The document discusses Rift Valley Fever virus, including its diagnosis and vaccines. It provides information on the virus structure and proteins. It then summarizes methods for laboratory diagnosis of Rift Valley Fever during outbreaks and for surveillance. Finally, it reviews currently available and experimental vaccines for Rift Valley Fever, discussing their advantages and disadvantages.
Rabies is a fatal viral disease that affects the central nervous system of humans and other mammals. It is transmitted primarily through bites from rabid animals. Common symptoms in humans include anxiety, confusion, and difficulty swallowing. While vaccination can prevent rabies in exposed individuals, it is usually fatal once symptoms appear. Control methods focus on vaccinating domestic animals and managing wild animal populations through oral vaccines.
Framework for assessing the economic costs and burdens of zoonotic diseaseILRI
Presented by Alexandra Shaw, Ian Scoones, Melissa Leach, Francis Wanyoike and Delia Grace at the EcoHealth 2014 conference, Montreal, Canada, 11-14 August 2014.
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) Globally and in India.pptxBhoj Raj Singh
LSD has emerged as a dairy industry devastating disease in India in the last four years. First noticed in Orrisa and is now present all over India. Recurring outbreaks are now noticed in Rajasthan, Uttarakhand and other states indicating that the disease is becoming endemic in India.
This document discusses zoonoses, which are diseases that can be transmitted between animals and humans. It defines zoonoses according to the WHO and notes that over 60% of known human pathogens are zoonotic. The document then provides a brief history of zoonoses and examples throughout time. It also compares the impact of major zoonotic diseases like rabies to other leading causes of death globally. Different classifications of zoonoses are outlined. Factors that can lead to disease emergence are listed, and the roles of wildlife and bush meat in disease transmission are described. Important zoonotic diseases like brucellosis, anthrax, tuberculosis, leptospirosis, and plague are then summarized in terms of
Zoonoses (Greek “zoon” = animal) are the diseases or infections that are naturally transmissible from vertebrate animals to humans. This group of infections constitutes significant burdens on global public health. The World Health Organisation (WHO) estimates that 25% of the total 57 million annual deaths that occur globally are caused by microbes with a major proportion occurring in the developing world (Chugh, 2008). Of total identified 1,415 species of infectious organisms known to be pathogenic to humans (including 217 viruses and prions, 538 bacteria and rickettsia, 307 fungi, 66 protozoa and 287 helminths), zoonotic agents constitute 868 (61%), with humans serving as the primary reservoir for only 3% of them. Of the 175 diseases considered to be emerging, 132 (75%) are zoonotic in origin (Taylor et al., 2001). In low income countries, established and emerging zoonoses make up 26 % of the DALYs (Disability-adjusted life year) lost to infectious disease and 10 % of the total DALYs lost. In contrast, in high income countries it represent < 1 % of DALYs lost to infectious disease and only 0.02 % of the total disease burden (Grace et al., 2012).
Vectors are living organisms that can transmit infectious diseases between humans or from animals to humans. Vector-borne diseases are infections transmitted by the bite of infected arthropod species, such as mosquitoes, ticks, triatomine bugs, flies, fleas, sandflies, and blackflies (Confalonieri et al., 2007). Among these mosquitoes are the best known disease transmission vectors for many of the fatal and diseases of economic burden. Vector-borne diseases account for 17% of the estimated global burden of all infectious diseases (CDC, 2014). Every year > 1 billion people are infected and > 1 million people die from vector-borne diseases including malaria, dengue, schistosomiasis, leishmaniasis, yellow fever, lymphatic filariasis, Japanese encephalitis and onchocerciasis. One sixth of the illness and disability suffered worldwide is due to vector-borne diseases with more than half the world’s population currently estimated to be at risk of these diseases. Global trade, rapid international travel, unsustainable urbanization, environmental changes such as climate change and emerging insecticidal and drug resistances, are causing vectors and vector-borne diseases to spread beyond borders (WHO, 2014).
Foot and mouth disease preventive and epidemiological aspectsBhoj Raj Singh
FMD: Menace in India
Discusses problems of FMD Control in India like:
Lack of faith in farmers and veterinarians that FMD can be controlled with vaccination (due to repeated failure of vaccines in quality and vaccination failures resulting in FMD outbreaks).
Lack of infrastructure facilities for maintaining the cold chain and efficient transport to the vaccination site.
Lack of human resources for handling/ vaccinating livestock.
Needs for further researches on diagnosis (Pen-side), disinfection, vaccines and vaccination (affording at least a year immunity, quality vaccine etc.) and control strategies.
No-timely investigation or excessively delayed investigation of FMD outbreaks especially those occurring after vaccination.
Transparency in vaccine quality monitoring and vaccine purchases.
Fear in veterinarians for reporting FMD in their area of operation.
False statistics of the disease and vaccination.
No legal punitive action against suppliers of substandard FMD vaccines even after the supply of multiple substandard batches of vaccine.
Bovine tuberculosis epidemiology & control in indiaBhoj Raj Singh
Tuberculosis in India is in hyperendemic state both in human and animals. No DOTS can help in control of human tuberculosis unless tuberculosis is controlled in animals. Control of tuberculosis in animals is a far reacheachable dream in India and thus the Tuberculosis will persist in India till the dooms day.
Rabies is a fatal viral disease that affects the central nervous system of humans and other mammals. It is transmitted primarily through bites from rabid animals. Common symptoms in humans include anxiety, confusion, and difficulty swallowing. While vaccination can prevent rabies in exposed individuals, it is usually fatal once symptoms appear. Control methods focus on vaccinating domestic animals and managing wild animal populations through oral vaccines.
Framework for assessing the economic costs and burdens of zoonotic diseaseILRI
Presented by Alexandra Shaw, Ian Scoones, Melissa Leach, Francis Wanyoike and Delia Grace at the EcoHealth 2014 conference, Montreal, Canada, 11-14 August 2014.
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) Globally and in India.pptxBhoj Raj Singh
LSD has emerged as a dairy industry devastating disease in India in the last four years. First noticed in Orrisa and is now present all over India. Recurring outbreaks are now noticed in Rajasthan, Uttarakhand and other states indicating that the disease is becoming endemic in India.
