The document discusses sizing, which is the process of applying a protective coating to yarn surfaces to improve weaving efficiency. It defines sizing and describes why it is done for weaving. Various types of sizing are described, such as light, pure, medium and heavy sizing. Key factors to consider for size ingredients and properties of size ingredients are outlined. Common size ingredients for different fiber types like cotton, jute and polyester are listed. The functions of size ingredients and technological changes in yarn properties due to sizing are summarized. Different sizing faults and their causes are described. Finally, drying systems for sized yarn including cylinder drying are briefly discussed.
This document provides guidelines for sampling procedures when testing cotton fibers to determine their quality properties. It discusses:
- The need for representative sampling due to natural variations in fiber properties within and between cotton bales.
- Procedures for obtaining a gross sample by drawing tufts from 10 equally spaced layers across randomly selected bales based on the lot size.
- Reducing the gross sample size by spreading it out and randomly pulling tufts weighing about 4g from 25 sub-squares of a 1m x 1m area or 2g from 50 sub-squares of a 1m x 2m area.
- Further reducing the reduced sample into 25 or 50 approximately equal parts for fiber testing.
Warping is the process of combining yarns into a sheet known as a warped beam. The main objective is to produce a uniform warped beam from multiple cones or bobbins. A warping creel holds the yarn packages and maintains uniform tension. Common creel types include V-shaped, truck, magazine, duplicative, and automatic creels. Warping defects can occur if there are issues like overlapping ends, incorrect yarn counts or laying of lease cords. Productivity calculations consider factors like yarn speed, beam length, number of ends, and machine efficiency.
The document summarizes projectile weaving, which uses gripper projectiles to insert weft threads into warp threads. Key points:
- Projectile weaving machines were invented in 1924 and introduced commercially in 1953. They use small, bullet-like projectiles to insert weft threads at high speeds up to 1500 picks per minute.
- Projectile looms produce fabrics with good quality at high efficiency and low energy use. They can weave a wide variety of yarns from fine to coarse.
- The projectile is propelled through the warp shed using stored energy from a twisted metal torsion bar, allowing very high insertion speeds. It grips the weft securely and deposits it without
stiffness,Handle,Drape properties of fabric ,Fabric property TTQC-2AtiqFaysal
This presentation discusses the stiffness, handle, and drape properties of fabrics. It will cover stiffness and how it is tested using machines like the Shirley Stiffness tester. It will also discuss fabric handle properties, the factors that influence handle, and how to measure drape properties using a drape tester to determine the drape coefficient. Relevant apparatus and testing procedures will be explained.
This document compares ring spinning and rotor spinning methods of yarn formation. It discusses that rotor spinning is a more recent method that omits the step of forming a roving. In rotor spinning, fibers are fed into a rotary beater and deposited onto the sides of a rotating disc called a rotor, where they are twisted without requiring package rotation. Rotor spinning allows for higher twisting speeds with lower power usage compared to ring spinning. It provides characteristics like higher productivity, larger sliver/package sizes, less power consumption, and more automation/flexibility. The document provides details on the parts of a rotor spinning machine and compares various parameters of ring-spun and rotor-spun yarns.
Roving Frame is machine of Spinning section.
The roving frame is an intermediate engine between draw frame and ring frame. Main objective of this machine is to change sliver in to thinner sliver for the convenience of subsequent processes. The sliver we get from draw frame is still thicker sliver which is not good for yarn manufacture.
1. Dyeing polyester/cotton blend fabrics using reactive disperse dyes in supercritical carbon dioxide has several advantages over conventional dyeing methods.
2. Supercritical carbon dioxide acts as a solvent for the hydrophobic disperse dyes and allows for deep penetration and homogeneous dyeing of the polyester fibers.
3. The process is more environmentally friendly as supercritical carbon dioxide is non-toxic, non-flammable and can be recycled in a closed system without disposal issues.
This document provides guidelines for sampling procedures when testing cotton fibers to determine their quality properties. It discusses:
- The need for representative sampling due to natural variations in fiber properties within and between cotton bales.
