Transmission heterogeneity has consequences on malaria vaccine researches - Conférence du 5e édition du Cours international « Atelier Paludisme » - Vincent ROBERT - Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement, Paris - v.robert@mnhn.fr
Rift Valley fever virus seroprevalence among ruminants and humans in northeas...ILRI
Presentation by Johanna Lindahl, Ian Njeru, Joan Karanja, Delia Grace and Bernard Bett at the first joint conference of the Association of Institutions for Tropical Veterinary Medicine and the Society of Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Berlin, Germany, 4–8 September 2016.
Rift Valley fever virus: Diagnosis and vaccinesmarketsblog
Presentation by Dr Kariuki Njenga of the Centers of Disease Control & Prevention, at the Enhancing Safe Inter-regional Livestock Trade held at Dubai, UAE, 13-16 June 2011.
A mathematical model for Rift Valley fever transmission dynamicsNaomi Marks
Presentation by Dr Bernard Bett of the International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, at the One Health for the Real World: zoonoses, ecosystems and wellbeing symposium, London 17-18 March 2016
Rift Valley fever virus seroprevalence among ruminants and humans in northeas...ILRI
Presentation by Johanna Lindahl, Ian Njeru, Joan Karanja, Delia Grace and Bernard Bett at the first joint conference of the Association of Institutions for Tropical Veterinary Medicine and the Society of Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Berlin, Germany, 4–8 September 2016.
Rift Valley fever virus: Diagnosis and vaccinesmarketsblog
Presentation by Dr Kariuki Njenga of the Centers of Disease Control & Prevention, at the Enhancing Safe Inter-regional Livestock Trade held at Dubai, UAE, 13-16 June 2011.
A mathematical model for Rift Valley fever transmission dynamicsNaomi Marks
Presentation by Dr Bernard Bett of the International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, at the One Health for the Real World: zoonoses, ecosystems and wellbeing symposium, London 17-18 March 2016
No commercially available malaria vaccine at the present time.
RTS,S/AS01 is the most advanced vaccine candidate against malaria.
Commonest infectious disease in the tropics
200 millions per year affected with malaria
3 millions per year die due to malaria
Presentation by Dr Mohamed Hassan of the Ministry of Agriculture, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, at the Enhancing Safe Inter-regional Livestock Trade held at Dubai, UAE, 13-16 June 2011.
Genomic surveillance of the Rift Valley fever: From sequencing to Lineage ass...ILRI
Poster prepared John Juma, Vagner Fonseca, Samson Limbaso, Peter van Heusden, Kristina Roesel, Bernard Bett, Rosemary Sang, Alan Christoffels, Tulio de Oliveira and Samuel Oyola for the Kenya One Health Online Conference, 6-8 December 2021
Livestock disease drivers, ecology and pathogen evolutionEFSA EU
Presentation of the EFSA's second scientific conference, held on 14-16 October 2015 in Milan, Italy.
DRIVERS FOR EMERGING ISSUES IN ANIMAL AND PLANT HEALTH
A Prelimnary Survey on TheAbundance of Mosquito Species and Transmission of P...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A malaria vaccine is a vaccine that is used to prevent malaria. The only approved vaccine as of 2015 is RTS,S, known by the trade name Mosquirix. It requires four injections and has a relatively low efficacy.
Rotavirus RV is a disease that is extremely spreadable in children whose age ranges between 3'5 years. Rotavirus vaccination RVV is an effective method for combating the diarrhoea disease as rotavirus is the leading cause of diarrhoea worldwide. For fulfilling the aim of reducing the burden of RV caused in children under 5 years for diarrhoea mortality. World Health Organization WHO recommends introducing RVVs worldwide. Globally three RVVs are licensed for local use two monovalent vaccines Rotarix, and Rotavac and a pentavalent vaccine RotaTeq. Safety and efficacy of these vaccines have been proved, however, they require cold chain storage at or below 2oto 8oC before use. In this article, a detailed profile of Rotarix vaccine is being emphasized. Rotavirus Vaccines are in high demand for introduction by many low income countries, but limitations such as price, poor supply and insufficient cold chain capacity at distant delivery points, have restricted their introduction. A. A Bhosale | Dr. V. U Barge "Illustrative Review on Rotavirus Vaccines" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29552.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/29552/illustrative-review-on-rotavirus-vaccines/a-a-bhosale
RTS,S/AS01 (RTS,S) is a malaria vaccine that has been developed through a partnership between GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals (GSK) and the PATH Malaria Vaccine Initiative (MVI), with support from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and from a network of African research centers that performed the studies.
