predictable
carcass characteristics in terms of yield, grade
and cutability (Johnson, 1993). However, Hol-
steins tend to be discounted in comparison to
traditional beef breeds. This is likely due to pric-
ing methods that value dairy cattle lower than
beef cattle, because of their lower dressing per-
cent, inferior conformation, and a lower per-
centage of valuable cuts from the rib and loin
(Rust and Abney, 2005).
Holstein cattle typically have a smaller ribeye
area and less backfat than do beef breeds (Rust
and Abney, 2005). Holstein beef is leaner than
most beef, yielding a carcass with 25 to 30 per-
cent less trimmable fat than beef breeds, which
is important to consumers interested in a low-
fat diet. Holsteins do, however, tend to marble
well since fat accumulates inside the muscle as
opposed to outside the muscle. This accounts for
a quality grade advantage over traditional beef
breeds (Schaefer, 2005). Dairy cattle breeds have
a higher ratio of feed to weight gain than beef
breeds, thus dairy beef steers usually will not
produce an acceptable quality carcass if slaugh-
tered beyond 18 months of age (Comerford et
al., 2008). Bartlett (1998) notes that dairy steers
have a rate of gain similar to that of traditional
beef breeds, but are 10 to 15 percent less feed-
efficient than beef breeds due to higher mainte-
nance requirements.
Cattle finished on pasture have distinct meat
qualities that are receiving more and more atten-
tion. See ATTRA’s Beef Marketing Alternatives
for a discussion of pasture-finished beef produc-
tion, meat qualities, and marketing.
Two-phase feeding program
(adapted from Chester-Jones and DiCostanzo, 1996)
• From 400 pounds to market weight
• Phase I – up to 700 pounds; 75% alfalfa hay, silage, or pasture,
25% corn grain and supplement
• Phase II – from 700 pounds to slaughter; 7 to 10% alfalfa hay, and
90 to 93% concentrate finishing ration
5. Page 5ATTRAwww.attra.ncat.org
Resources
General dairy beef
Anderson, Peter T. and Hugh Chester-Jones.
1991. Suggestions for Feeding Holstein Steers
in Minnesota. University of Minnesota.
www.extension.umn.edu/beef/components/
publications/bcmu23.pdf.
Dairy Beef Quality Assurance
www.dbqa.org
Voluntary program designed for dairy pro-
ducers who also earn a part of their income
from contribution to the beef supply. Pro-
motes awareness of the producer’s role in
the beef industry as well as food safety and
beef quality.
University of Minnesota Dairy Beef Resources
www.extension.umn.edu/Dairy
Modernization
Pasture and Grazing
Gerrish, Jim. 2004. Management-intensive
Grazing: The Grassroots of Grass Farming.
314 p.
To order:
The Stockman Grass Farmer
(800) 748-9808
www.stockmangrassfarmer.net/index.html
Some of the variables you might consider in a
budget include animal costs (purchase price,
labor, veterinary costs, supplemental feed and/
or mineral, interest, and marketing costs), and
pasture costs (seed, fertility, equipment, baling
costs for hay, labor, land costs, and property
taxes). By figuring these costs on a per-animal
basis, you can figure a break-even price for your
animals. Any income over the break-even price
is considered a profit, and income under the
break-even price is a loss.
If you plan to direct market your beef, part of
your business planning process and profitabil-
ity analysis should include carcass yield informa-
tion. It is important to have a clear understand-
ing of how many pounds of beef each animal
will yield and break it down into yield per retail
cut. You can then calculate break-even prices
for retail or wholesale beef products. Remember
that as a beef carcass ages it shrinks. Calculate
this shrink into your break-even point (Muck-
low and LeValley, 2003).
The University of Kentucky offers online Direct
and Local Meat Marketing Aids that include
marketing budgets, yield guides, and pricing
guides, as well as links to publications and other
direct marketing resources. The Direct and
Local Meat Marketing Aid tools can be down-
loaded at: www.uky.edu/Ag/KyMeat/aids.html.
Figuring a breakeven price for cattle
(Boyles, et.al., no date (b))
To calculate the final break-even price, use the following formula:
[(IW X IP) + (G X C)]/FW = FP
• IW is the initial weight purchased
• IP is the initial price of the animal going into the program
• G is the expected pounds of gain during the feeding program
• C is the cost per pound of gain
• FW is the final weight sold
• FP is the final price needed to break even on the investment
Example:
Assume you are purchasing 500-pound calves at $0.90 per pound. You expect an average daily gain
of 1.5 pounds per day on grass, which will yield a 725-pound animal at the end of a 150-day grazing
season. For example, assume a cost per pound of gain at $0.50 per pound. The final price you will
need to break even is:
[(500 x .90) + (225 x .50)] / 725 = $0.78 per pound, or $565.50 per animal
6. Page 6 ATTRA Dairy Beef
Baker, Michael J. 2004. The Effect of Initial
Weight and Winter Diet on the Performance,
Meat Quality and Profitability of Holstein Beef
for the Grass-Finished Market. Northern NY
Agricultural Development Program Project
Report.
www.nnyagdev.org/reportarchives/NNYADP
04BeefReport.pdf
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Bartlett, Ben. 1998. Are they a gold mine or
the shaft?. The Stockman Grass Farmer. Sep-
tember. p. 1, 9-12.
Boyles, Stephen, Steven Loerch, Francis Flu-
harty, William Shulaw, and Harvey Stanfield.
No date (a). Chapter 9: Feeding Programs, in
Feedlot Management Primer. Department of
Animal Sciences, Ohio State University.
http://beef.osu.edu/library/feedlot/index.html
Boyles, Stephen, Steven Loerch, Francis Flu-
harty, William Shulaw, and Harvey Stanfield.
No date (b). Chapter 1: Purchasing Cattle in
Feedlot Management Primer. Department of
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http://beef.osu.edu/library/feedlot/ch1.html
Buchanan, Brent. 2009. Cornell Cooperative
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Chester-Jones, H.and A. DiCostanzo. 1996.
Beef Cattle Management Update, Issue 35:
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Comerford, John W., Lynn F. Kime, Karen
E. Knoll, and Jayson K. Harper. 2008. Agri-
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Penn State Agricultural Research and Coopera-
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Eng,Kenneth S. 2005. Dairy Beef Produc-
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Gerrish, Jim. 2007. Can legume nitrogen do it
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Ball, Don, Ed Ballard, Mark Kennedy, Garry
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J. Maynard. 2004. Understanding the Market
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2507 University Avenue
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