This document discusses zoonoses, which are diseases that can be transmitted between animals and humans. It defines zoonoses according to the WHO and notes that over 60% of known human pathogens are zoonotic. The document then provides a brief history of zoonoses and examples throughout time. It also compares the impact of major zoonotic diseases like rabies to other leading causes of death globally. Different classifications of zoonoses are outlined. Factors that can lead to disease emergence are listed, and the roles of wildlife and bush meat in disease transmission are described. Important zoonotic diseases like brucellosis, anthrax, tuberculosis, leptospirosis, and plague are then summarized in terms of
Zoonoses (Greek “zoon” = animal) are the diseases or infections that are naturally transmissible from vertebrate animals to humans. This group of infections constitutes significant burdens on global public health. The World Health Organisation (WHO) estimates that 25% of the total 57 million annual deaths that occur globally are caused by microbes with a major proportion occurring in the developing world (Chugh, 2008). Of total identified 1,415 species of infectious organisms known to be pathogenic to humans (including 217 viruses and prions, 538 bacteria and rickettsia, 307 fungi, 66 protozoa and 287 helminths), zoonotic agents constitute 868 (61%), with humans serving as the primary reservoir for only 3% of them. Of the 175 diseases considered to be emerging, 132 (75%) are zoonotic in origin (Taylor et al., 2001). In low income countries, established and emerging zoonoses make up 26 % of the DALYs (Disability-adjusted life year) lost to infectious disease and 10 % of the total DALYs lost. In contrast, in high income countries it represent < 1 % of DALYs lost to infectious disease and only 0.02 % of the total disease burden (Grace et al., 2012).
Vectors are living organisms that can transmit infectious diseases between humans or from animals to humans. Vector-borne diseases are infections transmitted by the bite of infected arthropod species, such as mosquitoes, ticks, triatomine bugs, flies, fleas, sandflies, and blackflies (Confalonieri et al., 2007). Among these mosquitoes are the best known disease transmission vectors for many of the fatal and diseases of economic burden. Vector-borne diseases account for 17% of the estimated global burden of all infectious diseases (CDC, 2014). Every year > 1 billion people are infected and > 1 million people die from vector-borne diseases including malaria, dengue, schistosomiasis, leishmaniasis, yellow fever, lymphatic filariasis, Japanese encephalitis and onchocerciasis. One sixth of the illness and disability suffered worldwide is due to vector-borne diseases with more than half the world’s population currently estimated to be at risk of these diseases. Global trade, rapid international travel, unsustainable urbanization, environmental changes such as climate change and emerging insecticidal and drug resistances, are causing vectors and vector-borne diseases to spread beyond borders (WHO, 2014).
Foot and mouth disease preventive and epidemiological aspectsBhoj Raj Singh
FMD: Menace in India
Discusses problems of FMD Control in India like:
Lack of faith in farmers and veterinarians that FMD can be controlled with vaccination (due to repeated failure of vaccines in quality and vaccination failures resulting in FMD outbreaks).
Lack of infrastructure facilities for maintaining the cold chain and efficient transport to the vaccination site.
Lack of human resources for handling/ vaccinating livestock.
Needs for further researches on diagnosis (Pen-side), disinfection, vaccines and vaccination (affording at least a year immunity, quality vaccine etc.) and control strategies.
No-timely investigation or excessively delayed investigation of FMD outbreaks especially those occurring after vaccination.
Transparency in vaccine quality monitoring and vaccine purchases.
Fear in veterinarians for reporting FMD in their area of operation.
False statistics of the disease and vaccination.
No legal punitive action against suppliers of substandard FMD vaccines even after the supply of multiple substandard batches of vaccine.
Bovine tuberculosis epidemiology & control in indiaBhoj Raj Singh
Tuberculosis in India is in hyperendemic state both in human and animals. No DOTS can help in control of human tuberculosis unless tuberculosis is controlled in animals. Control of tuberculosis in animals is a far reacheachable dream in India and thus the Tuberculosis will persist in India till the dooms day.
Presentation by Delia Grace at the first United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Science-Policy Forum ahead of the Second Session of the United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA-2), Nairobi, Kenya, 20 May 2016.
This document discusses schistosomiasis, also known as bilharzia. It is caused by infection with Schistosoma blood flukes. There are over 200 million current cases globally, primarily in Africa, Asia, and South America. The parasite requires human and snail hosts to complete its lifecycle. Eggs released by adult flukes in the bloodstream cause tissue damage and an immune response, resulting in chronic symptoms. Clinical presentation depends on the infecting species and affected organ systems. Diagnosis is via egg detection in stool or urine, with antibody tests as a more sensitive option. Praziquantel is the treatment of choice.
This document discusses transboundary zoonotic diseases from an Indian perspective. It begins by defining transboundary zoonotic diseases and providing some examples. It then discusses several major disease outbreaks and pandemics that have impacted India and the world, including plague, cholera, avian influenza, Nipah virus, and SARS. It notes factors that have contributed to the emergence and spread of zoonotic diseases, such as population growth, increased trade and travel, agricultural intensification, and environmental changes. The document emphasizes that India's large population, biodiversity, agricultural sector, and trade relationships make it vulnerable to zoonotic diseases and their impacts.
Rift Valley fever is a viral zoonotic disease that infects animals and humans. It is caused by a virus from the Phlebovirus genus. The virus was first identified in Kenya in 1931 and outbreaks have since occurred in Africa and the Middle East. Mosquitoes transmit the virus between animals and humans. Most human cases are mild, but a small percentage develop severe disease affecting the eyes, brain or causing hemorrhagic fever. Diagnosis involves detecting antibodies or the virus. No specific treatment exists but supportive care is provided. Vaccines have been developed but are not widely available. Control relies on limiting animal movement, mosquito control, vaccination programs, and personal protection measures.
This document summarizes information about bovine tuberculosis, a zoonotic disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium bovis. It primarily affects cattle but can infect many other species. Humans can contract it through ingesting unpasteurized dairy or inhaling infected aerosols. Control relies on test and slaughter programs along with pasteurization. Outbreaks in wildlife pose challenges. While treatable in humans, it remains an occupational hazard for farmers and abattoir workers in areas where bovine tuberculosis is endemic.
