This document summarizes the impact of heat stress on dairy cow fertility and milk production based on research conducted in Israel. Some key points:
- Heat stress reduces dairy cow fertility by decreasing estrus intensity and disrupting follicle development, oocyte competence, embryo development, and progesterone secretion.
- Cooling cows using shade, fans, sprinklers and frequent misting can help prevent declines in milk production during heat stress, but does not eliminate reductions in reproduction.
- Additional strategies like follicle aspiration to induce follicular turnover and progesterone supplementation may help improve summer fertility. A large-scale Israeli study found intensive cooling (10 periods per day) significantly improved conception rates compared to minimal or moderate cooling.
Feeding Dry Dairy Cows Lower Energy DietsDAIReXNET
Dr. Heather Dann presented this information for DAIReXNET. Learn about the importance of transition cow management, and how feeding lower-energy transition diets could benefit a herd. From monitoring intake to coordinating various diets, Dr. Dann offers insights into setting cows up for success in their next lactation. Available on YouTube at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ImX7bVlfdSo
Formulating Diets for Groups of Lactating CowsDAIReXNET
Dr. Bill Weiss of The Ohio State University presented this material for DAIReXNET on February 26, 2015. For the full presentation, please visit our archives at http://www.extension.org/pages/15830/archived-dairy-cattle-webinars
Feeding Dry Dairy Cows Lower Energy DietsDAIReXNET
Dr. Heather Dann presented this information for DAIReXNET. Learn about the importance of transition cow management, and how feeding lower-energy transition diets could benefit a herd. From monitoring intake to coordinating various diets, Dr. Dann offers insights into setting cows up for success in their next lactation. Available on YouTube at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ImX7bVlfdSo
Formulating Diets for Groups of Lactating CowsDAIReXNET
Dr. Bill Weiss of The Ohio State University presented this material for DAIReXNET on February 26, 2015. For the full presentation, please visit our archives at http://www.extension.org/pages/15830/archived-dairy-cattle-webinars
Stress, Poultry, heat and Cold Stress, Thermoregulation in Poultry, Behavioral Changes in Poultry, Housing Management, Feeding, Breeding Management in Stress, Diseases in Stress
Far Off To Fresh Cow- Opportunities to Improve Transition PerformanceDAIReXNET
Dr. mike Overton presented this information for DAIReXENT on Monday, March 18, 2013. For more information, please see our archived webinars page at www.extension.org/pages/15830/archived-dairy-cattle-webinars.
This slide share revolves around the anatomy and physiology of an udder including the mechanism of milk production in cows and the hormones involved with their role in milk synthesis.Hope its helpful.
In the tropical climate like India, the high ambient temperature along with high humidity is the major stressor (abiotic), thus resulting in the HEAT STRESS a major concern of poultry production.
55°F – 75°F Thermoneutral zone
65°F – 75°F Ideal temperature zone
75°F – 85°F A slight reduction in feed consumption
85°F – 90°F Feed consumption falls further, cooling should be started before this temp is reached.
90°F - 95°F Feed consumption continues to drop, danger of heat prostration among layers, cooling .
95°F-100°F Heat prostration, water consumption is high.
>100°F Emergency measures must be taken, survival is concern at these temperatures.
CONCEPTS AND STRATEGIES TO AMELIORATE THE HEAT STRESS
1. Environmental strategies
Intermittent Photoschedule(light).
2. Housing management
Sites election, design and construction, ventilation, internal and roof cooling, Density of birds.
3. Nutritional strategies
Increasing energy density
Dietary Protein level and Amino acid composition
Vitamins – A,C,E.
Minerals.
Non nutrient feed additives.
Water and electrolyte balance.
4. Feeding strategies
Early feeding
Intermittent feeding
Sex separate feeding
Fasting or feed with drawl.
5. Genetic strategies
Selection for heat tolerance.
Selection for disease resistance.
Use of major genes – Naked neck(Na), Frizzle(F), Dwarf(dw), Silky (h), Slow feathering (K).