Reemergence of chloroquine susceptible malaria in Malawi - Séances pratiques de la 4e édition du Cours international « Atelier Paludisme » - Christopher PLOWE - University of Maryland School of Medicine - Baltimore - MD 21201 USA - Cplowe@medicine.umaryland.edu
No commercially available malaria vaccine at the present time.
RTS,S/AS01 is the most advanced vaccine candidate against malaria.
Commonest infectious disease in the tropics
200 millions per year affected with malaria
3 millions per year die due to malaria
Presentation by Dr Mohamed Hassan of the Ministry of Agriculture, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, at the Enhancing Safe Inter-regional Livestock Trade held at Dubai, UAE, 13-16 June 2011.
Genomic surveillance of the Rift Valley fever: From sequencing to Lineage ass...ILRI
Poster prepared John Juma, Vagner Fonseca, Samson Limbaso, Peter van Heusden, Kristina Roesel, Bernard Bett, Rosemary Sang, Alan Christoffels, Tulio de Oliveira and Samuel Oyola for the Kenya One Health Online Conference, 6-8 December 2021
Livestock disease drivers, ecology and pathogen evolutionEFSA EU
Presentation of the EFSA's second scientific conference, held on 14-16 October 2015 in Milan, Italy.
DRIVERS FOR EMERGING ISSUES IN ANIMAL AND PLANT HEALTH
A Prelimnary Survey on TheAbundance of Mosquito Species and Transmission of P...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A malaria vaccine is a vaccine that is used to prevent malaria. The only approved vaccine as of 2015 is RTS,S, known by the trade name Mosquirix. It requires four injections and has a relatively low efficacy.
Rotavirus RV is a disease that is extremely spreadable in children whose age ranges between 3'5 years. Rotavirus vaccination RVV is an effective method for combating the diarrhoea disease as rotavirus is the leading cause of diarrhoea worldwide. For fulfilling the aim of reducing the burden of RV caused in children under 5 years for diarrhoea mortality. World Health Organization WHO recommends introducing RVVs worldwide. Globally three RVVs are licensed for local use two monovalent vaccines Rotarix, and Rotavac and a pentavalent vaccine RotaTeq. Safety and efficacy of these vaccines have been proved, however, they require cold chain storage at or below 2oto 8oC before use. In this article, a detailed profile of Rotarix vaccine is being emphasized. Rotavirus Vaccines are in high demand for introduction by many low income countries, but limitations such as price, poor supply and insufficient cold chain capacity at distant delivery points, have restricted their introduction. A. A Bhosale | Dr. V. U Barge "Illustrative Review on Rotavirus Vaccines" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29552.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/29552/illustrative-review-on-rotavirus-vaccines/a-a-bhosale
RTS,S/AS01 (RTS,S) is a malaria vaccine that has been developed through a partnership between GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals (GSK) and the PATH Malaria Vaccine Initiative (MVI), with support from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and from a network of African research centers that performed the studies.