- Procedures for obtaining a gross sample by drawing tufts from 10 equally spaced layers across randomly selected bales based on the lot size.
- Reducing the gross sample size by spreading it out and randomly pulling tufts weighing about 4g from 25 sub-squares of a 1m x 1m area or 2g from 50 sub-squares of a 1m x 2m area.
- Further reducing the reduced sample into 25 or 50 approximately equal parts for fiber testing.
Warping is the process of combining yarns into a sheet known as a warped beam. The main objective is to produce a uniform warped beam from multiple cones or bobbins. A warping creel holds the yarn packages and maintains uniform tension. Common creel types include V-shaped, truck, magazine, duplicative, and automatic creels. Warping defects can occur if there are issues like overlapping ends, incorrect yarn counts or laying of lease cords. Productivity calculations consider factors like yarn speed, beam length, number of ends, and machine efficiency.
The document summarizes projectile weaving, which uses gripper projectiles to insert weft threads into warp threads. Key points:
- Projectile weaving machines were invented in 1924 and introduced commercially in 1953. They use small, bullet-like projectiles to insert weft threads at high speeds up to 1500 picks per minute.
- Projectile looms produce fabrics with good quality at high efficiency and low energy use. They can weave a wide variety of yarns from fine to coarse.
- The projectile is propelled through the warp shed using stored energy from a twisted metal torsion bar, allowing very high insertion speeds. It grips the weft securely and deposits it without
stiffness,Handle,Drape properties of fabric ,Fabric property TTQC-2AtiqFaysal
This presentation discusses the stiffness, handle, and drape properties of fabrics. It will cover stiffness and how it is tested using machines like the Shirley Stiffness tester. It will also discuss fabric handle properties, the factors that influence handle, and how to measure drape properties using a drape tester to determine the drape coefficient. Relevant apparatus and testing procedures will be explained.
This document compares ring spinning and rotor spinning methods of yarn formation. It discusses that rotor spinning is a more recent method that omits the step of forming a roving. In rotor spinning, fibers are fed into a rotary beater and deposited onto the sides of a rotating disc called a rotor, where they are twisted without requiring package rotation. Rotor spinning allows for higher twisting speeds with lower power usage compared to ring spinning. It provides characteristics like higher productivity, larger sliver/package sizes, less power consumption, and more automation/flexibility. The document provides details on the parts of a rotor spinning machine and compares various parameters of ring-spun and rotor-spun yarns.
Roving Frame is machine of Spinning section.
The roving frame is an intermediate engine between draw frame and ring frame. Main objective of this machine is to change sliver in to thinner sliver for the convenience of subsequent processes. The sliver we get from draw frame is still thicker sliver which is not good for yarn manufacture.
1. Dyeing polyester/cotton blend fabrics using reactive disperse dyes in supercritical carbon dioxide has several advantages over conventional dyeing methods.
2. Supercritical carbon dioxide acts as a solvent for the hydrophobic disperse dyes and allows for deep penetration and homogeneous dyeing of the polyester fibers.
3. The process is more environmentally friendly as supercritical carbon dioxide is non-toxic, non-flammable and can be recycled in a closed system without disposal issues.
This document discusses drawbacks of conventional shuttle looms and advantages of shuttleless looms. Some key drawbacks of conventional looms include large shuttle mass wasting energy, unguided shuttle flight causing damage, and varying shuttle mass affecting weft tension. Shuttleless looms overcome these issues by separating weft storage from transport, allowing for smaller, lighterweight carriers and higher loom speeds with wider reeds for improved productivity and fabric quality. Functional principles of commercially successful shuttleless systems include using partially guided solid carriers or pressurized fluid jets to transport weft across the shed in a controlled manner.