ENVIRONMENT STRATEGIES:
A). Intermittent Photo schedule
An intermittent light regime can improve the feed efficiency and thus the broiler production efficiency, by decreasing the fat deposition associated with increased incidence of leg abnormalities, metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, ascites.
The favourable effect is related to the lower heat production during both light and dark period, although fluctuations in heat production are following closely the light-dark alternation.
This photo schedule contains more than one scotophase and one darkphase which recur at 24 hr intervals.
This regime increases the feed consumption during cooler part of the day.
Symmetric - when scotophase and dark phase are of equal length.
Asymmetric - when they are not in equal length.
3weeks age of broiler raised under 2L:4D intermittent light regime were significantly lighter than broilers raised in continuous light schedule but at 7 weeks it is reverse.(Proudfoot, 1975).
The initial reduction in body weight gain of birds under intermittent schedule is followed by compensatory growth, but the compensatory growth depends on genotype and sex.
Boschouwers and Nicaise (1992) observed that physical activity in broilers were lowest under 100Hz fluoroscent light and highest under incandescent.
HOUSING MANAGEMENT
Orientation : east west to reduce direct solar radiation
Shade of trees and green crops around the houses will prevent direct heating, .vegetation should be mowed frequently so that it doesnot obstruct air flow
Houses should be oriented perpendicular to wind direction for max
This slides contains information on precision feeding in dairy cattle and requirement of energy, protein, fat, minerals and vitamins of a dairy cattle during lactation. Precision feeding protects reproductive health and milk production while reducing the nutrient loss in manure.
Only 25-35% of the N in feed goes into milk, with the rest excreted in feces and urine.
Dairy diets often have 120-160% of the P and that the excess is excreted in the manure.
Cost of feed can be reduced.
Precision feeding helps to improve water quality
Improving the efficiency of use of feed N.
Reduce SARA condition.
Controlled-release urea in dairy cattle feed.
Straw treatment-Ammoniation.
Reducing Enteric Methane Losses from Ruminant Livestock.
Phase feeding in dairy cattle.
Feeding bypass fat in early lactation.
Use of chelated minerals in dairy animals.
Nutraceuticals in dairy animal precision feeding.
10. Use of area specific mineral mixture to precise dairy animal nutrition.
11. TMR in precision nutrition.
12. Manipulation of dietary CAD.
Five distinct feeding phases can be defined to attain optimum production, reproduction and health of dairy cows:
Early lactation—0 to 70 days (peak milk production) after calving (postpartum).
Peak DM intake—70 to 140 days (declining milk production) postpartum.
Mid and late lactation—140 to 305 days (declining milk production) postpartum.
Dry period—60 days before the next lactation.
Transition or close-up period—14 days before to parturition.
Feed top quality forage.
Make sure the diet contains adequate amounts of CP, DIP and UIP.
Increase grain intake at a constant rate after calving.
Consider adding fat (0.4-0.6 kg/cow/day) to diets.
Allow constant access to feed.
Minimize stress conditions.
Limit urea to 80-160g/day.
Buffers, such as Na bicarbonate alone or in combination with Mg oxide (rumen pH)
In Transition period
Increase grain feeding, so cows are consuming 4.5-6 kg grain/day at calving (1% of B.wt)
Increase protein in the ration to between 14 - 15 % of the ration DM
Limit fat in the ration to 0.1kg. High fat feeding will depress DM intake.
Maintain 2.5-4kg of long hay in the ration to stimulate rumination.
Feed a low-Ca ration (< 0.20%, reduce Ca intake to 14 to 18 g/d)
Also, feed a diet with a negative dietary electrolyte balance (-10 to -15meq/100 g DM) may alleviate milk fever problems
Niacin (to control ketosis) and/or anionic salts (to help prevent milk fever) should be included in the ration during this period.