Recent Advances in Diagnosis of Foot-and-Mouth DiseasePervaiz Dar
This document discusses recent advances in diagnosing foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). It covers the importance of timely FMD diagnosis, the diagnostic window period, and methods for clinical and laboratory diagnosis. Key laboratory diagnostic techniques discussed include virus detection methods like real-time PCR and sequencing to identify FMD virus serotypes and lineages. Rapid pen-side diagnostics using lateral flow devices, infrared thermography and portable PCR platforms are also summarized. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) provides a sensitive molecular diagnostic alternative in a portable, lab-on-card format. The conclusion calls for increasing molecular diagnostics in Kashmir to identify circulating strains and support vaccine selection and monitoring.
Rift Valley fever is an arthropod-borne viral disease that affects various mammals. It is characterized by abortions in pregnant animals and liver damage. The disease was first described in Kenya in 1931. It is endemic in many African and Middle Eastern countries. Transmission occurs via mosquito bites or contact with infected animal tissues. Symptoms in animals include fever, vomiting, and abortions. The virus can be diagnosed by isolating it from blood or tissues of infected hosts. Controlling mosquito populations and vaccinating susceptible animal species are important for prevention.
Fowl adenovirus: Using serology to control your flocksRafael Monleon
A presentation about Fowl Adenovirus in chickens. It provides insights on: etiology, pathology, monitoring and control among others.
Presented globally on September 9th 2014 via Watt Ag-Net Webinar by Dr. Rafael Monleon
Contact me in LinkedIn for any question: www.linkedin.com/rafaelmonleon
This document provides guidance on evaluating and managing acute febrile illness in returning travelers. It outlines:
1) Common causes of fever in returning travelers, including malaria, dengue, influenza, and enteric fever.
2) Recommendations for obtaining a thorough travel history, physical exam, and diagnostic testing based on the patient's symptoms, risk factors, and travel destinations.
3) Treatment guidelines for various infections based on disease severity and suspected pathogen.
One World - One Health presentation Katinka de Balogh FAOHarm Kiezebrink
During the FVE conference in Brussels on April 7, 2014, Katinka de Balogh, leader the global Veterinary Public Health activities of the FAO, presented the One-Health approach to highlight the importance of prevention, ensuring health and welfare of people and animals in a globalized environment:
• The benefit coming from the implementation of good health management in practice, both in terms of health and welfare, as well as, of financial sustainability
• The importance of coordinating actions in both sectors via a One-Health approach, with a particular focus on zoonotic diseases
• The role of the medical and veterinary profession in assuring these matters and educating the society
Katinka de Balogh is of Dutch and Hungarian origins and grew up in Latin-America. She studied veterinary medicine in Berlin and Munich and graduated and obtained her doctorate in tropical parasitology from the Tropical Institute of the University of Munich in 1984. In the late 80’s she had spent two years as a young professional at the Veterinary Public Health Unit of the World Health Organization (WHO) in Geneva. In 2002 she started working at the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) in Rome.
This document describes the morphological features of various non-bursate nematode parasites. It discusses the key characteristics of parasites from the orders Ascaridida, Rhabditida, Spirurida, and Dracunculoidea. For each genus and species, it provides details on the size, location in the host, sexual dimorphism, and distinguishing anatomical features like lips, esophagus, tail structure, and egg morphology. The summary focuses on the taxonomic classification and some defining parasitic traits of important non-bursate nematodes.
This document summarizes a lecture on tropical diseases given by Dr. Alexandre Naime Barbosa. It discusses several arboviruses including yellow fever, dengue, chikungunya, Zika, and their transmission cycles, geographical distribution, symptoms, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. The objectives of Dr. Barbosa's educational project are to provide training to health students and professionals, disseminate scientific knowledge to the public, and encourage scientific discussion.
This document discusses viral zoonotic diseases, with a focus on rabies. It defines zoonoses as diseases that can be transmitted between animals and humans. Rabies virus causes progressive infection of the central nervous system. Rabies occurs worldwide except Australia and Antarctica. Transmission is typically through bites from rabid animals, most commonly dogs. Symptoms in humans include pain at the bite site, hydrophobia, and paralysis. Laboratory diagnosis involves detecting the rabies virus or antibodies. Post-exposure prophylaxis includes wound cleansing, rabies immunoglobulin, and rabies vaccines. Prevention relies on surveillance, mass dog vaccination, population control, and public education.
Dr. James A. Roth - FMD Vaccination: Preparedness, Availability, and LimitationsJohn Blue
FMD Vaccination: Preparedness, Availability, and Limitations - James Roth, DVM, Director, Center for Food Security and Public Health and Executive Director, Institute for International Cooperation in Animal Biologics, Iowa State University, from the 2014 NIAA Annual Conference titled 'The Precautionary Principle: How Agriculture Will Thrive', March 31 - April 2, 2014, Omaha, NE, USA.
More presentations at http://www.trufflemedia.com/agmedia/conference/2014_niaa_how_animal_agriculture_will_thrive
This document discusses diseases that affect poultry. It describes ante mortem inspection procedures conducted on farms before birds are transported to slaughterhouses. Veterinarians examine flocks and issue certificates to determine if birds require special handling. The document outlines notifiable diseases according to OIE lists and details inspection procedures at slaughterhouses. It provides information on several bacterial, viral and parasitic diseases that impact poultry, including salmonellosis, fowl typhoid, tuberculosis, colibacillosis and mycoplasmosis. Zoonotic potential and meat condemnation policies are discussed for major diseases.
Feline vaccination is animal vaccination applied to cats. Vaccination plays a vital role in protecting cats from infectious diseases, some of which are potentially fatal. They can be exposed to these diseases from their environment, other pets, or even humans.
This document provides information on members of the Enterobacteriaceae family of bacteria. It discusses their characteristics such as being gram-negative rods that are facultative anaerobes and oxidase-negative. It describes diseases caused by different genera including gastrointestinal illnesses caused by E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, and Yersinia. It also discusses opportunistic infections caused by Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Klebsiella and others. Identification, serotyping, antibiotic resistance patterns of isolates from Libya, and control measures are summarized for key pathogens such as E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella.
