This study was presented during the conference “Production and Carbon Dynamics in Sustainable Agricultural and Forest Systems in Africa” held in September, 2010.
Pre-empting the emergence of zoonoses by understanding their socio-ecologyNaomi Marks
Keynote presentation by Dr Peter Daqszak, President, EcoHealth Alliance, at the One Health for the Real World: zoonoses, ecosystems and wellbeing symposium, London 17-18 March 2016
Social dimensions of zoonoses in interdisciplinary researchNaomi Marks
This document summarizes Dr. Hayley MacGregor's research on the social dimensions of zoonoses (diseases that can be transmitted between animals and humans) in emerging livestock systems. It discusses two key areas: 1) how cultural and social practices influence zoonotic risk, and 2) the relationship between humans and animals. For area 1, it describes how factors like intensification of production, supply chains, processing practices, markets and consumer demand can drive zoonotic risk. For area 2, it discusses how human-animal relations blur traditional categories, and how the health of humans and animals is interdependent.
This document discusses the ecology and control of mosquitoes. It notes that over 3,000 mosquito species exist worldwide and breed in various stagnant water sources. Mosquitoes can transmit diseases like malaria, dengue fever, and filariasis to humans and animals. Understanding mosquito ecology, including identifying breeding sites, is important for effective control strategies. Common control methods discussed are insecticide-treated bed nets, indoor residual spraying, larvicides, fish predators, and eliminating standing water where mosquitoes breed. Public education on mosquito biology and reducing contact is also key to controlling mosquito-borne diseases.
2 ijreh mar-2018-1-evaluation of some insecticidesAI Publications
The present study was planned to test on certain chemical insecticides from different groups such as organophosphates, pyrethroids and Bioinsecticide. Among these compounds two were chemical insecticides (Propetamphos and Cypermethrin), while the third one is Bioinsecticide (Baciloid 5000: Bacillus thuringiensis) against Culex pipiens, the dominant mosquito species in Abha city. Taking LC50 values (concentration which to kill 50% of mosquito larvae) into consideration, mosquito larvae of CX. Pipes against Propetamphos was effective (LC50 0.0162 ppm) against the 3rd instar of the laboratory strain comparing with a field strain which was 0.0442 ppm. At LC90 level, data indicated that Propetamphos (LC90 0.8109 ppm) was effective insecticide against the 3rd instar larvae of laboratory strain, while against field strain gave (LC90 3.31 ppm). Similarly, the results clearly showed that Cypermethrin was also very effective insecticide (LC50 0.0132 ppm) against the adult females against laboratory strain, while against field strain Cypermethrin gave (LC50 0.1192 ppm). On the other hand, the residual activity of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis reached from 4 to 20 days of concentrations ranged between 0.001 to 100 p.m. in case laboratory strain, while reaching between 6-23 days of concentrations ranged between 0.001 to 100 p.m. in case field strain. Mortality percent was also found between 11.7 to 96.8% of concentrations ranged between 0.001 to 100 p.m. against laboratory strain in the 1st week, whereas ranged between 0.0 to 70.8% in the 2nd week against the same concentrations finally ranged between 0.0 to 12.7% in the 3rd week. Hence, the field collected larvae of Culex pipens were more susceptible and have prolonged residual effect as compared to laboratory reared.
Vector surveillance involves the ongoing collection, analysis, and dissemination of mosquito data to inform appropriate public health actions. The key objectives are to monitor mosquito populations and breeding sites to determine infection risk levels and recommend prevention/control measures. Common surveillance methods include adult mosquito collection, pupal surveys, larval surveys, and ovitrapping. Larval surveys inspect water containers to calculate larval indices like House Index, Container Index, and Breteau Index. Analysis of findings considers vector characteristics, community factors, and prioritizes areas for intervention and monitoring based on mosquito density levels. The information benefits various stakeholders for public health decision-making and research.
Relations between pathogens, hosts and environmentEFSA EU
Presentation of the EFSA's second scientific conference, held on 14-16 October 2015 in Milan, Italy.
DRIVERS FOR EMERGING ISSUES IN ANIMAL AND PLANT HEALTH
This project aimed to reduce mosquitoes and mosquito-borne diseases on a university campus using biological control methods. They established 49 bird and bat boxes and 25 mosquito-repellent planters around campus. In the first year, they fledged 45 birds and saw some bat activity. The second year saw more nesting birds and fledglings, but less bat activity likely due to a fungus disease impacting bat populations. The program was successful in reducing mosquitoes without using pesticides.
Pre-empting the emergence of zoonoses by understanding their socio-ecologyNaomi Marks
Keynote presentation by Dr Peter Daqszak, President, EcoHealth Alliance, at the One Health for the Real World: zoonoses, ecosystems and wellbeing symposium, London 17-18 March 2016
Social dimensions of zoonoses in interdisciplinary researchNaomi Marks
This document summarizes Dr. Hayley MacGregor's research on the social dimensions of zoonoses (diseases that can be transmitted between animals and humans) in emerging livestock systems. It discusses two key areas: 1) how cultural and social practices influence zoonotic risk, and 2) the relationship between humans and animals. For area 1, it describes how factors like intensification of production, supply chains, processing practices, markets and consumer demand can drive zoonotic risk. For area 2, it discusses how human-animal relations blur traditional categories, and how the health of humans and animals is interdependent.