Different methods to calculateEnergy requirement for maintenance, growth, pregnancy, and lactation in ruminants
Sri Venkateswara veterinary university, Animal nutrition, Vishnu Vardhan Reddy
Stress, Poultry, heat and Cold Stress, Thermoregulation in Poultry, Behavioral Changes in Poultry, Housing Management, Feeding, Breeding Management in Stress, Diseases in Stress
Far Off To Fresh Cow- Opportunities to Improve Transition PerformanceDAIReXNET
Dr. mike Overton presented this information for DAIReXENT on Monday, March 18, 2013. For more information, please see our archived webinars page at www.extension.org/pages/15830/archived-dairy-cattle-webinars.
This slide share revolves around the anatomy and physiology of an udder including the mechanism of milk production in cows and the hormones involved with their role in milk synthesis.Hope its helpful.
In the tropical climate like India, the high ambient temperature along with high humidity is the major stressor (abiotic), thus resulting in the HEAT STRESS a major concern of poultry production.
55°F – 75°F Thermoneutral zone
65°F – 75°F Ideal temperature zone
75°F – 85°F A slight reduction in feed consumption
85°F – 90°F Feed consumption falls further, cooling should be started before this temp is reached.
90°F - 95°F Feed consumption continues to drop, danger of heat prostration among layers, cooling .
95°F-100°F Heat prostration, water consumption is high.
>100°F Emergency measures must be taken, survival is concern at these temperatures.
CONCEPTS AND STRATEGIES TO AMELIORATE THE HEAT STRESS
1. Environmental strategies
Intermittent Photoschedule(light).
2. Housing management
Sites election, design and construction, ventilation, internal and roof cooling, Density of birds.
3. Nutritional strategies
Increasing energy density
Dietary Protein level and Amino acid composition
Vitamins – A,C,E.
Minerals.
Non nutrient feed additives.
Water and electrolyte balance.
4. Feeding strategies
Early feeding
Intermittent feeding
Sex separate feeding
Fasting or feed with drawl.
5. Genetic strategies
Selection for heat tolerance.
Selection for disease resistance.
Use of major genes – Naked neck(Na), Frizzle(F), Dwarf(dw), Silky (h), Slow feathering (K).
ENVIRONMENT STRATEGIES:
A). Intermittent Photo schedule
An intermittent light regime can improve the feed efficiency and thus the broiler production efficiency, by decreasing the fat deposition associated with increased incidence of leg abnormalities, metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, ascites.
The favourable effect is related to the lower heat production during both light and dark period, although fluctuations in heat production are following closely the light-dark alternation.
This photo schedule contains more than one scotophase and one darkphase which recur at 24 hr intervals.
This regime increases the feed consumption during cooler part of the day.
Symmetric - when scotophase and dark phase are of equal length.
Asymmetric - when they are not in equal length.
3weeks age of broiler raised under 2L:4D intermittent light regime were significantly lighter than broilers raised in continuous light schedule but at 7 weeks it is reverse.(Proudfoot, 1975).
The initial reduction in body weight gain of birds under intermittent schedule is followed by compensatory growth, but the compensatory growth depends on genotype and sex.
Boschouwers and Nicaise (1992) observed that physical activity in broilers were lowest under 100Hz fluoroscent light and highest under incandescent.
HOUSING MANAGEMENT
Orientation : east west to reduce direct solar radiation
Shade of trees and green crops around the houses will prevent direct heating, .vegetation should be mowed frequently so that it doesnot obstruct air flow
Houses should be oriented perpendicular to wind direction for max
This slides contains information on precision feeding in dairy cattle and requirement of energy, protein, fat, minerals and vitamins of a dairy cattle during lactation. Precision feeding protects reproductive health and milk production while reducing the nutrient loss in manure.
Only 25-35% of the N in feed goes into milk, with the rest excreted in feces and urine.
Dairy diets often have 120-160% of the P and that the excess is excreted in the manure.
Cost of feed can be reduced.
Precision feeding helps to improve water quality
Improving the efficiency of use of feed N.