Sizing is the process of applying an adhesive coating to yarn to prepare it for weaving. It increases the yarn's strength, smoothness, and ability to withstand abrasion. The key objectives of sizing are to improve weavability and maintain fabric quality. The sizing process involves applying a size recipe of materials like starch, binders, and lubricants to the yarn using a sizing machine. Factors like yarn count and size concentration affect the percentage of size taken up by the yarn. Common faults include uneven sizing or spots on the yarn. Proper sizing is important to increase efficiency and produce high quality fabrics.
The document discusses various textile finishing processes. It describes finishing as a process that improves the look, performance, hand and feel of textiles. Some key finishing processes covered include damping, drying methods like cylinder drying and stenter drying, calendaring, and crepe effects. It also discusses shrinkage prevention in cotton and different types of finishes like temporary, permanent and semi-permanent.
Filament-core yarns are produced to take advantage of both filament and staple fibre properties. They offer good strength and uniformity without sacrificing the staple fibre yarn-like surface characteristics. Core-spun yarns containing spandex provide fabric designers with broad possibilities, because such stretchable yarns can be constructed with a wide range of properties using virtually any type of hard fibres as the cover yarn. However, a disadvantage of the core yarns is that the staple fibre sheath may slip along the filament when being pulled to pass over or when being rubbed by machine parts during further mechanical processes. But it is very easy to produce core-spun yarn containing spandex in a conventional ring frame after doing some modification of the machine.
This document discusses shrinkage in fibers, yarns and fabrics. It defines shrinkage and explains that it occurs when fibers revert to their natural physical state after being stretched during processing like spinning and weaving. The factors that control shrinkage are discussed like fiber type, construction method, finishing processes and tension levels. The different types of shrinkage like relaxation, thermal, residual and progressive shrinkage are defined. Methods to reduce and control shrinkage are outlined like cylinder processing, chlorination, resin treatments, heat setting and sanforizing. The sanforizing process subjects fabrics to moisture and tension to pre-shrink them in a controlled manner. Testing methods to measure shrinkage are also summarized.
Method for measuring or investigation of fiber structureShawan Roy
This presentation discusses several methods for measuring fiber structure, including optical and X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy, electron microscopy, thermal analysis, and density measurements. It focuses on optical diffraction, X-ray diffraction, and electron diffraction techniques. These methods analyze fiber composition, length, thickness, and other properties by examining fiber diffraction patterns.
Textile sizing
The process of applying a protective adhesive coating upon the surface of the yarns is called sizing.
Starch, gelatine, oil, wax, and manufactured polymers such as polyvinyl alcohol, polystyrene, polyacrylic acid, and polyacetates are employed as size materials
Objects of Sizing
To protect the yarn from abrasion
To improve the breaking strength of the yarn
To increase smoothness of yarn
To increase yarn elasticity
To decrease hairiness
To decrease the generation of static electricity
this slide in mercerization is prepared in chemical processing in textile and it could help a lot of students or lecturers who might be looking for web handout, presentation or seminar. it is openly accessible for all.
Mercerization is a process that treats cotton fabrics with a cold sodium hydroxide solution. This treatment causes the cotton fibers to swell and gives the fabric an increased luster and strength. John Mercer discovered the process in 1844, though it did not become popular until H.A. Lowe improved it in 1890 by preventing shrinkage during treatment. The modern process involves bathing cotton thread in sodium hydroxide then neutralizing it with an acid. This increases the thread's luster, strength, dye affinity, and mildew resistance. Mercerization results in fiber swelling and morphology changes that allow for more dye absorption and a brighter colored fabric with better color retention after washing.
In weft knitting, the loops are formed across width of the fabric Each weft thread is fed , more or less at right angles to the direction in which the fabric is produced.Weft-knit fabrics may also be knit with multiple yarns, usually to produce interesting color patterns.
Yarn count expresses the coarseness or fineness of yarn and is measured using various systems. There are indirect and direct count systems, with indirect systems like cotton using length per unit weight and direct systems like jute using weight per unit length. Various instruments can measure count, including the quadrant balance for short lengths, warp reel and balance method for longer lengths, and Beesley's balance for small fabric samples. Count affects properties like thickness and strength and is an important consideration in textile manufacturing.