Zoonoses, or diseases that can be transmitted between animals and humans, were discussed. Key points included:
- Over 250 known zoonotic diseases ranging from mild to fatal illnesses. Common zoonoses include salmonellosis, Lyme disease, and West Nile virus.
- Diseases are transmitted through various routes such as direct contact, bites, food/water, fomites, and vectors like fleas and ticks.
- At risk groups include those working with animals, in agriculture, recreationally exposed to wildlife, and travelers. Animal reservoirs include dogs, cats, food animals, birds, and wild rodents.
Candidate Vaccines to Manage Rift Valley FeverFAZDCenter
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a mosquito-borne disease that causes high abortion rates in livestock and severe illness in humans. The FAZD Center is evaluating four candidate animal vaccines for RVF developed at the University of Texas Medical Branch, with early results suggesting the vaccines produce protective antibodies. The FAZD Center will submit the most promising RVF vaccine candidate for virus challenge testing in 2010 to help provide a defense against this potentially catastrophic disease.
Rift Valley Fever is a viral disease that affects sheep, goats, cattle and humans. It is transmitted by mosquitoes and can cause high rates of abortion and death in young animals. In humans, it typically causes an influenza-like illness but can sometimes lead to more serious complications. The virus was first identified in Kenya in 1931 after an outbreak with many sheep abortions and sick or dead young lambs. Vaccination and vector control are important for controlling the spread of the disease.
Presentation by Delia Grace at the first United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Science-Policy Forum ahead of the Second Session of the United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA-2), Nairobi, Kenya, 20 May 2016.
This document discusses schistosomiasis, also known as bilharzia. It is caused by infection with Schistosoma blood flukes. There are over 200 million current cases globally, primarily in Africa, Asia, and South America. The parasite requires human and snail hosts to complete its lifecycle. Eggs released by adult flukes in the bloodstream cause tissue damage and an immune response, resulting in chronic symptoms. Clinical presentation depends on the infecting species and affected organ systems. Diagnosis is via egg detection in stool or urine, with antibody tests as a more sensitive option. Praziquantel is the treatment of choice.
This document discusses transboundary zoonotic diseases from an Indian perspective. It begins by defining transboundary zoonotic diseases and providing some examples. It then discusses several major disease outbreaks and pandemics that have impacted India and the world, including plague, cholera, avian influenza, Nipah virus, and SARS. It notes factors that have contributed to the emergence and spread of zoonotic diseases, such as population growth, increased trade and travel, agricultural intensification, and environmental changes. The document emphasizes that India's large population, biodiversity, agricultural sector, and trade relationships make it vulnerable to zoonotic diseases and their impacts.
Rift Valley fever is a viral zoonotic disease that infects animals and humans. It is caused by a virus from the Phlebovirus genus. The virus was first identified in Kenya in 1931 and outbreaks have since occurred in Africa and the Middle East. Mosquitoes transmit the virus between animals and humans. Most human cases are mild, but a small percentage develop severe disease affecting the eyes, brain or causing hemorrhagic fever. Diagnosis involves detecting antibodies or the virus. No specific treatment exists but supportive care is provided. Vaccines have been developed but are not widely available. Control relies on limiting animal movement, mosquito control, vaccination programs, and personal protection measures.
This document summarizes information about bovine tuberculosis, a zoonotic disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium bovis. It primarily affects cattle but can infect many other species. Humans can contract it through ingesting unpasteurized dairy or inhaling infected aerosols. Control relies on test and slaughter programs along with pasteurization. Outbreaks in wildlife pose challenges. While treatable in humans, it remains an occupational hazard for farmers and abattoir workers in areas where bovine tuberculosis is endemic.
Recent Advances in Diagnosis of Foot-and-Mouth DiseasePervaiz Dar
This document discusses recent advances in diagnosing foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). It covers the importance of timely FMD diagnosis, the diagnostic window period, and methods for clinical and laboratory diagnosis. Key laboratory diagnostic techniques discussed include virus detection methods like real-time PCR and sequencing to identify FMD virus serotypes and lineages. Rapid pen-side diagnostics using lateral flow devices, infrared thermography and portable PCR platforms are also summarized. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) provides a sensitive molecular diagnostic alternative in a portable, lab-on-card format. The conclusion calls for increasing molecular diagnostics in Kashmir to identify circulating strains and support vaccine selection and monitoring.
Rift Valley fever is an arthropod-borne viral disease that affects various mammals. It is characterized by abortions in pregnant animals and liver damage. The disease was first described in Kenya in 1931. It is endemic in many African and Middle Eastern countries. Transmission occurs via mosquito bites or contact with infected animal tissues. Symptoms in animals include fever, vomiting, and abortions. The virus can be diagnosed by isolating it from blood or tissues of infected hosts. Controlling mosquito populations and vaccinating susceptible animal species are important for prevention.
Fowl adenovirus: Using serology to control your flocksRafael Monleon
A presentation about Fowl Adenovirus in chickens. It provides insights on: etiology, pathology, monitoring and control among others.
Presented globally on September 9th 2014 via Watt Ag-Net Webinar by Dr. Rafael Monleon
Contact me in LinkedIn for any question: www.linkedin.com/rafaelmonleon
This document provides guidance on evaluating and managing acute febrile illness in returning travelers. It outlines:
1) Common causes of fever in returning travelers, including malaria, dengue, influenza, and enteric fever.
2) Recommendations for obtaining a thorough travel history, physical exam, and diagnostic testing based on the patient's symptoms, risk factors, and travel destinations.
3) Treatment guidelines for various infections based on disease severity and suspected pathogen.
One World - One Health presentation Katinka de Balogh FAOHarm Kiezebrink
During the FVE conference in Brussels on April 7, 2014, Katinka de Balogh, leader the global Veterinary Public Health activities of the FAO, presented the One-Health approach to highlight the importance of prevention, ensuring health and welfare of people and animals in a globalized environment:
• The benefit coming from the implementation of good health management in practice, both in terms of health and welfare, as well as, of financial sustainability
• The importance of coordinating actions in both sectors via a One-Health approach, with a particular focus on zoonotic diseases
• The role of the medical and veterinary profession in assuring these matters and educating the society
Katinka de Balogh is of Dutch and Hungarian origins and grew up in Latin-America. She studied veterinary medicine in Berlin and Munich and graduated and obtained her doctorate in tropical parasitology from the Tropical Institute of the University of Munich in 1984. In the late 80’s she had spent two years as a young professional at the Veterinary Public Health Unit of the World Health Organization (WHO) in Geneva. In 2002 she started working at the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) in Rome.