Reduce SARA condition.
Controlled-release urea in dairy cattle feed.
Straw treatment-Ammoniation.
Reducing Enteric Methane Losses from Ruminant Livestock.
Phase feeding in dairy cattle.
Feeding bypass fat in early lactation.
Use of chelated minerals in dairy animals.
Nutraceuticals in dairy animal precision feeding.
10. Use of area specific mineral mixture to precise dairy animal nutrition.
11. TMR in precision nutrition.
12. Manipulation of dietary CAD.
Five distinct feeding phases can be defined to attain optimum production, reproduction and health of dairy cows:
Early lactation—0 to 70 days (peak milk production) after calving (postpartum).
Peak DM intake—70 to 140 days (declining milk production) postpartum.
Mid and late lactation—140 to 305 days (declining milk production) postpartum.
Dry period—60 days before the next lactation.
Transition or close-up period—14 days before to parturition.
Feed top quality forage.
Make sure the diet contains adequate amounts of CP, DIP and UIP.
Increase grain intake at a constant rate after calving.
Consider adding fat (0.4-0.6 kg/cow/day) to diets.
Allow constant access to feed.
Minimize stress conditions.
Limit urea to 80-160g/day.
Buffers, such as Na bicarbonate alone or in combination with Mg oxide (rumen pH)
In Transition period
Increase grain feeding, so cows are consuming 4.5-6 kg grain/day at calving (1% of B.wt)
Increase protein in the ration to between 14 - 15 % of the ration DM
Limit fat in the ration to 0.1kg. High fat feeding will depress DM intake.
Maintain 2.5-4kg of long hay in the ration to stimulate rumination.
Feed a low-Ca ration (< 0.20%, reduce Ca intake to 14 to 18 g/d)
Also, feed a diet with a negative dietary electrolyte balance (-10 to -15meq/100 g DM) may alleviate milk fever problems
Niacin (to control ketosis) and/or anionic salts (to help prevent milk fever) should be included in the ration during this period.
Different methods to calculateEnergy requirement for maintenance, growth, pregnancy, and lactation in ruminants
Sri Venkateswara veterinary university, Animal nutrition, Vishnu Vardhan Reddy
Francisco Cabezon - Heat Stress Alleviation in Lactating Sows by Dietary Beta...John Blue
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More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2017-leman-swine-conference-material
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More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2014-leman-swine-conference-material
Quick Steps to Help Manage Heat Stress in your Dairy CowsJaylor
Cows do best when the air temperature is between 5.0 C and 21.0 C. When it gets hotter than that, cows’ efforts to maintain normal body temperature become costly. Learn how to kelp keep your dairy cows cool and productive.
ROLE OF MICRONUTRIENTS IN ALLEVIATING HEAT STRESS IN DAIRY ANIMALSDr. PRASANTH M NAIR
Global warming and climate change, causing a constant increase in the earth temperature, negatively affects the production and health of dairy animals by causing heat stress. Animal's inability to dissipate sufficient heat to maintain homeothermy results in heat stress. Both environmental temperature and humidity impact the severity of stress faced by the animals and is manifested as reduced feed intake, decreased production and reproductive performance with comprised immune functions of livestock. This paper will focus on the micronutrients which help to alleviate the negative impact of heat stress on dairy animals.Micronutrients are essential elements needed by life in small quantities. It includes major minerals, micro/trace minerals and vitamins. Micronutrients help to maintain the production of the animals, improve the nutrient usage, effectively neutralize the oxidant stress and strengthen the compromised immune system.Minerals play an important role in maintaining normal physiological functions in animals. However, heat stress responses are thought to increase mineral loss by excretion in animals. Hence, mineral supplement (DCAD, Zinc, Chromium, Selenium etc) to the diet might alleviate the adverse effects of thermal stress.Vitamins function as enzyme cofactors, participate in a variety of metabolic pathways as catalysts and are essential for the normal growth and development of animals. The addition of vitamins supplements (Vitamin E, Niacin etc) to the diet of dairy animals might also contribute to the relief of the negative effects of heat stress.