This document discusses the ecology and control of mosquitoes. It notes that over 3,000 mosquito species exist worldwide and breed in various stagnant water sources. Mosquitoes can transmit diseases like malaria, dengue fever, and filariasis to humans and animals. Understanding mosquito ecology, including identifying breeding sites, is important for effective control strategies. Common control methods discussed are insecticide-treated bed nets, indoor residual spraying, larvicides, fish predators, and eliminating standing water where mosquitoes breed. Public education on mosquito biology and reducing contact is also key to controlling mosquito-borne diseases.
2 ijreh mar-2018-1-evaluation of some insecticidesAI Publications
The present study was planned to test on certain chemical insecticides from different groups such as organophosphates, pyrethroids and Bioinsecticide. Among these compounds two were chemical insecticides (Propetamphos and Cypermethrin), while the third one is Bioinsecticide (Baciloid 5000: Bacillus thuringiensis) against Culex pipiens, the dominant mosquito species in Abha city. Taking LC50 values (concentration which to kill 50% of mosquito larvae) into consideration, mosquito larvae of CX. Pipes against Propetamphos was effective (LC50 0.0162 ppm) against the 3rd instar of the laboratory strain comparing with a field strain which was 0.0442 ppm. At LC90 level, data indicated that Propetamphos (LC90 0.8109 ppm) was effective insecticide against the 3rd instar larvae of laboratory strain, while against field strain gave (LC90 3.31 ppm). Similarly, the results clearly showed that Cypermethrin was also very effective insecticide (LC50 0.0132 ppm) against the adult females against laboratory strain, while against field strain Cypermethrin gave (LC50 0.1192 ppm). On the other hand, the residual activity of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis reached from 4 to 20 days of concentrations ranged between 0.001 to 100 p.m. in case laboratory strain, while reaching between 6-23 days of concentrations ranged between 0.001 to 100 p.m. in case field strain. Mortality percent was also found between 11.7 to 96.8% of concentrations ranged between 0.001 to 100 p.m. against laboratory strain in the 1st week, whereas ranged between 0.0 to 70.8% in the 2nd week against the same concentrations finally ranged between 0.0 to 12.7% in the 3rd week. Hence, the field collected larvae of Culex pipens were more susceptible and have prolonged residual effect as compared to laboratory reared.
Vector surveillance involves the ongoing collection, analysis, and dissemination of mosquito data to inform appropriate public health actions. The key objectives are to monitor mosquito populations and breeding sites to determine infection risk levels and recommend prevention/control measures. Common surveillance methods include adult mosquito collection, pupal surveys, larval surveys, and ovitrapping. Larval surveys inspect water containers to calculate larval indices like House Index, Container Index, and Breteau Index. Analysis of findings considers vector characteristics, community factors, and prioritizes areas for intervention and monitoring based on mosquito density levels. The information benefits various stakeholders for public health decision-making and research.
Relations between pathogens, hosts and environmentEFSA EU
Presentation of the EFSA's second scientific conference, held on 14-16 October 2015 in Milan, Italy.
DRIVERS FOR EMERGING ISSUES IN ANIMAL AND PLANT HEALTH
This project aimed to reduce mosquitoes and mosquito-borne diseases on a university campus using biological control methods. They established 49 bird and bat boxes and 25 mosquito-repellent planters around campus. In the first year, they fledged 45 birds and saw some bat activity. The second year saw more nesting birds and fledglings, but less bat activity likely due to a fungus disease impacting bat populations. The program was successful in reducing mosquitoes without using pesticides.
Irrigation and the risk of Rift Valley fever transmission - a case study from...Naomi Marks
Presentation by Dr Bernard Bett of the International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, at the One Health for the Real World: zoonoses, ecosystems and wellbeing symposium, London 17-18 March 2016
Ensuring successful introduction of Wolbachia in natural populations of Aedes...FGV Brazil
The control of the spread of dengue fever by introduction of the intracellular parasitic bacterium Wolbachia in populations of the vector Aedes aegypti, is presently one of the most promising tools for eliminating dengue, in the absence of an efficient vaccine. The success of this operation requires locally careful planning to determine the adequate number of individuals carrying the wolbachia parasite that need to be introduced into the natural population. The introduced mosquitoes are expected to eventually replace the Wolbachia-free population and guarantee permanent protection against the transmission of dengue to human. In this study, we propose and analyze a model describing the fundamental aspects of the competition between mosquitoes carrying Wolbachia and mosquitoes free of the parasite. We then use feedback control techniques to devise an introduction protocol which is proved to guarantee that the population converges to a stable equilibrium where the totality of mosquitoes carry Wolbachia.
Date: 2015-03-19
Authors:
Bliman, Pierre-Alexandre
Soledad Aronna, Maria
Coelho, Flávio Codeço
Silva, Moacyr da
This document summarizes a study that used statistical modeling to determine the influence of temperature and rainfall on malaria incidence in four provinces of Zambia from 2009 to 2012. The study found:
1) A strong positive association between malaria incidence and precipitation as well as minimum temperature.
2) The risk of malaria was 95% lower in Lusaka and 68% lower in the Western Province compared to Luapula Province. North-western Province did not vary significantly from Luapula Province.