"Warping method in a Textile Weaving Technology"Md Abul Hossain
This document provides information about the warping process. It discusses direct warping, beam warping, pattern band or drum warping, and ball warping. It also describes the key elements of a warping machine including the creel, builder motion, guide reed, measuring motion, and knocking off motion. Overall, the document outlines the different types of warping and key components and procedures for setting up and operating a warping machine.
The document discusses the roving frame machine, which comes after the draw frame in the spinning process. The roving frame drafts sliver from draw frame cans into a thin roving strand and applies a light twist. It operates by drafting the sliver, guiding it through the flyer to apply twist, and winding the roved strand onto bobbins. While complicated, the roving frame produces packages of roving suitable for input to the ring frame. Efforts to eliminate this step have not succeeded due to the high drafts required in ring frames.
A comprehensive study on interlock circular knitting machine.Hasanuzzaman Hasan
This document presents a study on interlock circular knitting machines. It was submitted by 8 students to their lecturer at Southeast University. The study introduces interlock knit structures, which are produced using specialized circular machines. It describes the yarn path and knitting action. Key parts of the machine like the cylinder, dial, needles and gears are explained. An example calculation is provided to determine production output based on machine specifications like diameter, gauge and speed. The major findings are that interlock structures require two sets of needles and the machine uses pulleys, belts and gears to transfer motion to the cylinder and dial for knitting.
Before weaving, sizing of yarns are very important. During weaving the yarns experience heavy pressure, so in some cases, they may break. So sizing is necessary for improving the strength of yarns.
Sizing is the process of giving a protective coating on the warp yarn to minimize yarn breakage during weaving.
Sizing is the most important operation in preparing warp yarn for weaving especially with cotton yarn. The smallest error in sizing process may be very harmful. This may increase warp breakage rate on the looms and consequently reduce weaving production and quality. Therefore sizing is termed as the “Heart of Weaving”.
THIS COVERS HONEY COMB, BRIGHTON HONEY COMB, HUCK A BACK, DISTORTED THREAD EFFECT AND OTHER WEAVES.. IT IS VERY MUCH USEFUL TO TEXTILE DIPLOMA AND DEGREE STUDENTS
importance of fibre finess,influences of fibre finess ,effect on stiffness , effect on torsional rigidity, reflection of light , dye absoprtion, method of measurement ,gravimetric method, micronaire
The document provides information about sizing, which is the process of applying a gelatinous film to warp yarns before weaving. It discusses what sizing is, its objectives like increasing strength and smoothness, the types of sizing, common sizing faults, techniques like hot melting and solvent sizing, sizing machines, and main parts of a sizing machine like the creel, sizing box, drying cylinders, and beam. Sizing prepares warp yarns for weaving by strengthening them and making them smoother and more weavable. The document outlines the key components and processes involved in sizing warp yarns.
Seam for all (Textilel) anf allla him ahNahidAbrar
Sizing is the process of applying an adhesive coating to yarn surfaces. This increases yarn elasticity, strength, weight, smoothness and frictional resistance. Sizing improves weaveability, fabric quality by reducing hairiness and increasing strength and smoothness. Size ingredients include adhesives, lubricants, anti-mildew agents, hygroscopic agents and weighting agents. Sizing is classified as pure, light, medium or heavy based on the percentage of sizing applied. Different sizing techniques include hot melt, solvent, foam, high pressure, electrostatic, emulsion and combined sizing. The slasher sizing machine applies size using a size box, then dries and winds the yarn using
This document discusses drawbacks of conventional shuttle looms and advantages of shuttleless looms. Some key drawbacks of conventional looms include large shuttle mass wasting energy, unguided shuttle flight causing damage, and varying shuttle mass affecting weft tension. Shuttleless looms overcome these issues by separating weft storage from transport, allowing for smaller, lighterweight carriers and higher loom speeds with wider reeds for improved productivity and fabric quality. Functional principles of commercially successful shuttleless systems include using partially guided solid carriers or pressurized fluid jets to transport weft across the shed in a controlled manner.