Dr. Tim Safranski - Heat Stressed Fetuses Make Different Growing & Grown PigsJohn Blue
Heat Stressed Fetuses Make Different Growing & Grown Pigs - Dr. Tim Safranski, University of Missouri, from the 2015 Missouri Pork Expo, February 10 - 11, 2015, Columbia, MO, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2015-missouri-pork-expo
Lakeland College's animal science program provides students the opportunity to be part of the student managed farm. This is the April 2013 final presentation of the dairy team.
Thermal Physiology: The Effects of Environmental Temperatures on Energy Expen...InsideScientific
Mice are generally an excellent model of human biology with nearly identical metabolic pathways. In contrast, the 3000-fold difference in body mass causes huge differences in thermal physiology and energy homeostasis. Humans generally live in a thermoneutral environment, while mice live and are typically studied below thermoneutrality. A mouse housed singly at 22 °C devotes 42% of its energy expenditure to maintaining its body temperature; the corresponding value in humans is approximately 0%. Understanding this different physiology is important, allowing one to avoid incorrect application of mouse observations to humans. It also boosts elucidation of physiology that is subtle or difficult to study in humans.
The goal is to understand thermal physiology and to use it to develop conditions under which mice better model humans. This is important for studying the effectiveness of drug treatments for metabolic diseases, like obesity and diabetes. Marc and Oksana discuss what thermoneutrality means in the mouse and the concept of the thermoneutral point. They also explore the effects of cold, hot, and near-thermoneutral environments on mouse energy expenditure, body temperature, and behavior.
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The impact of heat stress on fertility and milk production
1. Zvi Roth (Ph.D.)
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, The Hebrew
University of Jerusalem, Israel
The impact of heat stress on
fertility and milk production
- the Israeli experience
SIRAA, Londrina, Brazil 2018
2. Introduction
• Heat stress - a worldwide problem
About 60% of the world cattle population is
located in hot or warm regions
About 35° north and south of the equator
3. Introduction
• The problem of heat stress is growing
Global worming
Increases in milk yield
Greater metabolic heat production
7. • Increase in respiratory and hart rate
• Increase in oxygen consumption
• Vasodilation
• Decrease in feed intake
• Decrease in rumination
• Decrease in activity
• Increase in standing time
• Increase in body temperature
Physiological and behavioral changes
in dairy cows under heat stress
8. 1) Panting
• Respiratory evaporation
In cattle, is not an efficient
channel of heat loss.
It constitutes about 25% of
total water loss
Heat -Loss via Evaporation
2) Sweating from skin surface.
It constitutes about 75% of total water loss.
9. Sweating rate, in cattle, is relatively low
compared to humans and horses
Cow Man Horse
0
300
600
900
1200
1500
g/hxm2
16. What can we do to alleviate
the effects of heat stress?
Heat production Heat loss
?
17. • Concentrate energy and adjust protein.
• Use high-quality forage and reduce its proportion.
• Replace roughage components with by-products
rich in digestible NDF, such as soy hulls.
• Taking into account the mineral losses (Na, K) via
sweating and urinary excretion.