Reemergence of chloroquine susceptible malaria in Malawi - Séances pratiques de la 4e édition du Cours international « Atelier Paludisme » - Christopher PLOWE - University of Maryland School of Medicine - Baltimore - MD 21201 USA - Cplowe@medicine.umaryland.edu
Tests in vitro de l'action inhibitrice de la croissance de P. falciparum par les antipaludiques - Séances pratiques de la 4e édition du Cours international « Atelier Paludisme » - Milijaona RANDRIANARIVELO JOSIA - Institut Pasteur de Madagascar - milijaon@pasteur.mg
Utilisation des derives de l'artemisinine pendant la grossesse - Conférence de la 4e édition du Cours international « Atelier Paludisme » - François NOSTEN - Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Thaïlande - francois@tropmedres.ac
Génétique de la susceptibilité au paludisme: possibles approches épidemiologiques sur le terrain - Présentation de la 1ere édition du Cours international « Atelier Paludisme » - MODIANO David - Università "La Sapienza", Rome - david.modiano@uniroma1.it
Utilisation des derives de l'artemisinine pendant la grossesse - Conférence du 4e édition du Cours international « Atelier Paludisme » - François NOSTEN - Shoklo Malaria Research Unit -Thaïlande - francois@tropmedres.ac
Phase hépathique - Présentationde la 2e édition du Cours international « Atelier Paludisme » - ANDRIANANTOANDRO Vololomboahangy - MINISTERE de la SANTE et du PLANNING FAMILIAL de MADAGASCAR - Responsable Paludisme, DPS Tamatave - andriboahangy@yahoo.fr
Quel apport l'utilisation d'un vaccin peut-elle apporter dans la lutte contre le paludisme ? - Présentation de la 4e édition du Cours international « Atelier Paludisme » - Germaine RETOFA - Médecin - Ministère de la Santé et du Planning Familial - Service de Lutte Contre le Paludisme - Madagascar
Quel est l'impact de l'interaction entre les espèces de Plasmodium sur la transmission? - Présentation de la 7e édition du Cours international « Atelier Paludisme » - Gaye Abdoulaye - Sénégal - ablayeg@yahoo.fr
Protection conférée par l'hémoglobine C contre les formes neurologiques du paludisme en Afrique - Conférence de la 4e édition du Cours international « Atelier Paludisme » - Ogobara K. DOUMBO - Malaria Research and Training Center DEAP/FMPOS/University of Bamako - Mali - okd@mrtcbko.org
Polymorphisme parasitaire et accès graves en zone périurbaine - Conférence de la 5e édition du Cours international « Atelier Paludisme » - Ronan JAMBOU - Institut Pasteur de Dakar - rjambou@pasteur.sn
Tests in vitro pour évaluer la sensibilité de P.falciparum aux drogues - Scéances Pratiques de la 6e édition du Cours international « Atelier Paludisme » - RASON Marie Ange - Madagascar - mieange@pasteur.mg
Conférence de la 8ème édition du Breaking of the wall : role of allergy and histamine release. Cours international « Atelier Paludisme » - JAMBOU Ronan
Lutte contre le paludisme: La gestion de la résistance des Anophèles aux insecticides - Conférence de la 6e édition du Cours international « Atelier Paludisme » - RAKOTOMALALA Ronhald - Madagascar - rronhald@yahoo.fr
Mécanismes de résistance de Plasmodium aux antifolates - Présentation de la 8e édition du Cours international « Atelier Paludisme » - NOROMALALA Noelisoa - Madagascar - noromalalanoelisoa@yahoo.fr
Monitoring and Evaluation Toolkit - Séances Pratiques de la 5e édition du Cours international « Atelier Paludisme » - Luciano TUSEO - World Health Organization / Roll Back Malaria - Office for Madagascar and Reunion - Antananarivo, Madagascar - maloms@iris.mg
Update of malaria vaccines - Séances pratiques de la 4e édition du Cours international « Atelier Paludisme » - Christopher PLOWE - University of Maryland School of Medicine - Baltimore, MD 21201 USA - Cplowe@medicine.umaryland.edu