3) The effects of geographical region are clearly demonstrated by the unique behavior and effects of minimum and maximum temperatures in the four provinces.
A mathematical model for Rift Valley fever transmission dynamicsNaomi Marks
Presentation by Dr Bernard Bett of the International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, at the One Health for the Real World: zoonoses, ecosystems and wellbeing symposium, London 17-18 March 2016
Environmental change and vector borne diseaseNik Ronaidi
This document discusses how environmental change can impact vector-borne diseases. It identifies several factors of global change like climate change, urbanization, and land use that can influence disease transmission by affecting vectors, pathogens, or human exposure and sensitivity. Changes in temperature and precipitation from climate change can expand vector habitat and accelerate pathogen development. The document also examines how these global changes have impacted diseases like dengue and filariasis in Malaysia through influences on vector ecology and human activities. Effective adaptation requires assessing a population's vulnerability, exposure, and sensitivity to design vector control and other management options.
Presentation by 3. Sabrina Vidaurri, MS, RS; Environmental Health Officer Supervisor, Rodent & Vector Program, Environmental Health Services Division, City of Austin/Travis County Health Department at Lost Creek Civic Organization general meeting on June 2, 2106.
This is an introduction to the agro-ecology of malaria, with specific focus on Uganda, presented Jan-28, 2013 at IFPRI to as a graduate colloquium for the South Dakota State University.
Horizon scanning for emergence of new viruses in animal and public healthEFSA EU
Presentation of the EFSA's second scientific conference, held on 14-16 October 2015 in Milan, Italy.
DRIVERS FOR EMERGING ISSUES IN ANIMAL AND PLANT HEALTH
This document discusses how human activity like deforestation, wildlife trafficking, and habitat destruction are increasing contact between humans and animal species, allowing viruses to jump between species and potentially cause pandemics. Experts warn that if this destruction of nature continues, even deadlier pandemics will emerge more frequently in the future. Implementing measures to reduce human interaction with wildlife through investments in monitoring wildlife trade and preventing deforestation could help avoid future pandemics at a relatively low cost compared to the massive economic impacts of pandemics like COVID-19. Urgent changes are needed in human relationships with nature to protect humanity from pandemics threatening its existence.
VI Convegno Nazionale della Ricerca nei Parchi e nei Giardini ZoologiciDalila Frasson
This document discusses conservation efforts for the endangered western chimpanzee subspecies in Sierra Leone through education. The Tacugama Chimpanzee Sanctuary has implemented a conservation education program including sensitization campaigns using materials like billboards, posters, radio spots, and house-to-house visits during the Ebola outbreak. A survey before the campaign found most people were unaware of chimpanzee conservation laws while attitudes towards chimpanzees were overwhelmingly negative. The goal of education is to increase awareness, promote positive attitudes, and encourage protective actions for chimpanzees and their habitat over the short, mid, and long term. Evaluation of the program's results requires monitoring changes in human behaviors and attitudes over time.
Professor Helen Roy of the Centre for Ecology & Hydrology presented at the Macroecology of Alien Species symposium in July 2017. The event was organised by the British Ecological Society.
Mosquitoes vectors of malaria and their controlnelson oru
Mosquitoes: introduction
There are about 3000 species of mosquito, of which about 100 are vectors of human diseases
Mosquitoes and ticks account for the majority of transmissions of the most important vector-borne diseases, although some close relatives of mosquitoes also get involved, including sand flies and black flies.
Mosquitoes: behavior
Female mosquitoes feed on animals and humans
Attracted by the body odours, carbon dioxide and heat emitted from the animal or person
Some species prefer biting at certain hours, for example at dusk and dawn or in the middle of the night
Feeding usually takes place during the night but daytime biting also occurs
Some species prefer to feed in forests, some outside of houses, others indoors.
Vector borne infectious diseases in the face of climate changeSEJOJO PHAAROE
To understand how climate might affect the incidence of vector-borne diseases, one must first examine the life cycles of the diseases and the environmental parameters associated with each stage
A vector-borne disease is one in which the pathogenic microorganism is transmitted from an infected individual to another individual by an arthropod or other agent, sometimes with other animals serving as intermediary hosts.
The transmission depends upon the attributes and requirements of at least three different living organisms:
- the pathologic agent,
-the vector, and the human host.
intermediary hosts such as domesticated and/or wild animals often serve as a reservoir for the pathogen until susceptible human populations are exposed
We recommend proactive planning
more surveillance of direct impacts, such as changes in the reproduction rate of the vector or the agent, the biting frequency of the vector, and the amount of time the host is exposed to the vector due to changes in temperature, rainfall, humidity, or storm patterns.
Even less information is available to evaluate the impacts of societal and individual activities on the transmission of vector-borne diseases.
Changes in hydrology, agriculture, forestry, and infrastructure in response to global warming may also indirectly affect the interrelationship among the disease agent, vectors, and hosts
This document is a manual published by the World Health Organization in 1997 on vector control methods for use by individuals and communities. It contains 10 chapters that describe the biology, public health importance, and control measures for various disease vectors, including mosquitoes, tsetse flies, triatomine bugs, fleas, lice, ticks, mites, cockroaches, houseflies, freshwater snails, and cyclops. For each vector, the manual provides details on its life cycle, disease transmission, and recommends methods for personal protection as well as community-based control strategies.