Feeding approaches to alleviate the
effects of heat stress
18. Control the time of metabolic heat production
throughout the day
• Feed more frequently with fresh food
• Feed in the evening or at night
Feeding time
Adin et al, LS 2008; Adin et al, LS 2009; Adin et al, JDS 2009;
Miron et al, AFST 2009
19. Feeding
manipulations
- 13%Respiratory rate (min-1)
- 0.3Rectal temperature (oC)
+ 8.3%Voluntary DMI (kg/day)
+ 0.05BCS change (1-5 scale)
+ 6.2%Milk yield (kg/day)
Adin et al, 2008
Alleviation the effects of heat-
stress by feeding
20. Using of cooling methods to reduce
the effect of heat stress
1) Without the use of water
(shading, fans)
2) With the use of water
Classification:
28. Effect of provision of shade to low-
milk-yielding cows in summer (Florida, USA)
Shade No shade
Air temperature 29 °C 41 °C
Body temperature 39.2 °C 40.8 °C
Respiration 83 133
pH 7.4 7.5
Food DMI (kg/day) 20.7 16.8
Milk (kg/day) 19.4 17.0
Milk protein (%) 3.37 3.29
38. Aactive only when
cows approach the
feeding line to eat:
1) when fresh food is
offered
2) after milking
3) after cooling in the
holding area of the
milking parlor
Along the feeding line
39. Body temperature of cows cooled
by sprinkling and ventilation
06:00 11:00 13:00 16:00 19:00 23:00 02:00
Day time
38.0
38.5
39.0
39.5
40.0
Bodytemperature(C)
Cooled
Non-cooled
40. Lactation curve of cooled and
control first-calving cows
Production(kg/day)
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Months after calving
Cooled cows
Control cows
Flamenbaum & Ezra, 2001
(14 herds; 4000 cows)
41. Production(kg/day)
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Months after calving
Cooled cow
Control cows
Lactation curve of cooled and
control multiparous cows
Flamenbaum & Ezra, 2001
43. In the milking parlor
Cooling in the feeding Line
Cows were cooled 5 times at
the milking parlor+ in the
feeding lane
37.8
38
38.2
38.4
38.6
38.8
39
39.2
39.4
39.6
39.8
40
40.2
40.4
9:10 11:10 13:10 15:10 17:10 19:10 21:10 23:10 1:10 3:10 5:10 7:10
MILKING FEED LANE
Time
VaginalTemperature(OC)
44. Cooling 5 times a day
37.80
38.00
38.20
38.40
38.60
38.80
39.00
39.20
39.40
39.60
39.80
40.00
40.20
40.40
9:10 11:10 13:10 15:10 17:10 19:10 21:10 23:10 1:10 3:10 5:10 7:10
27/11/13 MILKING FEED LANE
Time
VaginalTemperature(OC)
47. • Dairy cows under heat load were cooled 5 or 8 times
sessions.
• Each cooling period lasted 45 min, comprising cycles
of 30 s of showering and 4.5 min ventilation.
49. Intensive cooling improves
physiological features
5 CS 8 CS P-value
Rumination time,
min/day
410 440 <0.001
Respiration time
breaths/min
(afternoon)
83.0 50.0 0.001
Rectal temp. (oC) 39.3 38.2 <0.001
Honig et al, 2012
50. Intensive cooling increases lying time
and decreases standing time
5 CS 8 CS P-value
Total lying time, min/day 474 484 0.004
Standing time, min/day 834 807 <0.001
Honig et al, 2012
51. • ‘Minimal’
3 wetting periods (before each milking)
• ‘Moderate’
Cooling in the ‘holding pen’
6 cooling periods, 45 min each
total of 4.5 h/day
• ‘Intensive’
Cooling in the ‘holding pen’ + ‘feeding line’
10 cooling periods, 45 min each
total of 7.5 h/day
A large-scale survey evaluating the
effect of three levels of cooling intensity
53. Minimal Moderate Intensive
Winter (%) 43.5 a 45.8 a 46.6 a
(n) (618) (267) (684)
Summer (%) 16.7 c 34.5 b 33.8 b
(n) (222) (172) (572)
Conception rates from first AI
(mature cows )
Ratio (S/W) 38.3% 75.3. % 72.5%
54. • Cooling is the predominant strategy used today to
alleviate the effect of heat stress in dairy farms.
• Cooling can prevent the decline in milk production
in high-yielding cows but it cannot eliminate the
decline in reproduction during the hot season.
• Additional strategies for improving
reproductive responses under heat
stress.