Sizing is the process of applying an adhesive coating to yarn to prepare it for weaving. It increases the yarn's strength, smoothness, and ability to withstand abrasion. The key objectives of sizing are to improve weavability and maintain fabric quality. The sizing process involves applying a size recipe of materials like starch, binders, and lubricants to the yarn using a sizing machine. Factors like yarn count and size concentration affect the percentage of size taken up by the yarn. Common faults include uneven sizing or spots on the yarn. Proper sizing is important to increase efficiency and produce high quality fabrics.
The document discusses various textile finishing processes. It describes finishing as a process that improves the look, performance, hand and feel of textiles. Some key finishing processes covered include damping, drying methods like cylinder drying and stenter drying, calendaring, and crepe effects. It also discusses shrinkage prevention in cotton and different types of finishes like temporary, permanent and semi-permanent.
Filament-core yarns are produced to take advantage of both filament and staple fibre properties. They offer good strength and uniformity without sacrificing the staple fibre yarn-like surface characteristics. Core-spun yarns containing spandex provide fabric designers with broad possibilities, because such stretchable yarns can be constructed with a wide range of properties using virtually any type of hard fibres as the cover yarn. However, a disadvantage of the core yarns is that the staple fibre sheath may slip along the filament when being pulled to pass over or when being rubbed by machine parts during further mechanical processes. But it is very easy to produce core-spun yarn containing spandex in a conventional ring frame after doing some modification of the machine.
This document discusses shrinkage in fibers, yarns and fabrics. It defines shrinkage and explains that it occurs when fibers revert to their natural physical state after being stretched during processing like spinning and weaving. The factors that control shrinkage are discussed like fiber type, construction method, finishing processes and tension levels. The different types of shrinkage like relaxation, thermal, residual and progressive shrinkage are defined. Methods to reduce and control shrinkage are outlined like cylinder processing, chlorination, resin treatments, heat setting and sanforizing. The sanforizing process subjects fabrics to moisture and tension to pre-shrink them in a controlled manner. Testing methods to measure shrinkage are also summarized.
Method for measuring or investigation of fiber structureShawan Roy
This presentation discusses several methods for measuring fiber structure, including optical and X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy, electron microscopy, thermal analysis, and density measurements. It focuses on optical diffraction, X-ray diffraction, and electron diffraction techniques. These methods analyze fiber composition, length, thickness, and other properties by examining fiber diffraction patterns.
Textile sizing
The process of applying a protective adhesive coating upon the surface of the yarns is called sizing.
Starch, gelatine, oil, wax, and manufactured polymers such as polyvinyl alcohol, polystyrene, polyacrylic acid, and polyacetates are employed as size materials
Objects of Sizing
To protect the yarn from abrasion
To improve the breaking strength of the yarn
To increase smoothness of yarn
To increase yarn elasticity
To decrease hairiness
To decrease the generation of static electricity
this slide in mercerization is prepared in chemical processing in textile and it could help a lot of students or lecturers who might be looking for web handout, presentation or seminar. it is openly accessible for all.
Mercerization is a process that treats cotton fabrics with a cold sodium hydroxide solution. This treatment causes the cotton fibers to swell and gives the fabric an increased luster and strength. John Mercer discovered the process in 1844, though it did not become popular until H.A. Lowe improved it in 1890 by preventing shrinkage during treatment. The modern process involves bathing cotton thread in sodium hydroxide then neutralizing it with an acid. This increases the thread's luster, strength, dye affinity, and mildew resistance. Mercerization results in fiber swelling and morphology changes that allow for more dye absorption and a brighter colored fabric with better color retention after washing.
In weft knitting, the loops are formed across width of the fabric Each weft thread is fed , more or less at right angles to the direction in which the fabric is produced.Weft-knit fabrics may also be knit with multiple yarns, usually to produce interesting color patterns.