This study evaluated the prevalence of malaria parasite among pregnant and non pregnant women attending Federal Medical Centre (FMC) Owerri Imo State Nigeria within the age range of 21-50 years. The molecular identification and speciation of the malaria parasites were carried out using different diagnostic techniques. The blood samples were analyzed using microscopy, Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Results using the microscopy for pregnant women was 181(90.5%) and for non pregnant women, it was 185(92.5%) within the age range of under 21, 41 and above. The result of RDT for pregnant women was 58(32.0%) and for non pregnant women were 46(24.9%). However, the age group of pregnant women that had the highest occurrence of malaria using microscopy was (21-25yrs) with 100% of persons tested positive and (41-45yrs) with 78.8% had the lowest occurrence. For non pregnant women, the age group that had the highest occurrence of malaria parasite was (31-35yrs) with 95.3%of persons reporting tested reporting positive while, (21-25yrs) with 84.6% had the lowest occurrence. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was used for the speciation of the parasites and the result revealed that Plasmodium falciparum in pregnant women within the ages of 46-50yrs had the highest (96.0%) prevalent followed by Plasmodium vivax for women within the ages of 21-25yrs had the highest (13.6%) occurrence, Plasmodium malariae for women within the ages 21-25yrs and had the highest (9.4%) occurrence. In this study, Polymerase Chain Reaction was very sensitive, takes more large samples at a time and specific for both P. falciparum and non falciparum Plasmodium infections and has many diagnostic advantages over microscopy. Out of 400 venous blood samples collected from both pregnant and non-pregnant women, 27 blood samples had mixed malaria parasite infections. Therefore, following this study, it will be recommended that we urge the pharmaceutical companies to improve on the manufacturing of broad-spectrum antimalarial drugs to cover all species of Plasmodium as it’s done with antimicrobials not only concentrating on the drugs for the treatment of P. falciparum alone.
Malaria epidemiology and malariometric measuresKrishnaSingh419
describes data from 2019 regarding malaria and various important malariometric measures
This presentation is a concise notes taken from PARK textbook and can help in PSM exams
Peste des-ruminants-is-a-rinderpest.doc pdfGudyne Wafubwa
Peste des petits ruminant virus (PPRV) is a disease mostly affecting goats and sheep. Since its first discovery, it has caused massive economic loss to most small pastoralists in Africa and other developing countries. It is the integral role of all stakeholders to join hands so as to eradicate the disease.
Chemoecological Management of Malaria MosquitoesSIANI
This study was presented during the conference “Production and Carbon Dynamics in Sustainable Agricultural and Forest Systems in Africa” held in September, 2010.
Interepidemic Seroepidemiological Survey of Rift Valley Fever in Garissa, KenyaMark Nanyingi
Background: Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a vector-borne zoonotic disease that is caused by phlebovirus and transmitted primarily by aedes mosquitoes. RVF outbreaks have led to significant effects to human and animal health in the Horn of Africa and Arabian Peninsula. The economic impact of 1997-98, 2000 and 2006-2007 outbreaks due to massive livestock abortions, deaths, acute human illness and deaths was estimated at over $ 500 million. We hypothesize there is consistent virus circulation in RVF endemic areas of Northern Kenya and RVF epidemics have potential associations with environmental and climatic parameters. The objective of this study was to detect circulation of RVFV in goats, sheep and cattle in Garissa County, Kenya during the inter-epidemic period (IEP).
Methodology: We performed a cross-sectional surveillance of ruminants in RVF high risk areas of Garissa County, Kenya. Periodic blood sampling of sheep, goats and cattle was done in March 2012 and July 2013. Serological analysis for total antiRVF antibodies for 370 ruminants was investigated using a multispecies competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) kit. Host risk factors for RVFV seropositivity were examined by both univariable analysis and mixed effects logistic regression model. Unadjusted odds ratios (OR) for seropositivity were estimated using log linear regression model.
Results: The overall seroprevalence for the 370 ruminants was 27.6%. Sheep (n= 87) and cattle (n= 12) had higher prevalence 32.2% (CI [20.6 -31]) and 33.3% (CI [6.7 -60]) respectively than goats (n = 271), 25.8% (CI [22.4 – 42]). Seropostivity in males was 31.8% (CI [22.2-31.8]) higher than 27% (CI [18.1-45.6]) in females. There was an increased likelihood of higher seropositivity in old (OR 18.24, CI [5.26 -116.4]), p < 0.0001) than young animals.