This document describes the morphological features of various non-bursate nematode parasites. It discusses the key characteristics of parasites from the orders Ascaridida, Rhabditida, Spirurida, and Dracunculoidea. For each genus and species, it provides details on the size, location in the host, sexual dimorphism, and distinguishing anatomical features like lips, esophagus, tail structure, and egg morphology. The summary focuses on the taxonomic classification and some defining parasitic traits of important non-bursate nematodes.
This document summarizes a lecture on tropical diseases given by Dr. Alexandre Naime Barbosa. It discusses several arboviruses including yellow fever, dengue, chikungunya, Zika, and their transmission cycles, geographical distribution, symptoms, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. The objectives of Dr. Barbosa's educational project are to provide training to health students and professionals, disseminate scientific knowledge to the public, and encourage scientific discussion.
This document discusses viral zoonotic diseases, with a focus on rabies. It defines zoonoses as diseases that can be transmitted between animals and humans. Rabies virus causes progressive infection of the central nervous system. Rabies occurs worldwide except Australia and Antarctica. Transmission is typically through bites from rabid animals, most commonly dogs. Symptoms in humans include pain at the bite site, hydrophobia, and paralysis. Laboratory diagnosis involves detecting the rabies virus or antibodies. Post-exposure prophylaxis includes wound cleansing, rabies immunoglobulin, and rabies vaccines. Prevention relies on surveillance, mass dog vaccination, population control, and public education.
Dr. James A. Roth - FMD Vaccination: Preparedness, Availability, and LimitationsJohn Blue
FMD Vaccination: Preparedness, Availability, and Limitations - James Roth, DVM, Director, Center for Food Security and Public Health and Executive Director, Institute for International Cooperation in Animal Biologics, Iowa State University, from the 2014 NIAA Annual Conference titled 'The Precautionary Principle: How Agriculture Will Thrive', March 31 - April 2, 2014, Omaha, NE, USA.
More presentations at http://www.trufflemedia.com/agmedia/conference/2014_niaa_how_animal_agriculture_will_thrive
This document discusses diseases that affect poultry. It describes ante mortem inspection procedures conducted on farms before birds are transported to slaughterhouses. Veterinarians examine flocks and issue certificates to determine if birds require special handling. The document outlines notifiable diseases according to OIE lists and details inspection procedures at slaughterhouses. It provides information on several bacterial, viral and parasitic diseases that impact poultry, including salmonellosis, fowl typhoid, tuberculosis, colibacillosis and mycoplasmosis. Zoonotic potential and meat condemnation policies are discussed for major diseases.
Feline vaccination is animal vaccination applied to cats. Vaccination plays a vital role in protecting cats from infectious diseases, some of which are potentially fatal. They can be exposed to these diseases from their environment, other pets, or even humans.
This document provides information on members of the Enterobacteriaceae family of bacteria. It discusses their characteristics such as being gram-negative rods that are facultative anaerobes and oxidase-negative. It describes diseases caused by different genera including gastrointestinal illnesses caused by E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, and Yersinia. It also discusses opportunistic infections caused by Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Klebsiella and others. Identification, serotyping, antibiotic resistance patterns of isolates from Libya, and control measures are summarized for key pathogens such as E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella.
Zoonoses, or diseases that can be transmitted between animals and humans, were discussed. Key points included:
- Over 250 known zoonotic diseases ranging from mild to fatal illnesses. Common zoonoses include salmonellosis, Lyme disease, and West Nile virus.
- Diseases are transmitted through various routes such as direct contact, bites, food/water, fomites, and vectors like fleas and ticks.
- At risk groups include those working with animals, in agriculture, recreationally exposed to wildlife, and travelers. Animal reservoirs include dogs, cats, food animals, birds, and wild rodents.
Candidate Vaccines to Manage Rift Valley FeverFAZDCenter
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a mosquito-borne disease that causes high abortion rates in livestock and severe illness in humans. The FAZD Center is evaluating four candidate animal vaccines for RVF developed at the University of Texas Medical Branch, with early results suggesting the vaccines produce protective antibodies. The FAZD Center will submit the most promising RVF vaccine candidate for virus challenge testing in 2010 to help provide a defense against this potentially catastrophic disease.
Rift Valley Fever is a viral disease that affects sheep, goats, cattle and humans. It is transmitted by mosquitoes and can cause high rates of abortion and death in young animals. In humans, it typically causes an influenza-like illness but can sometimes lead to more serious complications. The virus was first identified in Kenya in 1931 after an outbreak with many sheep abortions and sick or dead young lambs. Vaccination and vector control are important for controlling the spread of the disease.
A mathematical model for Rift Valley fever transmission dynamicsNaomi Marks
Presentation by Dr Bernard Bett of the International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, at the One Health for the Real World: zoonoses, ecosystems and wellbeing symposium, London 17-18 March 2016
Rift Valley fever is a viral zoonotic disease that primarily affects livestock in parts of Africa including Kenya, where it was first discovered. It is transmitted by mosquitoes and can spread from infected animals to humans via contact with blood or tissues. Rift Valley fever causes flu-like symptoms in most cases but can also result in more severe outcomes like eye disease, meningitis and hemorrhagic fever. Prevention involves vaccination of animals, limiting their movement during outbreaks, and protecting against mosquito bites.
Impact of Emerging Transboundary Diseases, using African Swine Fever in Ugand...SIANI
This study was presented during the conference “Production and Carbon Dynamics in Sustainable Agricultural and Forest Systems in Africa” held in September, 2010.
Using ecological niche modelling for mapping the risk of Rift Valley fever in...ILRI
Presented by PN Kiunga, PM Kitala, KA Kipronoh, G Mosomtai, J Kiplimo and B Bett at the Regional Conference on Zoonoses in Eastern Africa, Naivasha, Kenya, 9-12 March 2015.