Yarn count expresses the coarseness or fineness of yarn and is measured using various systems. There are indirect and direct count systems, with indirect systems like cotton using length per unit weight and direct systems like jute using weight per unit length. Various instruments can measure count, including the quadrant balance for short lengths, warp reel and balance method for longer lengths, and Beesley's balance for small fabric samples. Count affects properties like thickness and strength and is an important consideration in textile manufacturing.
"Warping method in a Textile Weaving Technology"Md Abul Hossain
This document provides information about the warping process. It discusses direct warping, beam warping, pattern band or drum warping, and ball warping. It also describes the key elements of a warping machine including the creel, builder motion, guide reed, measuring motion, and knocking off motion. Overall, the document outlines the different types of warping and key components and procedures for setting up and operating a warping machine.
The document discusses the roving frame machine, which comes after the draw frame in the spinning process. The roving frame drafts sliver from draw frame cans into a thin roving strand and applies a light twist. It operates by drafting the sliver, guiding it through the flyer to apply twist, and winding the roved strand onto bobbins. While complicated, the roving frame produces packages of roving suitable for input to the ring frame. Efforts to eliminate this step have not succeeded due to the high drafts required in ring frames.
A comprehensive study on interlock circular knitting machine.Hasanuzzaman Hasan
This document presents a study on interlock circular knitting machines. It was submitted by 8 students to their lecturer at Southeast University. The study introduces interlock knit structures, which are produced using specialized circular machines. It describes the yarn path and knitting action. Key parts of the machine like the cylinder, dial, needles and gears are explained. An example calculation is provided to determine production output based on machine specifications like diameter, gauge and speed. The major findings are that interlock structures require two sets of needles and the machine uses pulleys, belts and gears to transfer motion to the cylinder and dial for knitting.
Before weaving, sizing of yarns are very important. During weaving the yarns experience heavy pressure, so in some cases, they may break. So sizing is necessary for improving the strength of yarns.
Sizing is the process of giving a protective coating on the warp yarn to minimize yarn breakage during weaving.
Sizing is the most important operation in preparing warp yarn for weaving especially with cotton yarn. The smallest error in sizing process may be very harmful. This may increase warp breakage rate on the looms and consequently reduce weaving production and quality. Therefore sizing is termed as the “Heart of Weaving”.
THIS COVERS HONEY COMB, BRIGHTON HONEY COMB, HUCK A BACK, DISTORTED THREAD EFFECT AND OTHER WEAVES.. IT IS VERY MUCH USEFUL TO TEXTILE DIPLOMA AND DEGREE STUDENTS
importance of fibre finess,influences of fibre finess ,effect on stiffness , effect on torsional rigidity, reflection of light , dye absoprtion, method of measurement ,gravimetric method, micronaire
The document provides information about sizing, which is the process of applying a gelatinous film to warp yarns before weaving. It discusses what sizing is, its objectives like increasing strength and smoothness, the types of sizing, common sizing faults, techniques like hot melting and solvent sizing, sizing machines, and main parts of a sizing machine like the creel, sizing box, drying cylinders, and beam. Sizing prepares warp yarns for weaving by strengthening them and making them smoother and more weavable. The document outlines the key components and processes involved in sizing warp yarns.
Seam for all (Textilel) anf allla him ahNahidAbrar
Sizing is the process of applying an adhesive coating to yarn surfaces. This increases yarn elasticity, strength, weight, smoothness and frictional resistance. Sizing improves weaveability, fabric quality by reducing hairiness and increasing strength and smoothness. Size ingredients include adhesives, lubricants, anti-mildew agents, hygroscopic agents and weighting agents. Sizing is classified as pure, light, medium or heavy based on the percentage of sizing applied. Different sizing techniques include hot melt, solvent, foam, high pressure, electrostatic, emulsion and combined sizing. The slasher sizing machine applies size using a size box, then dries and winds the yarn using
The document is a project report submitted by three students on the effects of yarn conditioning. It includes an introduction outlining the aims of studying how yarn properties are affected by conditioning. It then discusses what conditioning is, the advantages it provides, and the different processes used for various yarn types. The report examines the properties of a cotton yarn sample, including moisture regain and other qualities, before and after conditioning.