Conclusions: This study demonstrates the widespread serological evidence and potential RVFV circulation among domestic ruminants in Garissa district thus indicative of an endemic reservoir of infection. There is need for increased preparedness and response in RVF endemic areas by conducting animal-human syndromic sero-surveillance as part of one health early warning system.
Interepidemic Seroepidemiological Survey of Rift Valley Fever in Garissa, KenyaMark Nanyingi
Background: Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a vector-borne zoonotic disease that is caused by phlebovirus and transmitted primarily by aedes mosquitoes. RVF outbreaks have led to significant effects to human and animal health in the Horn of Africa and Arabian Peninsula. The economic impact of 1997-98, 2000 and 2006-2007 outbreaks due to massive livestock abortions, deaths, acute human illness and deaths was estimated at over $ 500 million. We hypothesize there is consistent virus circulation in RVF endemic areas of Northern Kenya and RVF epidemics have potential associations with environmental and climatic parameters. The objective of this study was to detect circulation of RVFV in goats, sheep and cattle in Garissa County, Kenya during the inter-epidemic period (IEP).
Methodology: We performed a cross-sectional surveillance of ruminants in RVF high risk areas of Garissa County, Kenya. Periodic blood sampling of sheep, goats and cattle was done in March 2012 and July 2013. Serological analysis for total antiRVF antibodies for 370 ruminants was investigated using a multispecies competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) kit. Host risk factors for RVFV seropositivity were examined by both univariable analysis and mixed effects logistic regression model. Unadjusted odds ratios (OR) for seropositivity were estimated using log linear regression model.
Results: The overall seroprevalence for the 370 ruminants was 27.6%. Sheep (n= 87) and cattle (n= 12) had higher prevalence 32.2% (CI [20.6 -31]) and 33.3% (CI [6.7 -60]) respectively than goats (n = 271), 25.8% (CI [22.4 – 42]). Seropostivity in males was 31.8% (CI [22.2-31.8]) higher than 27% (CI [18.1-45.6]) in females. There was an increased likelihood of higher seropositivity in old (OR 18.24, CI [5.26 -116.4]), p < 0.0001) than young animals.
Conclusions: This study demonstrates the widespread serological evidence and potential RVFV circulation among domestic ruminants in Garissa district thus indicative of an endemic reservoir of infection. There is need for increased preparedness and response in RVF endemic areas by conducting animal-human syndromic sero-surveillance as part of one health early warning system.
Guide pour le suivi et l'évaluation des programmes - Séances Pratiques de la 5e édition du Cours international « Atelier Paludisme » - Luciano TUSEO - World Health Organization / Roll Back Malaria - Office for Madagascar and Reunion - Antananarivo, Madagascar - maloms@iris.mg
Développement nouveaux médicaments - Séances Pratiques de la 5e édition du Cours international « Atelier Paludisme » - Pascal MILLET - Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux2, France - pascal.millet@u-bordeaux2.fr
Diagnostic biologique du paludisme - Séances Pratiques de la 5e édition du Cours international « Atelier Paludisme » - Didier MENARD et Vincent THONIER
Guide d’élaboration d’un plan de gestion des achats et des stocks (Global Funds) – (Version C) - Séances Pratiques de la 5e édition du Cours international « Atelier Paludisme » - René CAZETIEN - Sanofi Aventis, Gentilly, France - rene.cazetien@sanofi-aventis.com
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Antimicrobial stewardship to prevent antimicrobial resistanceGovindRankawat1
India is among the nations with the highest burden of bacterial infections.
India is one of the largest consumers of antibiotics worldwide.
India carries one of the largest burdens of drug‑resistant pathogens worldwide.
Highest burden of multidrug‑resistant tuberculosis,
Alarmingly high resistance among Gram‑negative and Gram‑positive bacteria even to newer antimicrobials such as carbapenems.
