The document discusses various types of storage media and their characteristics. It describes storage units like kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes, and terabytes. It then explains different storage devices such as floppy disks, hard disks, zip disks, CDs, DVDs, tape drives, and external storage devices. Key details about the storage capacity and functioning of these devices are provided.

1. STORAGE CHAPTER 7 by Faizan Tariq

2. kilobyte (KB) 1 thousand Megabyte (MB) 1 million Gigabyte (GB) 1 billion Terabyte (TB) 1 trillion Petabyte (PB) 1 quadrillion STORAGE What is Storage? holds data, instructions, and information for future use storage medium is physical material used for storage What is Capacity? number of bytes (characters) a storage medium can hold

3. What is a storage device? Hardware that records and retrieves items from storage media Reading : Process of transferring items from storage media to memory Functions as source of input Writing : Process of transferring items from memory to storage media creates output STORAGE

4. STORAGE What are tracks and sectors? Tracks is narrow recording band that forms full circle disk Sectors stores up to 512 bytes of data What is a floppy disk ? Portable , inexpensive storage medium (also called as diskette)

5. Magnetic disks What is a floppy disk drive ? Device that reads from and writes to floppy disk Also called secondary storage Floppy disk drive built into a desktop computer External floppy disk drive attaches a computer with a cable

6. Magnetic disks How do you compute a disk's storage capacity? Multiply number of sides, number of tracks, number of sectors per track, and number of bytes per sector For high density disk 2 sides x 80 tracks x 18 sectors per track x 512 bytes per sector = 1,474,560 bytes Characteristics of a 3.5 inch High density Floppy disk Capacity: 1.44 MB Slides: 2 Tracks: 80 Sector per track: 18 Bytes per second: 512 Sector per disk: 2880

7. Magnetic disks What is a Zip disk ? Magnetic medium that stores 100 MB to 750 MB of data Used to back up and to transfer files : backup is duplicate of files, program, or disk in case of original is lost. Zip disk requires a Zip drive high capacity drive that reads and writes on a Zip disk What is a hard disk ? High capacity storage Consist of several inflexible, circular platters that stores items electronically Components enclosed in alright, sealed case for protection

8. Advertised capacity 120GB Platters 3 Read/write heads 6 Cylinders 16,383 Bytes per seconds 512 Sectors per track 63 Sectors per drive 234,441,648 Revolution per minute 7,200 Transfer rate 133MB per second Access time 8.9 ms Magnetic disks What are characteristics of a hard disk? Simple hard drive characteristics What is a cylinder ? Vertical section of track through all platters , single movement of read/write head arms access all platters in cylinder

9. Magnetic disks How does a hard disk work ? Step 1 : circuit board controls movement of head actuator and a small motor. Step 2 : small motor spins platter while computer is running. Step 3 : when software request a disk access, read/write heads determine current or new location of data. Step 4 : head actuator positions read/write arms over correct location on platters to read or write data. What is a head crash ? Occurs when read/write head touches platter surface Spinning creates cushion of air that floats read/write above platter Clearance between head and platter is approximately two- millionths of an inch A smoke particle, dust particle, or human hair could render drive unusable

10. Magnetic disks What is a miniature hard disk ? Provide users with greater storage capacities than flash memory Some have a form factor of less than 1 inch Storage capacities range from 2 GB to 100 GB What is online storage ? Service on web that provides storage for minimum monthly fee Files can be accessed from any computer with web access Large file can be downloaded instantly Others can be authorized to access your data

11. Magnetic disks What are external hard disk and removable hard disk ? Used to back up or transfer files External hard disk : freestanding hard disk that connects to system unit Removable hard disk : hard disk that you insert and remove from hard drive What are optical discs ? Flat, round, portable metal discs made of metal, plastic, and lacquer Can be read only or read/write Most PCs include an optical disc drive What is a CD-ROM ? Compact disc read- only memory Cannot erase or modify contents Typically holds 650 MB to 1 GB Commonly used to distribute multimedia and complex software

12. Optical disks What is a DVD-ROM (digital versatile disc-ROM or digital video disc-ROM)? Highly capacity disc capable of storing 4.7 GB to 17 GB Must have DVD –ROM drive or DVD player to read DVD -ROM Stores databases, music, complex software, and movies How does a laser read data on an optical disc ? Step 1 . laser diode shines a light beam toward disc Step 2 . if light strikes a it scatters, if a light strikes a land, it strike a land , it is reflected back towards diode. Step 3 . reflected light is deflected to a light-sensing diode, which send digital signals of 1 to computer. Absence of reflected light is read as digital signal of 0.

13. Optical disks How should you take care of an optical disc ? Do not expose the disc to excessive heat or sunlight Do not smoke ,eat or drink near a disc Do not stack disc Do not touch the underside of the disc Do store the disc in a jewel box when not in use Do hold the disc by its edges What are CD-Rs and CD- RWs? CD-R (compact disc – recordable) disc you can write once Must have CD recorder or CD-R drive Cannot erase discs contents CD-RW (compact disc- rewriteable) erasable disc you can write on multiple times Must have CD-RW software and CD-RW drive

14. Tape What is tape? Magnetically coated plastic ribbon capable of storing large amounts of data at low cost Primarily used for backup How is data stored on a tape ? Sequential access Reads and write data consecutively like a music tape Unlike direct access – used on floppy, zip disks , hard disks, CDs and DVDs – which can locate particular item immediately