Japanese encephalitis is a mosquito-borne viral infection of the central nervous system that is endemic in parts of Asia including Nepal. It is a leading cause of viral encephalitis and disability in Asia. The virus is maintained in a cycle between mosquitoes and amplifying hosts like pigs and birds. People in rural agricultural areas are most at risk. Symptoms include fever, headache and seizures, and it can cause long-term neurological effects or death. Prevention strategies include vaccination programs targeting children, mosquito control efforts, and controlling pig populations as they are an amplifying host.
Filariasis is caused by microscopic filarial worms transmitted through mosquito bites. The worms live and breed in the lymphatic vessels, causing swelling, pain, and permanent damage. Symptoms appear months after infection and include swelling of the limbs, breast, and genitals. Over a billion people are at risk of infection, with millions seriously affected across tropical regions of Africa, Asia, and the Pacific. Treatment involves medicines to kill the adult worms and prevent further spreading, but the effects of elephantiasis may be permanent. Prevention focuses on avoiding mosquito bites through protective clothing, nets, and repellents, as well as reducing mosquito habitats near homes.
The document provides information on the Ebola virus. It discusses that Ebola virus disease first appeared in 1976 in simultaneous outbreaks in Sudan and Zaire. It belongs to the filovirus family and species Zaire ebolavirus which caused the 2014 West African outbreak. The virus infects and kills its host efficiently by attacking the lymph nodes and bloodstream. While there is no proven cure, several vaccine candidates and antiviral treatments are being studied.
The document summarizes the 1969 outbreak of Lassa fever that originated in Nigeria. It describes how the American missionary nurse Laura Wine became the first known case and infected the nurse Charlotte Shaw who cared for her. Their deaths prompted an investigation that led to the discovery of the Lassa virus. The virus is endemic in West African countries and transmitted from rodents to humans. It can also spread between humans. The document provides details on the epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment of Lassa fever.
Japanese encephalitis is a mosquito-borne viral disease that is common in parts of Asia. It is transmitted to humans via bites from infected Culex mosquitoes. While most infections cause mild symptoms or no symptoms, approximately 1 in 250 infections result in encephalitis, which can be fatal in 30% of cases. Survivors often face permanent neurological impairments. Control efforts focus on vaccination programs and reducing mosquito populations in areas like rice paddies where they breed.
Marburg virus disease is a severe and often fatal hemorrhagic fever identified in 1967 after outbreaks in Germany and Yugoslavia from infected monkeys imported from Uganda. It causes sudden onset of high fever, severe headache, and malaise. Between 5-7 days, hemorrhagic manifestations and bleeding occur in severe cases, with fatality rates varying from 25% to over 80% depending on the outbreak. The virus is transmitted through contact with infected individuals or their bodily fluids and can be shed in semen for months. While its natural reservoir is unknown, bats have been suspected. There is no vaccine or specific treatment, though supportive care is provided for symptoms.
The document summarizes Nigeria's 2016 Lassa fever epidemic. It describes the epidemiology and transmission of Lassa virus, symptoms and treatment of Lassa fever, and the response efforts. Key points include: (1) Lassa fever is endemic in West Africa and causes annual outbreaks in Nigeria, with the multimammate mouse being the primary host; (2) person-to-person transmission can occur in hospitals lacking infection control; (3) the case fatality rate was 1% historically but rose to 34.31% in the 2016 Nigeria outbreak; (4) supportive care and ribavirin treatment improve survival rates.
coronavirus caused millions of deaths around the world recently .
not only knowing the structure of this virus matters but also the vaccines preventing its deadly effects is of importance .
in this power point which I prepared for my university advisor almost 1.5 year ago I mentioned all types of vaccines which then were approved or were on clinical trials.
Zika virus is a mosquito-borne flavivirus first isolated in Uganda in 1947. It causes mild fever and rash in most cases. From 2007-2016, Zika spread eastward across the Pacific Ocean to the Americas, leading to a major outbreak. The virus is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes and can also be sexually transmitted. While illness is usually mild, vertical transmission during pregnancy can cause fetal microcephaly and other birth defects. Currently there is no vaccine or antiviral treatment, so prevention focuses on reducing mosquito bites and sexual transmission.
Presentation by adrian hill [university of oxford]Pamoja
Malaria is a major global health problem, killing over 700,000 people annually. Developing an effective vaccine is challenging due to the parasite's complex life cycle and ability to evade the immune system. Current vaccine approaches include protein-adjuvant vaccines targeting specific stages, viral vectored vaccines to induce cellular immunity, and whole parasite vaccines. Significant progress has been made, but partial efficacy has required unprecedented immunogenicity. A multi-component vaccine targeting multiple stages may be needed for high efficacy.
Viral vaccines can be inactivated or live attenuated. Inactivated vaccines use killed whole viruses or purified components to stimulate immunity without risk of infection. Live attenuated vaccines mimic natural infection to induce both cellular and antibody immunity through mucosal routes. Examples include oral polio, MMR, varicella, yellow fever, and rotavirus vaccines. Newer approaches include DNA, RNA, viral vector, subunit, peptide, and virus-like particle vaccines. Passive immunization transfers purified antibodies from human or animal sources to provide short-term protection against specific viruses.
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2. Flanking regions of the VEGF gene were amplified from wild-type ORFV and cloned along with a synthetic promoter upstream of the antigen cassette. The antigen cassette will then be inserted between the flanking regions.
3. For AdV, the antigen cassette will be cloned into an expression vector and then subcloned into a transfer plasmid for insertion into the AdV genome.
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Gene therapy involves delivering genetic material to cells to alter their instructions for a therapeutic purpose. The first human gene therapy trial was conducted in 1990, though no gene therapy products are commercially available yet. Key goals for gene therapy strategies are to administer treatments easily, achieve long-term therapeutic effects from a single application, and target effects specifically to diseased cells with few side effects. Choosing the right viral vector depends on factors like the target cells and desired gene expression level and duration.