NDM‑1 ( New Delhi Metallo Beta lactamase 1, an enzyme which inactivates majority of Beta lactam antibiotics including carbapenems) was reported in 2008
Ear and its clinical correlations By Dr. Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptx
Transmission heterogeneity has consequences on malaria vaccine researches
1. Atelier Paludisme 2007
Institut Pasteur de Madagascar
19 Février - 30 Mars
Vincent ROBERT
Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD) UR 077 Paludologie afro-tropicale
Muséum national d’histoire naturelle (MNHN) USM-504 Biologie fonctionnelle des protozoaires
L’hétérogénéité de la transmission
doit être prise en compte
dans les recherches vaccinales contre le paludisme
6. transmission morbidity mortality
the malaria in one slide
Human
uninfected
Human
infected
Human
sick
Human
dead
natural immunity
- --
vector controlprevention of
infection
drug treatment
--- - -
and / or vaccines
4 /18
7. Transmission and natural immunity are highly linked
If the vaccine would have nothing to deal with the stimulation of natural immunity and only induces new
immunological mechanism of protection (fully different from natural situations), one may speculate :
- the induction of protective immunity by a vaccine is not linked to transmission intensity,
- but the duration of protection might be.
Transmission intensity has important consequences for the
artificial induction of protective immunity by a vaccine
Transmission may act positively, as additional boosters
New infections may act negatively, overwhelming the protective immunity
The development of the vaccine must document transmission intensity,
(except during phases testing safety), as soon as the first phases
testing immunogenicity and efficacy in endemic zones
Infants do not constitute a special issue
5 /18
8. The measure ofThe measure of PlasmodiumPlasmodium transmissiontransmission
≠≠ number of inoculation ofnumber of inoculation of PlasmodiumPlasmodium
per person : ordinary, an adultper person : ordinary, an adult
per unit of time : night, month, year, lifeper unit of time : night, month, year, life
Definition
E I R : Entomological Inoculation Rate
EIR = ma x s
ma = biting rate
s = sporozoite index
Unit : Nb of bites of infected anopheline per human and per unit of time
6 /18
9. Does EIR measure transmission ?
• Mean on a sample of persons : what about individual variations
for an adult human ?
in a mean environment ?
• Mean on a period time : what about the temporal variations ?
==> specify if transmission is seasonal or permanent,
(duration of season without transmission)
• Measure established from awaked voluntaries
• Give the Nb of bites of infected anophelines
(about double of the Nb of bites that induce blood parasite infection )
EIR is a proxy of malaria transmission
7 /18
11. Incidence ofIncidence of P. falciparumP. falciparum simple malaria attackssimple malaria attacks
in relation to age and intensity of transmissionin relation to age and intensity of transmission
AnnualAnnualNbNbofmalariaattacksofmalariaattacks
00
11
22
33
44
55
66
00 55 1010 1515 2020 2525 3030 3535 4040 4545 5050
Age (years)Age (years)
DananéDanané, Côte d'Ivoire:, Côte d'Ivoire: ≥≥≥≥≥≥≥≥ 300300 b.i.ab.i.a./human/year./human/year
DielmoDielmo,, SénégalSénégal: 100: 100--300300 b.i.ab.i.a./human/year./human/year
NdiopNdiop,, SénégalSénégal: 10: 10--3030 b.i.ab.i.a./human/year./human/year
PikinePikine,, SénégalSénégal:: ≤≤≤≤≤≤≤≤11 b.i.ab.i.a./human/year./human/year
TotalTotal NbNb of attacksof attacks
at 60 years oldat 60 years old
2525
4343
6262
2525
% within% within
adultsadults
10%10%
23%23%
41%41%
50%50%
9 /18
12. NonNon--entomological methods to measure transmissionentomological methods to measure transmission
Parasitological (Parasitological (presence of parasites)presence of parasites)
Longitudinal or transversal surveysLongitudinal or transversal surveys
Incidence of the disease (Detection of new clinical cases;Detection of new clinical cases;
with parasiwith parasitological confirmation)tological confirmation)
Serological (Serological (AbAb :: indirect markers of the presence of parasiteindirect markers of the presence of parasite))
10 /18
13. Efficacy of bites of infected anopheline
Rickman et al., 1990
No appropriate animal model
In human
An. stephensi with P. falciparum sporozoites
in their salivary glands
3 / 5 volunteers
Parasitaemia
in American
volunteers
10 / 10 volunteers
2 / 5 volunteers
1 bite
2 simultaneous bites
5 simultaneous bites
What is the fraction of bite of infected anophelines that develop parasitaemia ?