People, animals, plants, pests and pathogens: connections matterEFSA EU
Presentation of the EFSA's second scientific conference, held on 14-16 October 2015 in Milan, Italy.
DRIVERS FOR EMERGING ISSUES IN ANIMAL AND PLANT HEALTH
Tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It has infected humans for hundreds of thousands of years and was a major cause of death in the 18th-19th centuries. While vaccines and drugs were developed in the early 20th century, cases began rising again in the 1980s due to factors like HIV/AIDS and immigration from high prevalence countries. M. tuberculosis is spread through airborne droplets when infected people cough, sneeze or speak. It typically infects the lungs but can spread throughout the body. The bacterium is able to survive inside immune cells called macrophages. A proper immune response is needed to contain the infection, involving the activation of macrophages and formation of granulomas. Def
This document provides an overview of vector control in humanitarian emergencies. It describes the public health importance of vector-borne diseases among displaced populations, characterizes common disease vectors such as mosquitoes and flies, and defines approaches for developing context-appropriate vector control strategies. The document focuses on controlling vectors through methods like indoor residual spraying and larviciding, as well as safely monitoring vector control programs.
Entomological and parasitological indices of malaria transmission in minna ni...Chidiebere Otuu
This study evaluated the entomological and parasitological indices of malaria transmission in two communities, Mekunkele and Gidan Kwano, in Minna, Nigeria. Mosquitoes were collected using pyrethrum spray catches and dissected to determine species, parity rates, and sporozoite rates. A total of 867 mosquitoes were collected, with 62.51% being Anopheles mosquitoes. The female Anopheles mosquito samples had a 55.26% sporozoite and parity rate. Blood samples from 425 individuals were also examined, with 65.20% testing positive for malaria parasites. The results provide baseline data on the transmission of malaria in these communities to help design effective control
Entomological and parasitological indices of malaria transmission in minna ni...Chidiebere Otuu
This study evaluated the entomological and parasitological indices of malaria transmission in two communities, Mekunkele and Gidan Kwano, in Minna, Nigeria. Mosquitoes were collected using pyrethrum spray catches and dissected to determine species, parity rates, and sporozoite rates. A total of 867 mosquitoes were collected, with 62.51% being Anopheles mosquitoes. The female Anopheles mosquito samples had a 55.26% sporozoite and parity rate. Blood samples from 425 individuals were also examined, with 65.20% testing positive for malaria parasites. The results provide baseline data on the transmission of malaria in these communities to help design effective control
Irrigation and the risk of Rift Valley fever transmission - a case study from...Naomi Marks
Presentation by Dr Bernard Bett of the International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, at the One Health for the Real World: zoonoses, ecosystems and wellbeing symposium, London 17-18 March 2016
Ensuring successful introduction of Wolbachia in natural populations of Aedes...FGV Brazil
The control of the spread of dengue fever by introduction of the intracellular parasitic bacterium Wolbachia in populations of the vector Aedes aegypti, is presently one of the most promising tools for eliminating dengue, in the absence of an efficient vaccine. The success of this operation requires locally careful planning to determine the adequate number of individuals carrying the wolbachia parasite that need to be introduced into the natural population. The introduced mosquitoes are expected to eventually replace the Wolbachia-free population and guarantee permanent protection against the transmission of dengue to human. In this study, we propose and analyze a model describing the fundamental aspects of the competition between mosquitoes carrying Wolbachia and mosquitoes free of the parasite. We then use feedback control techniques to devise an introduction protocol which is proved to guarantee that the population converges to a stable equilibrium where the totality of mosquitoes carry Wolbachia.
Date: 2015-03-19
Authors:
Bliman, Pierre-Alexandre
Soledad Aronna, Maria
Coelho, Flávio Codeço
Silva, Moacyr da
This document summarizes a study that used statistical modeling to determine the influence of temperature and rainfall on malaria incidence in four provinces of Zambia from 2009 to 2012. The study found:
1) A strong positive association between malaria incidence and precipitation as well as minimum temperature.
2) The risk of malaria was 95% lower in Lusaka and 68% lower in the Western Province compared to Luapula Province. North-western Province did not vary significantly from Luapula Province.
3) The effects of geographical region are clearly demonstrated by the unique behavior and effects of minimum and maximum temperatures in the four provinces.
A mathematical model for Rift Valley fever transmission dynamicsNaomi Marks
Presentation by Dr Bernard Bett of the International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, at the One Health for the Real World: zoonoses, ecosystems and wellbeing symposium, London 17-18 March 2016
Environmental change and vector borne diseaseNik Ronaidi
This document discusses how environmental change can impact vector-borne diseases. It identifies several factors of global change like climate change, urbanization, and land use that can influence disease transmission by affecting vectors, pathogens, or human exposure and sensitivity. Changes in temperature and precipitation from climate change can expand vector habitat and accelerate pathogen development. The document also examines how these global changes have impacted diseases like dengue and filariasis in Malaysia through influences on vector ecology and human activities. Effective adaptation requires assessing a population's vulnerability, exposure, and sensitivity to design vector control and other management options.
