The document outlines the evolution of commerce and industry from manual, localized production to large-scale mechanized manufacturing post-industrial revolution. It highlights key developments such as automation, specialization, and management information systems that have improved efficiency and competition within the industry. Additionally, it discusses the importance of research and development in innovating new products and enhancing quality and consumer satisfaction.

1. By-
Manisha Srivastava
Assistant Professor

2. The stages in the evolution of commerce
& industry prior to industrial revolution.

3.  Production was by manual labor on relatively small
scale.
 Production was restricted for the local market only.
 Distribution of goods was controlled by
“MERCHANT GUILD (association of merchant)”.
 There was no competition in the market.
 Agriculture was the major economic occupation of
the masses. (80% population lived in rural areas)
 The Farm Technology was quite simple.
 No FOREIGN TRADE (trade was local in character
because of lack of efficient means of transport.

4.  Since the industrial revolution may changes
have taken place in the industrial system.
 The present age is an era of large scale
production.
 Many big factories have come into existence
& they employ a large number of workers.

5.  LARGE SCALE PRODUCTION
 to meet the demands of large number of people.
 Production is carried on in anticipation of demand.
 MECHANISATION
 Increased from the development of science &
technology.
 Through new innovation increased the efficiency of
factories.

6.  AUTOMATION
 Installation of one set of machines to run another set of
machines.
 A small number of operators sitting in control room to
control the entire operations in factory.
 It Introduced in production system in advanced
countries ( like USA, UK etc)
 In Oil refineries, Chemical industries & Food
processing units…. Etc.

7.  MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
 Introduced MIS with the help of electronic computer
system.
 Computer have vast memories.
 It can store huge amount of information & make available
the required information.
 It help in taking managerial decisions at the proper time.
 SPECIALIZATION
 Division of labor according to specialization.
 It facilitated the workers to concentrate on limited
operations.
 Increased efficiency of workers.

8.  STANDARDIZATION
 Bring about uniformity of quality & size.
 Facilitates large scale production.
 Increased quality consciousness in industry.
 Today ISO certifications is the example of it.
 GROWTH OF INDUSTRIALAREAS
 Concentration of industries in certain regions of the
country.
 Which offers the advantages to industry.
 In regards to Raw materials, Power, Market, Financing,
transportation.. etc.

9.  EXPANSION OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE
 Improved transportation & communication.
 Mass scale production.
 Standardization of products…. etc
 COMPETITION
 Cut-Throat competition among producers of goods.
 Contract basis “Economic Relation” between different
persons rather than on customs & traditions.

10.  RESEARCH & DEVELPOMENT
 Establishment of “Research & Development
Department” in big industrial enterprises.
 Spend money for innovating new products & ideas.
 It effect in Decreasing Cost, Increasing Quality,
Consumer Satisfaction & Raising the Living Standard of
people.