Viruses are the smallest infectious agents consisting of genetic material surrounded by a protein coat. They cannot reproduce on their own and must infect a host cell. There are DNA and RNA viruses that cause various diseases. Antiviral drugs target different stages of the viral life cycle, including entry, replication, assembly and release. Examples discussed include nucleoside/non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors for HIV, and amantadine/oseltamivir for influenza which interfere with viral uncoating and neuraminidase activity respectively. Interferons are endogenous proteins with broad-spectrum antiviral effects. Acyclovir targets herpes viruses by incorporating into viral DNA. Effective antiviral treatment requires combinations of drugs to prevent
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Rift Valley fever virus: Diagnosis and vaccines
1. Rift Valley Fever Virus: Diagnosis
and Vaccines
M. Kariuki Njenga, BVM, PhD
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Nairobi, Kenya
2. RVF Virology
RVF virions (Neg stain) Virions in hepatocytes
By Geisbert TW, USAMRIID, MD. G1,G2
vRNA
S 1690 nt
M 3885 nt
271 nt L 6404 nt
NP NSs untranslated
(245aa) (264aa)
[26 kDa] [17 kDa]
NSm G1 G2
(135 aa) (534aa) (507aa) RdRp
[14 kDa) [58 kDa] [56 kDa] (2092 aa)
[237 kDa]
NSm
NP Not essential for virus replication
Most abundant component of virion Shown to suppress virus-induced apoptosis in vitro
complexes vRNA in virion, cRNA in infection Other functions unknown
Needed for virus replication + packaging
recN ELISA good diagnostic tool G1, G2
NSs Envelope surface glycoproteins
Not essential for virus replication Integral membrane proteins
Blocks production of interferon in vitro Involved in virus attachment and tissue tropism
Essential for virulence Targets of neutralizing antibodies
4. Biosafety in diagnosis
There is no vaccination for humans
– Reduce the risks!
• Special caution when doing PM’s
• Inactivate the sample within the 1st step
• Handling of lab specimen (let serum clot....)
• Reduce pipetting and dilution steps
• Wash plates and equipment with caution
• Wear PPE
5. Laboratory Quality Assurance
Successful diagnosis depends largely on
the quality of the specimen and the transport
and storage conditions of the specimen before
it is processed in the laboratory
6. Strategies for diagnosis of RVF
Based on detection of:
Live virus
Viral antigens 1 – 10 days
Viral nucleic acids
Acute phase antibodies (IgM) 4 – 42 days
Chronic phase antibodies (IgG) 7 - ?days
7. Short viremia following RVF infection
• Data shows that 1010 RNA copies/mL of serum in
sheep and 108 copies/mL in cattle and humans
• At day 9 post-infection, calves no longer viremic,
and RVF virus can be isolated only from the brain.
8. RVF Diagnosis
during outbreak
post-outbreak
for routine surveillance*
for return to trade
sentinel animals
*For routine surveillance
- is the region endemic or RVF-free?
- has there been vaccination?
9. RVF Diagnosis (Endemic Region)
During outbreak and post-outbreak
- PCR, antigen and IgM
- Send samples for virus isolation
- IgG NOT useful
For returning to trade after outbreak
- PCR, antigen and IgM
- Send samples for virus isolation
- IgG NOT useful
10. RVF Diagnosis (Endemic Region)
For routine surveillance
- IgM, IgG for animals born in IEP
- Send samples for virus neutralization
For sentinel animals
- IgM, IgG
- Send samples for virus neutralization
11. RVF Diagnosis (RVF-free Region)
- IgG sufficient
- May do both IgM and IgG for confirmation
- Send samples for virus neutralization
12. Antibody profile in infected vs vaccinated
IgG IgM
Infected
Vaccinated
Paweska , J Virol Methods. 2003
14. Available test
Commercially:
– BDSL.....
inhibition ELISA for detecting IgG (in all species).
capture ELISA for IgM (in specified species, bov. capr. ovi)
indirect ELISA for IgG (anti-species conjugate)
Sandwich ELISA for IgG (in specified species, bov. capr. ovi)
Through research links
– CDC/USA (S. Nichol) - not available commercially
– USDA/USA (W. Wilson) – still undergoing validation
– NICD/RSA (J. Paweska) – most available through BDSL
15. RVF Vaccines: Situations and control
approaches
RVF Situation Examples of countries Current Control Strategy
Endemic with regular Kenya, Tanzania, Vaccination at sign of outbreak
outbreaks Egypt, Senegal, Mali Egypt: continuous vaccination
No vaccination
Endemic with sporadic/re- South Africa, Saudi Arabia Continuous/yearly vaccination
occuring outbreaks
Free high risk Middle East, North Africa (Active) surveillance
Free low risk Europe, Americas Surveillance, talks of vaccine
banks
Limited continuous vaccination of livestock in Africa:
• Cost of yearly vaccination
• Safety concerns: difficulties to determine physiological stages of pregnant animals
• Irregularity of outbreaks (years without signs of outbreak)
• Policy aspects: vaccination not always covered by government
Courtesy: Baptiste Dungu, GALVmed
16. Ideal RVF vaccine (Product profile)…
• Generic characteristics • Endemic regions
– Safety – Continuous vaccination: yearly
• Safe to produce vaccination of susceptible livestock
• Safe to all physiological stages of animals • Need to know how many vaccinations
• No residual virulence may be required to build a life long
• No risk of introduction into the environment (shedding, immunity
persistence in animals etc.)