Presentation by 3. Sabrina Vidaurri, MS, RS; Environmental Health Officer Supervisor, Rodent & Vector Program, Environmental Health Services Division, City of Austin/Travis County Health Department at Lost Creek Civic Organization general meeting on June 2, 2106.
This is an introduction to the agro-ecology of malaria, with specific focus on Uganda, presented Jan-28, 2013 at IFPRI to as a graduate colloquium for the South Dakota State University.
Horizon scanning for emergence of new viruses in animal and public healthEFSA EU
Presentation of the EFSA's second scientific conference, held on 14-16 October 2015 in Milan, Italy.
DRIVERS FOR EMERGING ISSUES IN ANIMAL AND PLANT HEALTH
This document discusses how human activity like deforestation, wildlife trafficking, and habitat destruction are increasing contact between humans and animal species, allowing viruses to jump between species and potentially cause pandemics. Experts warn that if this destruction of nature continues, even deadlier pandemics will emerge more frequently in the future. Implementing measures to reduce human interaction with wildlife through investments in monitoring wildlife trade and preventing deforestation could help avoid future pandemics at a relatively low cost compared to the massive economic impacts of pandemics like COVID-19. Urgent changes are needed in human relationships with nature to protect humanity from pandemics threatening its existence.
VI Convegno Nazionale della Ricerca nei Parchi e nei Giardini ZoologiciDalila Frasson
This document discusses conservation efforts for the endangered western chimpanzee subspecies in Sierra Leone through education. The Tacugama Chimpanzee Sanctuary has implemented a conservation education program including sensitization campaigns using materials like billboards, posters, radio spots, and house-to-house visits during the Ebola outbreak. A survey before the campaign found most people were unaware of chimpanzee conservation laws while attitudes towards chimpanzees were overwhelmingly negative. The goal of education is to increase awareness, promote positive attitudes, and encourage protective actions for chimpanzees and their habitat over the short, mid, and long term. Evaluation of the program's results requires monitoring changes in human behaviors and attitudes over time.
Professor Helen Roy of the Centre for Ecology & Hydrology presented at the Macroecology of Alien Species symposium in July 2017. The event was organised by the British Ecological Society.
Mosquitoes vectors of malaria and their controlnelson oru
Mosquitoes: introduction
There are about 3000 species of mosquito, of which about 100 are vectors of human diseases
Mosquitoes and ticks account for the majority of transmissions of the most important vector-borne diseases, although some close relatives of mosquitoes also get involved, including sand flies and black flies.
Mosquitoes: behavior
Female mosquitoes feed on animals and humans
Attracted by the body odours, carbon dioxide and heat emitted from the animal or person
Some species prefer biting at certain hours, for example at dusk and dawn or in the middle of the night
Feeding usually takes place during the night but daytime biting also occurs
Some species prefer to feed in forests, some outside of houses, others indoors.
Vector borne infectious diseases in the face of climate changeSEJOJO PHAAROE
To understand how climate might affect the incidence of vector-borne diseases, one must first examine the life cycles of the diseases and the environmental parameters associated with each stage
A vector-borne disease is one in which the pathogenic microorganism is transmitted from an infected individual to another individual by an arthropod or other agent, sometimes with other animals serving as intermediary hosts.
The transmission depends upon the attributes and requirements of at least three different living organisms:
- the pathologic agent,
-the vector, and the human host.
intermediary hosts such as domesticated and/or wild animals often serve as a reservoir for the pathogen until susceptible human populations are exposed
We recommend proactive planning
more surveillance of direct impacts, such as changes in the reproduction rate of the vector or the agent, the biting frequency of the vector, and the amount of time the host is exposed to the vector due to changes in temperature, rainfall, humidity, or storm patterns.
Even less information is available to evaluate the impacts of societal and individual activities on the transmission of vector-borne diseases.
Changes in hydrology, agriculture, forestry, and infrastructure in response to global warming may also indirectly affect the interrelationship among the disease agent, vectors, and hosts
This document is a manual published by the World Health Organization in 1997 on vector control methods for use by individuals and communities. It contains 10 chapters that describe the biology, public health importance, and control measures for various disease vectors, including mosquitoes, tsetse flies, triatomine bugs, fleas, lice, ticks, mites, cockroaches, houseflies, freshwater snails, and cyclops. For each vector, the manual provides details on its life cycle, disease transmission, and recommends methods for personal protection as well as community-based control strategies.
People, animals, plants, pests and pathogens: connections matterEFSA EU
Presentation of the EFSA's second scientific conference, held on 14-16 October 2015 in Milan, Italy.
DRIVERS FOR EMERGING ISSUES IN ANIMAL AND PLANT HEALTH
Tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It has infected humans for hundreds of thousands of years and was a major cause of death in the 18th-19th centuries. While vaccines and drugs were developed in the early 20th century, cases began rising again in the 1980s due to factors like HIV/AIDS and immigration from high prevalence countries. M. tuberculosis is spread through airborne droplets when infected people cough, sneeze or speak. It typically infects the lungs but can spread throughout the body. The bacterium is able to survive inside immune cells called macrophages. A proper immune response is needed to contain the infection, involving the activation of macrophages and formation of granulomas. Def
This document provides an overview of vector control in humanitarian emergencies. It describes the public health importance of vector-borne diseases among displaced populations, characterizes common disease vectors such as mosquitoes and flies, and defines approaches for developing context-appropriate vector control strategies. The document focuses on controlling vectors through methods like indoor residual spraying and larviciding, as well as safely monitoring vector control programs.