This document provides information about Interstoff Apparels Ltd., a garment manufacturing company in Bangladesh. It discusses the company profile, including its name, business type, employees, and address. It also describes the knitting, quality control, dyeing, and project work sections of the company. The knitting section details the types of yarns, knitting machines, production calculations, and common knitting faults. The quality control section lists inspection equipment. The dyeing section outlines the dyeing process and possible faults. The project work section explains common knitting defects and their causes and remedies.
This document discusses various work aids used in sewing machines to improve production and quality. It describes guides, compensating feet, specialized feet, stitching jigs, rack guides, lights, folders, slack feeders, elastification, thread cutters, and stackers. It also discusses sewing thread requirements including tensile strength, elongation, shrinkage, abrasion resistance, and fiber types. Finally, it covers thread numbering systems like ticket and tex numbering and factors that influence sewability.
1. Sizing is the process of applying an adhesive coating to warp yarn to improve weaveability and minimize breakage during weaving.
2. Sizing is crucial for cotton yarn as the smallest error can increase breakage and reduce production.
3. A sizing recipe is determined based on yarn material and properties, and involves mixing and cooking ingredients like starch, binders, and softeners to coat the yarn surface.
Sizing is the process of applying an adhesive coating to warp yarns to improve their strength and weaveability. It involves applying a sizing mixture, usually containing starch, to yarns using a slasher machine which immerses, squeezes, dries, and winds the yarns onto beams. Proper sizing is important to minimize yarn breakage during weaving by increasing yarn strength and smoothness while maintaining flexibility. The sizing recipe and process parameters must be optimized to achieve the desired size take-up percentage and properties in the sized yarns.
This document discusses ring spun yarn production. It provides details on the production process including bale management, blow room operations, carding, drawing, combing, roving using a simplex machine, ring spinning, autoconing, heat setting, and packing. Production parameters are given for 24s, 30s, and 40s ring spun yarn as well as 24s and 30s combed yarn. The document provides a comprehensive overview of the ring spinning process from raw cotton to finished yarn.
Sizing is a process that coats warp yarn with an adhesive to minimize breakage during weaving. It is a critical process that prepares cotton yarn especially for weaving. Errors can greatly impact warp breakage and production quality. Sizing increases the yarn's strength, abrasion resistance, and stiffness which improves its weaveability and the quality of the finished fabric. The sizing process involves applying a starch-based size solution to the yarn then drying it on heated cylinders. Parameters like size concentration, temperature, and machine speed must be carefully controlled to achieve the desired size uptake percentage.
TO STUDY THE FIBRE DYEING PROCESS FOR MELANGE YARNInternship reportVijay Prakash
This document provides a project report on studying the fibre dyeing process for melange yarn. It includes an introduction on melange yarn production and its applications. It then discusses the manufacturing process which involves dyeing fibres before spinning. Comparative data is shown between non-compact and compact yarns. Key points covered include improving yarn evenness, strength and reducing imperfections when using compact spinning. Finally, common problems in melange yarn production are outlined such as shade variation and ensuring proper fibre blending and ratios.
This document discusses various types of fabric defects in woven and knitted fabrics. It begins by defining a fabric defect and explaining its importance. For woven fabrics, 13 common defects are described including loose warp, double ends, broken warp, and oil spots. Causes and remedies are provided for each defect type. For knitted fabrics, 11 defects are covered such as needle lines, holes, thick and thin places, and missing yarn. The document concludes by stating that fabric defects can result in significant value loss, so manufacturers should aim to minimize defects through appropriate remedies.
