This document discusses commerce, economics, and industry. It defines commerce as the distribution of goods and services, and economics as the study of allocating scarce resources to meet human needs. The document outlines different economic systems including capitalist, socialist, and mixed. It also classifies industries based on the type of goods produced, size and investment, capital employed, and official government classification. Industries are grouped into extractive, genetic, construction, and manufacturing categories.

1. PRESENT ED B Y
M r s. A sh w i ni Sh elke
(Depar t ment o f Ph ar mac eut i c al Ch emi st r y )
SANDIP INSTITUTE OF PHRM ACEUTICAL
SCIENCES, NA SHIK
Commerce, Economics &
Industry

2. Commerce
 Commerce :
 It is that aspect of business activity which is
concerned with distribution of goods and services
produced by the industry.

3. Economics:
 Economics:
 It is a social science concerned with proper use of
allocation of resources for achievement of various
human needs.
 Economics is the social science ,concern with the
employment of a scarce resources of society ,having
alternative uses to produce goods & services.

4. Various elements of economics
1) Economics is the study of human activities in
relation to wealth only.
2) Economics studies about how man earns his income
& its expenditure.
3) It systemically collects, classifies & analyses the
economic facts.
4) Modern elements of economics are the study of the
economic system under which man live & work.
5) Economics is a pure science & not art .Its function is
to explore & explain & to solve the problem.

5. Types of economic systems
 There are three types of economic systems –
 Capitalist
 Socialist and
Mixed

6. 1. Capitalist system
1. Capitalist system –
 There is freedom for the producers to acquire any
property and to produce any product.
 The consumers are also free to use any product in any
amount, they are at liberty to spend their income.
 The means of production and distribution are
generally in the hands of private owners.
 The role of government is to protect the producers and
consumers so as to avoid unhealthy competition and
 also to provide essential services to the public
economically.

7. 2. Socialist system
2. Socialist system –
 The large and basic industries are owned and
controlled by the government, even the distribution
is controlled by the govt.

8. 3. Mixed system
3. Mixed system –
 The activities of both the systems capitalist and
socialist are used.
 It means some economic activities are controlled by
the government and certain other economic
activities are kept open for the public.

9. Industry
 Industry :
It is the part of business activity which relates to
production, processing, or fabrication of products

10. Classification of Industry
 The basis on which industry can be classified.
I) Industries based on type of good produced
1) Extractive industries
e.g. fishing, hunting, agriculture etc
2) Genetic Industries
e.g. Poultry farms, breeding farm & nurseries, etc.
3) Construction Industries
Involved in construction of building roads dams, etc.
4) Manufacturing industry:
They are sub classified as,

11.  Manufacturing industry They are sub classified as,
i) Analytical industry-.e.g. .fractional distillation of crude
oil
ii) Synthetic Industry – e.g. manufacturing of benzoic acid
from oxidation of benzyl alcohol.
iii) Processing industry – e.g. Textile industry, Pharma
industry, paper industry
iv)Assembly line industry - e.g. computers, T. V. etc.

12. 2) Industries based on Size & amount of
investment
i) Light industries: Involves small capital investment &
have short duration production.
e.g. Manufacturing of collapsible tubes, closures, etc.
ii) Heavy industries: requires big capital investment &
involve longer production cycle.
e.g. Iron & steel industry

13. 3) Industries based on Capital employed:
I) large Scale industry:: The capital involved is more
than 10 lac in the plant & machinery.
 e.g.. Pharma industry
ii) small scale industry: The capital involved is less
than 10 lac in the plant & machinery.
 e.g. Cottage industry.

14. 4) Official classification of industries: For
licensing purpose govt. has made a std.
classification of industries as given under the 1st
schedule to industries. (development & regulation )
Act 1951.
These industries are classified according to the type of
products produce by them e.g. Pharma industry,
Medical & Surgical appliances, etc.