Entomological and parasitological indices of malaria transmission in minna ni...Chidiebere Otuu
This study evaluated the entomological and parasitological indices of malaria transmission in two communities, Mekunkele and Gidan Kwano, in Minna, Nigeria. Mosquitoes were collected using pyrethrum spray catches and dissected to determine species, parity rates, and sporozoite rates. A total of 867 mosquitoes were collected, with 62.51% being Anopheles mosquitoes. The female Anopheles mosquito samples had a 55.26% sporozoite and parity rate. Blood samples from 425 individuals were also examined, with 65.20% testing positive for malaria parasites. The results provide baseline data on the transmission of malaria in these communities to help design effective control
Entomological and parasitological indices of malaria transmission in minna ni...Chidiebere Otuu
This study evaluated the entomological and parasitological indices of malaria transmission in two communities, Mekunkele and Gidan Kwano, in Minna, Nigeria. Mosquitoes were collected using pyrethrum spray catches and dissected to determine species, parity rates, and sporozoite rates. A total of 867 mosquitoes were collected, with 62.51% being Anopheles mosquitoes. The female Anopheles mosquito samples had a 55.26% sporozoite and parity rate. Blood samples from 425 individuals were also examined, with 65.20% testing positive for malaria parasites. The results provide baseline data on the transmission of malaria in these communities to help design effective control
Malaria Control & the RTS,S Vaccine-under-trial: Matters Arising by Dr. IdokokoAbraham Idokoko
The document discusses malaria control and the RTS,S vaccine currently under trial. It provides an overview of the global malaria situation, the situation in sub-Saharan Africa and Nigeria specifically. It outlines the key components of malaria control including case management, vector control methods, and monitoring and evaluation. Progress made in malaria control from 2000-2011 is highlighted, along with current challenges such as funding shortages and insecticide and drug resistance. The development of malaria vaccines including the RTS,S vaccine currently undergoing trials is also discussed.
Malaria Control Strategies among Rural Dwellers in a Typical Nigerian Settingasclepiuspdfs
Malaria is a major public health problem in sub-Saharan African, including Nigeria, causing 63% of total outpatient attendance in health facilities, 30% under-five mortality, and 11% of maternal mortality. Malaria control practices remain a major strategy in the combat of this menace. Therefore, the aim of this study is to determine the malaria control strategies utilized among rural dwellers in the Ezza North local government area (LGA) of Ebonyi state.
This document discusses a study that assessed the impact of mass drug administration (MDA) on the transmission of lymphatic filariasis in Tono Irrigation Area in Navrongo, Ghana. The study involved collecting and dissecting mosquitoes from two communities to determine infection levels. A total of 3,650 Anopheles mosquitoes and 386 Culex mosquitoes were collected and examined. Only 3 Anopheles mosquitoes were found to be infected with filarial parasites, but no infective L3 stage larvae were detected. This suggests that ongoing transmission of lymphatic filariasis had been interrupted in the study sites following over nine years of MDA, though continued surveillance is still needed.
Transmission heterogeneity has consequences on malaria vaccine researches - Conférence du 5e édition du Cours international « Atelier Paludisme » - Vincent ROBERT - Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement, Paris - v.robert@mnhn.fr
Statistical analysis on household factors influencing annual episodes of malariacimran15
Malaria is responsible for about 66 per cent of all clinic visits in Nigeria. It accounts for 25% of under-5 mortality, 30% childhood mortality and 11% maternal mortality. At least 50% of the population will have at least one episode of malaria annually. Moreover, environment dictates the incidence and prevalence of diseases all over the world and if timely action is not taken, it may lead to diseases. Three (3) out of six (6) major towns in Ido local government area are considered and accumulated one hundred and ninety one (191) individuals as respondents using haphazard non probability sampling technique for selection. The obtained data through questionnaire was presented on frequency table and charts while inferential statistics were analysed using dummy variables in regression. It was revealed that majority of the respondents suffered from one or more incidences of malaria in a year, where female had the higher percentage of the incidence and there was high incidence of malaria among the adult ages 30years and above. The qualitative predictor variable in regression analysis revealed significant relationship between annual episode of malaria and number of members of household, toilet type, absent ceiling, building type, disposable site and source of domestic water. The ANOVA, F – test was significant for all predicted factors. Conclusively, in the view of the discovery, it was therefore recommended that people need awareness on densely populated area / household are more prone to experience more episodes of malaria incidence than sparsely populated one, encouragement on utilization of closed domestic water system instead of open system to avoid reservoir for mosquito, enlightenment on type toilet used and avoid absence ceiling to prevent being a breeding site for mosquitoes, government to stage more campaign against malaria especially for adult not for children under 5year alone and create a task force officer/ sanitary inspectors to checkmate sanitation of our environment to avoid unkempt toilet habit which serves as breeding site for mosquitoes.
Malaria status & challenges of the epidemicGreenFacts
Malaria is one of the most common infectious diseases and a great public health problem worldwide. About one million people die each year from malaria, and half of the world's population lives in areas where there is a risk of getting the disease through the bites of infected mosquitoes.