Summary II
55. Effects of heat stress on
reproductive function
• Reduction of the intensity
and duration of estrus
• Attenuation of follicular
development
• Disruption of oocyte
competence
• Disruption of embryonic
development
• Reduction of progesterone
secretion
Fertility
56. Potential strategies to improve
summer fertility in dairy cows
• Synchronization program
• Follicular turnover
• Progesterone supplementation
• Embryo transfer
• Combined treatments
57. Heat stress can affect the follicle and
oocyte during a broad window of time
P.J. Hansen, 2013
58. Heat stress reduces oocyte
developmental competence
Al-Katanani et al., 2002
Gendelman et al., 2010
Ferreira et al., 2011
64. • In commercial dairy farms
• Farms were equipped with efficient cooling
systems
• Animals: control (n = 187), treated (n = 195)
• Cows that appeared to be in estrus were artificially
inseminated
• Pregnancy diagnostic (rectal palpation; 45 PI)
• Logistic regression, SAS: season, milk level, body
condition (BCS), somatic-cell count (SCC), no. of
lactations
Fertility study
Summer and fall, 2008-2009 (Israel)
68. Treatment with GnRH + PG improves
conception rate in cows with low
milk production
Control
Treatment
Friedman et al., 2011 (JDS)
20
30
40
50
60
< 40 kg
Conceptionrate(%)
> 40 kg
51%
36%
30%
*
* P<0.05
70. Association between progesterone
level and embryonic development
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Mann et al., 1999
0
3
6
9
12
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
Day in cycle 16-day embryo
Progesterone(ng/ml)
Interferont-(unitsperuterus)
Big Small
71. Day of cycle
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
5
1
2
3
4
6
7ng/ml
Winter
Summer (chronic stress)
Seasonal effect on progesterone
level in plasma
72. 1 3 5 7 9
Day of culture
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Winter
Summer
Luteinized thecal cells
1 3 5 7 9
Day of culture
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Winter
Summer
Luteinized granulosa cells
ng/105cells
ng/105cells
Seasonal effect on progesterone
production by follicular cells in vitro
73.
74. • In 2 commercial dairy farms
• Farms were equipped with efficient cooling
systems
• Animals: control (n = 195), treated (n = 181)
• Cows were 124 days postpartum; 41 kg/day
• CIDR progesterone (EAZI-BREED™) was inserted on day 5 (±
1)
• Cows that appeared in estrus were artificially inseminated
• Pregnancy diagnostic (rectal palpation; 40-45 PI )
• Logistic regression, SAS (season, milk level, body condition,
somatic-cell count, no. of lactations)
Fertility study
Summer and fall, 2008-2009 (Israel)
75. Day in cycle
0
2
4
6
8
10
0 5 10 15 20
Progesterone(ng/ml)
CONTROL
CIDR
CIDR in
CIDR out
CIDR device increases plasma
progesterone level
Friedman et al., 2012 (JDS)
84. Effectiveness of ET for improving
fertility during heat stress
P. J. Hansen, 2013
85. Short-term exposure
of bovine embryos to
IGF-1 increases
developmental
competence of 5-day
but not 2-day embryos
IGF-1
Bonilla et al., 2011
86. Transfer of in vitro-produced
embryos precultured with IGF-1
Block et al., 2003 Block & Hansen, 2007 Loureiro et al., 2009
87. Embryo transfer (ET)
• A study performed in Brazil examined the
effect of rectal temperature on the transfer day
on pregnancy probability on day 25 of
gestation.
Vaconcelos et al., 2006
88. • Inversely related to
pregnancy rate on day
25 of gestation
• Positively related to
pregnancy loss at 46
days of gestation
Rectal temperature at
the time of ET
Vaconcelos et al., 2006
89. Summary III
• Efficient cooling management is a
prerequisite for other, additional strategies to
improve reproductive responses under heat
stress.
• Hormonal treatment combined with cooling
systems are suggested.
• Embryo transfer combined with CIDR, to
support the embryo should not be ruled
out !