• No risk of spread to human or other species
– Efficacy
• Solid protective immunity after 1
– Efficacy vaccination
• Protection of all susceptible species
• Quick onset of protective immunity, including in young
animals
• Long lasting immunity • Free regions
• STOP TRANSMISSION: prevent amplification of RVFV • Quick onset of protective immunity
in ruminants
• Protective in young animals and possibly
– Vaccination newborn naïve animals
• Cost effective for producers and users • Sterilizing immunity
• Single vaccination
• DIVA
• Ease of application
• Suitable for stockpiling (vaccine or antigen bank) and
quick availability
Courtesy: Baptiste Dungu, GALVmed
17. Vaccination strategies to be considered
Endemic regions Free regions/ Prevent epidemics
– Yearly vaccination – Elimination of possible source of re-infection
- Intermittent multiyear vaccination* – Use of non-replicating antigen vaccine
– Multivalent or combination vaccine, – Early and rapid onset of immunity, even in
consisting of RVF antigen & antigen of a young animals
vaccine likely to be used regularly
RVF+LSD; RVF+ s/g pox; RVF + CBPP DIVA
– Thermostability – Positive marker: export of animals from
– Use of sentinel animals: need for good endemic countries
diagnostics capability & effective – Negative marker: for detecting infection
– Role of veterinary services Possible suitable candidates:
Possible suitable candidates: – Replication deficient, deleted, marker vaccine
– Multivalents including a safe deleted
RVFV vaccine
Set up regional vaccine bank
- FAO/ NGO/Private company
- Need storage facility
Suitable vaccination strategies more critical than improved vaccines
Modified from: Baptiste Dungu, GALVmed
18. RVF traditional vaccines
VACCINE STRAIN ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Inactivated Pathogenic ● Safe in pregnant ● Short term immunity
(OBP, VSVRI) field strain animals ● Multiple vaccinations required
● Can be used in ● Risk of handling virulent strain during
outbreak production
● Colostral immunity present but poor
● Sheep better protected than cattle
● 100 x more antigen required than for
live attenuated
● Longer production lead time
Live Smithburn ● Highly immunogenic ● Potential residual virulence
Attenuated (OBP, ● Single dose ● Teratogenic for foetus
KEVEVAPI) ● Good immunity ● Potential risk of reversion to virulence
(within 21days) ● Not advisable for use in outbreaks
● Effective and easy ● Theoretical possibility of transmission
L production by mosquitoes (?)
● Safer production
● Large batches: >4m
S doses
Courtesy: Baptiste Dungu, GALVmed
19. New candidates evaluated in target animals
VACCINE STRAIN ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Live MP12 ● Effective and good protective ● Teratogenic for foetus
attenuated immunity ● Abortion in early pregnancy
● Easy and safe to produce ● Not available commercially
● Better safety than Smithburn in
most species and age groups
Avirulent Clone 13 ● Good protective immunity in ●Only registered to date in South
natural sheep & cattle Africa & Namibia
mutant ● Safe in pregnant animals ●large scale field data in other regions
● Safe in outbreak needed
● Produced as standard freeze- ●No evidence of DIVA to date
dried live vaccine
● Safe, effective and easy to
produce
● Possible DIVA (NSs ELISA?)
●Registered 7 used extensively in
South Africa
Recombinant LSD ● Dual vaccine ● Only proof of concept to date
Lumpy skin Neethling ● Safe in all animals ● Currently grown in primary cells
virus strain ● DIVA ● Possible GMO regulation challenge
expressing expressing ● Long shelf life (LSD) (?)
RVF RVF ● More thermo-tolerant than others
glycoproteins ● Efficacy shown in animal trials
20. RVFV clone 13 deletion
RNA segments Proteins
Nucleocapsid protein (N)
Large (L) Viral RNA polymerase (L)
Medium (M)
Small (S) Glycoprotein G1
Glycoprotein G2
NSm 14 & 78 KDa
NSs
100 nm
Courtesy: Baptiste Dungu, GALVmed
21. Clone 13 sheep efficacy data
Experiment 3: average temperature per group
post-challenge
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9 D10 D11 D12 D13 D14
3A Early Chall 3A Late Chall
3B Early Chall 3B Late Chall
3C Early Chall 3C Late Chall
Early Chall control Late Chall Control
Dungu et al., 2010
22. Clone 13 cattle efficacy data
Mean Body Temperature
41.5
Mean Body Temperature
41
Body Temp (Deg. C.)
for each group through the
viral challenge phase. DPC: 40.5
Days post-challenge. 40
39.5 Vaccinated Group
39 Control Group
38.5
38
37.5
37
0
3
6
9
-3
12
15
18
21
24
27
Days Post- challenge
Clinical course for the unvaccinated control group
Animal ID Peak Fever Day PC Duration of Euthanasia
fever
1367 41.2 3 8 days (2-9) 9
1402 41.4 2 1 day (2) 3
1404 41.0 2 7 days (2–8) 11
1405 41.3 2 1 day (2) 3
1406 40.4 2 3 days (2-4) 11
Dungu et al., In Submission
23. Candidates not evaluated in target animals
VACCINE STRAIN ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Avirulent (lab R566: deletion in ● Safer due to deletions in all 3 ● Never tested in target animals
generated) the M and S segments, may never reassort ● More stringent regulatory
reassortant segments ● Protection in mice requirements for registration (?)
Virus- Canarypox- ● DIVA: Positive & Negative ● No registered vaccine yet available
vectored RVF expressing RVF marker ● No large scale field data yet
vaccines proteins ● Live vaccine available, although extensive
● Replication deficient analytical data generated
Heterologous ● Multivalent: suitable where ●Data to date showing low
virus expressing annual vaccination is a challenge immunogenicity
GP: Newcastle ● Potential for improved
disease virus as thermostability
vector
Virus like VLP made of ● Potentially very safe ● No proof of concept in target
particle (VLP) envelop proteins ● Immunity similar to live vaccine, animals
(GP) but no replication ● Large scale production might be a
Naslund et al., ● DIVA challenge
2009
DNA DNA priming + ● DIVA ● Only incomplete protection
inact. Vaccine ● Potentially long lasting demonstrated in mice
Lorenzo et al., immunity ● Production challenges
2009 ● Ability to enhance and modulate ● Regulatory challenges (use in food
induced immunity animals)
cDNA encoding
GP
24. New Candidate…
VACCINE STRAIN ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Recombinant- ● Reverse genetic ● Less prone to reassortment ● Not yet registered
multiple generating RVF ● Live vaccine
deletion virus virus with double ● DIVA: negative marker
deletions in NSs &
● Easy and safe to produce
NSm
Bird et al., 2008 ●Target animal efficacy & safety
data generated
RNA segments Proteins
Nucleocapsid protein (N)
Large (L) Viral RNA polymerase (L)
Medium (M)
Small (S)
Glycoprotein G1
Glycoprotein G2
NSm 14 & 78 KDa
100 nm NSs
Courtesy: Baptiste Dungu, GALVmed