What is being done to control the spread of malaria? Can the disease be eradicated?
Strategies for control and prevention of Malaria.pptxSalimAbubakar4
This document is a seminar paper on malaria written by Abubakar Musa Zumoni. It discusses the introduction, epidemiology, prevention, treatment, control measures, and conclusions regarding malaria. Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted via mosquito bites. It affects 300-500 million people annually, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, where it is a major cause of death. Prevention methods include insecticide treated nets, indoor residual spraying, and chemoprophylaxis. Treatment differs for uncomplicated and complicated cases, utilizing drugs like chloroquine, mefloquine, and quinine. Controlling mosquito breeding sites and biological controls can help prevent the spread of malaria.
Aniket Bide practice school presentation aniketbide
This document provides an overview of monkeypox, including:
1) It describes monkeypox as a rare viral disease caused by infection with the monkeypox virus, with symptoms similar to smallpox but typically milder.
2) Outbreaks of monkeypox have primarily occurred in central and western Africa, though some cases have been reported in other parts of the world through international travel or imported animals.
3) Transmission occurs through direct contact with infected animals like rodents or non-human primates, or close contact between humans.
4) Symptoms include fever, headache, rash, and lesions that may cover the entire body. Most cases resolve within a few weeks
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Uganda, a hotspot for neglected vector borne zoonoses.Presented at COVAB Make...Joseph Kungu
Tremendous success in control of vector borne infections like Trypanasomiasis was scored in the previous decades (20th century).
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This study investigated the status of insecticide resistance in malaria-endemic provinces of Afghanistan. Adult female mosquitoes collected from 5 provinces were tested for resistance to 4 classes of insecticides. Results showed emerging resistance to all insecticide classes in eastern and southern provinces. The dominant vectors Anopheles stephensi and Anopheles culicifacies showed resistance patterns. Genetic analysis of An. stephensi detected known kdr mutations, though other resistance mechanisms were also likely present. This study confirms the need for insecticide resistance monitoring to inform malaria control strategies in Afghanistan.
In a study of 17,035 malaria cases in Maira Surizai Payan District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan from May 2018 to April 2019, 7.83% (1,334) were Plasmodium vivax and 0% were Plasmodium falciparum, with no mixed infections. The highest rates occurred in August-October (11.8% of cases) due to the monsoon season. Rates were lowest in January-February (2.52%) when temperatures are cooler. Plasmodium vivax was the dominant malaria parasite present throughout the study period.
Rabies is a fatal viral disease spread through animal bites that kills over 50,000 people per year globally. While vaccination can prevent rabies in exposed people, there are currently no effective antiviral treatments for human rabies infections. This study evaluated two methods, cytopathic effect inhibition and MTT assay, for screening potential anti-rabies drugs in vitro, and found that only cytopathic effect inhibition was suitable for detecting antiviral activity against rabies in infected McCoy cells.
This document presents a mathematical model to eliminate malaria transmission by breaking the life cycle of Anopheles mosquitoes. The model introduces two natural enemies - copepods to prey on mosquito larvae and tadpoles to prey on pupae. Differential equations were derived to model the growth of each mosquito life stage from egg to adult when under attack by these predators. Stability analysis of the disease-free equilibrium was conducted using equilibrium points, Beltrami's conditions, and Diekmann's conditions. The results indicate that introducing copepods and tadpoles makes the disease-free equilibrium stable, meaning the mosquito life cycle would be broken and no adult mosquitoes emerge to transmit malaria.
Malaria is a protozoal disease transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes. In 2019, there were 229 million malaria cases and 409,000 deaths, mostly in sub-Saharan Africa. High-risk groups include young children, pregnant women, immigrants, international travelers, and those with HIV/AIDS. Malaria prevalence is higher among poor, rural, tribal, and forest-dwelling populations with limited healthcare access. Common vectors in India include An. culicifacies, An. stephensi, An. minimus, and An. epiroticus. Malaria is caused by Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae, and P. ovale and
The document discusses World Malaria Day and the theme of harnessing innovation to reduce the malaria disease burden. It provides definitions and descriptions of malaria, including that it is caused by Plasmodium parasites and transmitted via infected Anopheles mosquitoes. It discusses the history of malaria, magnitude of the problem globally and in India, epidemiological determinants like parasite species, life cycle, host and environmental factors. It also summarizes diagnosis, treatment approaches, and the role of nurses in prevention and control of malaria through activities like health education, testing, and treatment adherence support.
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Chemoecological Management of Malaria Mosquitoes
1. Chemoecological management of malaria mosquitoes
Rickard Ignell, PhD, Division of Chemical Ecology, Dpt of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish
University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU)
ABSTRACT
Globally, malaria annually affects about 300 million people and causes about one million deaths, mostly
among children in sub-Saharan Africa. In this region, the mosquito, Anopheles gambiae, is considered the
most efficient vector of malaria. Due to its socio-economical importance, several countries are implementing
vector control activities in an attempt to curtail the malaria epidemic. Vector control interventions, combining
insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) have suppressed An. gambiae
populations in some malaria-endemic areas in sub-Saharan Africa. However, in other areas, such as the
western part of Kenya, while the impact of ITNs and IRS on An. gambiae has been dramatic, these
intervention methods have had very little impact on the populations of An. arabiensis. There is growing
evidence that the void created by the low populations of An. gambiae is being filled by An. arabiensis since
current malaria infections in these areas are caused by the latter rather than the former species. The potential
for a similar pattern of malaria infection, with An. arabiensis as the principal malaria vector, in other parts of
Africa where the two malaria vectors co-occur after intervention with ITNs and IRS is very high.