About half bites of infected anophelines induces blood parasite infection
Challenges after vaccination are made usualy using 5 simultaneous bites
Reminder : these voluntaries were non immune
11 /18
14. Sporozoites injected per bite of infected anophelines
Where and when ?
How many ?
Into the avascular skin tissue (of mice), during the probing
Sprozoites injected during the feeding, in the blood vessel,
are re-injested with the bloodmeal. They can be numbered in
the midgut of a fed mosquito.
Sidjanski & Vanderberg, 1997
Kebaier & Vanderberg, 2006
by the way of the stream of mosquito saliva
Sporozoites delivered represent only a tiny %age of the sporozoites
within the salivary glands of the mosquito (±1%)
Range : 0 - 1000
Beier et al, 1992
Ponnudurai et al, 1991
Rosenberg et al, 1990
Mean : 10 to 20
12 /18
15. 0
Nb of bites of
infected anophelines
Boundary min Boundary max
1 10 100 103 104 105
Evidence of heterogeneity in malaria transmission
= 10 bites of infected anophelines= 1 bite of infected anophelines
per human, per year, during 100 years
This heterogeneity in transmission results in a variation :
in the acquisition of immunity (efficient against the disease)Impossible <100
Need ± 10 years if
103
Need ± 2 years if 104
in the challenge to the immune system ; but natural infections following
vaccination may either reinforce the immunity or overwhelm it
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16. Source 2002
Population Reference Bureau
Africa
Sub-saharan Africa, except southern Africa
North America
Central + The West indies
South
Amazonia s.l. + Haïti
Asia
Europa
Oceania
Population
(millions)
Population who get malaria
at least one / life
840
630
319
140
354
3766
728
32
WORLD 6200 1740
600
30
104
1000
5
Malaria transmission depends mainly on
Altitude
Climate
Urbanisation
Water surface (eg: rice field)
Personal protection and vector control
Journey (eg: tourism)
1
28%
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17. Human population (millions)
0
1 000
2 000
3 000
4 000
5 000
Human population and the number of bites of infected anophelines
0
Nb of bites
of infected
anophelines
Boundary min Boundary max
1 10 100 103 104 105
700
300
1 740
Total world population
infected at least once
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18. % of the world population
as potential target
for malaria vaccine
60%
23%
17%
Transmission
intensity
low
medium
hight
Risk of
overwhelming
vaccinal efficacy
—
+
+++
Annual
EIR
≤ 1
1 -10
> 10
Tropical Africa + Papua-New-Guinea
Because high number of new infections may overwhelm any protective
immunity (natural or vaccinal), it is conceivable that some malaria vaccines may
have various efficacy at the different transmission levels.
Human population and the number of bites of infected anophelines (2)
If it is right, world population mainly
needs vaccine efficient at low transmission level
16 /18
19. Transmission intensity :
CONCLUSIONS
This heterogeneity :
That must be taken into account in any malaria vaccine research
(except in phase 1)
- ranges from 0 to 105 bites of infected anophelines per man and per life
- varies by a factor of 100 000 fold across tropical Africa
(some downtowns vs. some humid rural savannahs)
- has huge consequences for acquisition of natural immunity
- may have important consequences for the success and longevity
of artificial induction of protective immunity by a vaccine
1
2
4
It is conceivable that some malaria vaccines may have various
efficacy at the different transmission levels
3
17 /18
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Filion GJP, Paul REL & Robert V
transmission and immunity : the importance of heterogeneity in the fight agaisnt malaria.
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Re-ingestion of Plasmodium berghei sporozoites after delivery into the host by mosquitoes.
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Deleyed migration of Plasmodium sporozoites from the mosquito bite site to the blood.
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