A call has recently been issued for worldwide, integrated efforts to prevent further deterioration of the
malaria situation. One such effort focuses on the exploitation of the chemical ecology of Anopheles
mosquitoes to reduce the interactions with humans. In a recently initiated study we at SLU are trying to
develop a low-input bait technology for trapping and repelling An. arabiensis.
2. Chemoecological management of malaria mosquitoes
Rickard Ignell, PhD
Division of Chemical Ecology
Department of Plant Protection Biology
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU)
Production and Carbon Dynamics in Sustainable Agriculture and Forest Systems in Africa
Policy, Economics and Incentives Stockholm September 2010
3. Malaria is an Anopheles mosquito-borne disease caused by
four species of the parasitic protist genus Plasmodium
Anopheles gambiae Plasmodium falciparum attacking
human red blood cells
5. Global human toll of malaria – malaria cases
Between 350 million and 500 million episodes of clinical malaria occur each year
Worldmapper project
6. Global human toll of malaria - deaths
1-1.5 million people die each year, predominantly in sub-Saharan Africa
Worldmapper project
7. In sub-Saharan Africa, malaria is one of the major causes of death of
children under the age five, accounting for nearly 1 death in 5
UNICEF, WHO 2005
Distribution of deaths among children under age five
by cause, global and sub-Saharan Africa, 2000–2003
8. Global human toll of malaria - poverty
Worldmapper project
“Malaria is both a root cause and a consequence of poverty. Malaria is most intractable for
the poorest countries and communities in the world that face a vicious cycle of poverty
and ill health”. The Earth Institute
9. Global human toll of malaria – gross domestic product
Worldmapper project
Malaria can decrease GDP by 1.3% in countries with high disease rates
10. Tabachnick, W. J. J Exp Biol 2010;213:946-954
The vector-borne disease episystem illustrating interactions between
selected environmental factors with effects on the vector--pathogen--
host epidemiologic cycle
11. In Africa, malaria is predominantly a rural disease where agriculture
forms the backbone of the economy
12. 0 20 40 60 80 100
0 1 2 3 4
Flooding rice irrigation
Non-flooding rice irrigation
Wet savannah
Sugarcane
Dry savannah
Various agro-ecosystems and crop production systems have an impact
on mosquito productivity, and malaria transmission intensity.
% of mosquitoes
Plasmodium sporozite rate (%)
Mboera et al (2010) Geospatial Health 4(2), 2010, pp. 167-178
Mvomero district, Tanzania
13. Changes in agro-ecosystems and crop production systems may affect
malaria transmission.
Kebede et al (2005) Am J Trop Med Hyg 73(4): 676–680
Bure
Malaria incidence rate/10.000 person-years
Maizecultivationintensity
0 100 200 300
High
Medium
Low
14. Indoor residual spraying (IRS)
Insecticide treated mosquito nets (ITNs)
Vector control of malaria is the primary public health intervention for
reducing malaria transmission at the community level
Other methods
15. Griffin et al (2010) Plos Medicine 7:e1000324
Interventions have resulted in major reductions in malaria transmission,
and provided an efficient control of endophilic Anopheles mosquitoes
16. 0 10 20 30 40 50
Permethrin
Deltamethrin
Lambda-cyhalothrin
Bendiocarb
DDT
Malathion
Insecticide resistance (%)
Cuamba et al (2010) Plos ONE 5: e11010
High levels of insecticide resistance in Anopheles mosquitoes has been
observed in several regions of Africa
Chokwe District, Mozambique
17. Focuses on “…exploitation of the behavior and general
ecology of the mosquitoes to reduce contact with human
hosts…”
What it all comes down to:
C = Vectorial capacity, the number of infective bites received daily by a single host; m = Density of vectors in relation to
density of hosts; a = Proportion of vectors feeding on a host divided by the length of gonotrophic cycle in days; V = Vector
competence; P = Daily survival of vectors; n = Extrinsic incubation period
ma2VPn
-logeP
C =
WHO’s call for worldwide integrated efforts to prevent further
deterioration of the malaria situation
19. Curtesy of Prof. Laurence Zwiebel
Chemical cues play a significant role for mosquito behavior
20. Oviposition attractants Larval attractants
Host attractants
Main aim: identification of novel attractants that may be used in
integrated vector management of Anopheles mosquitoes
22. What we have achieved so far
• Improved efficacy of existing ’general’ mosquito lure
• Novel identicatication of attractants for
Culex quinquefasciatus, the major vector
of human filiariasis in Africa
• Identification of the first oviposition
attractant of Anopheles mosquitoes
24. SLU
Richard Hopkins
Teun Dekker
Sharon Hill
Bonaventure Aman
Marcelo Lorenzo
Majid Ghaninia
Siju Purayil
Shahid Majeed
Acknowledgement:
Carl Tryggers Stiftelse för Vetenskaplig Forskning