The document provides details about the weaving process from warping to final folding of the woven fabric or towel. It involves key steps like warping, sizing, drawing-in, looming, and folding. Warping involves winding yarn parallel onto beams. Sizing adds size to strengthen the yarn. Drawing-in threads the yarn through heddles and reed according to the weave pattern. Looming uses looms like Sulzer or air jet to weave the warp and weft yarns. Folding inspects and packs the final woven product.
This document provides an overview of the Birla Textile Mills located in Baddi, Himachal Pradesh, India. It describes the mill's beautiful campus and five production units. It then lists the various departments within the mill, including production, maintenance, R&D, commercial/accounting, and engineering. It further details several aspects of the production process, such as the raw materials (cotton, polyester, viscose, acrylic), machine layout, dyeing process for different fibers, and types of drying machines.
This document discusses non-woven fabrics and their various end uses and production processes. It describes how non-wovens are used in personal care products, healthcare, clothing, home goods, automotive, construction, and industrial applications. It also summarizes the main mechanical and chemical finishing processes employed for non-wovens including splitting, calendering, singeing, and treatments with softeners, stiffeners, and UV stabilizers. Additionally, the document outlines common bonding techniques such as needle punching, thermal bonding, and chemical adhesives. Finally, it provides an overview of fibers used in non-wovens like cellulosic, synthetic, and regenerated fibers.
Cotton is a natural fibre available easily and abundant quantity. It is a most suitable fibre for textile spinning & clothing due to it’s good spinnability & human friendly characteristics. As cotton is a natural fibre hence it’s properties also affected with several other factors which create variation in fibre properties, these variations also affect spinning processes & it’s products Quality in multi dimensions. Each fibre characteristic impact individually and collectively on spinning process or at ultimate product quality. Revolutionary changes observed in last two decade in the field of spinning machineries where processing speeds greatly increased to enhance production rate. Not only production rate of spinning machines increased but speeds of it’s downstream processes also increased simultaneously which requires better quality of yarn for smooth process and without any interruption to get the maximum efficiency. Hence now it is most important to co-relate fibre properties with respect to it’s consumer process competency. In this article we will discuss the different cotton properties and it’s impact on spinning process and product quality in present prospective and will try to minimize the impact of poor fibre properties on process or product Quality through better Mixing plan selection.
This presentation summarizes the process of sizing for textiles. Sizing involves applying a coating to warp yarns to minimize breakage during weaving. The objectives of sizing are to increase smoothness, strength and elasticity while reducing hairiness. Common sizing ingredients include starch, softeners, binders and antiseptics. Different types of sizing are used depending on the fabric, from pure to heavy. Sizing techniques include hot melt, solvent and foam methods. Key parts of a sizing machine and common sizing faults are also outlined.
This document defines fabric defects and lists common defects found in woven and knitted fabrics. It provides examples of 13 common woven fabric defects such as loose warp, double ends, broken warp, and their causes and remedies. For knitted fabrics, it lists 11 defects including needle lines, holes, oil marks, and their typical causes. The conclusion states that fabric defects can result in lower sales prices and value loss, so manufacturers should aim to minimize defects through appropriate remedies.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
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Fabric manufacturing-i-sizing
1. Fabric Manufacturing - I
Sizing
Q. Define sizing.
Ans:
The process of applying a proective adhesive coating upon the yarns surface is called
sizing. This is the most important operation to attain maxm weaving efficiency especially
for blended & filament yarns.
Duo to sizing, increases elasticity of yarn, yarn strength, weight of the yarn, smoothness,
frictional resistance.
Q. Why sizing is done in weaving?
Dhaka Textile-`02,`03. Noakhali Textile-`08,`09.
Ans:
Objects of sizing:
1. To improve the weave ability of warp yarn.
2. To maintain god fabric quality by reducing hairiness, weakness and by increasing
smoothness, strength of yarn.
3. To increase the tensile or breaking strength for cellulose yarn.
4. To increase the elasticity.
5. To remove the projecting fibres.
6. To reduce electrostatic formation for synthetic or blended yarn.
Q. What factors are to be considered for choosing size ingredients?
Dhaka Textile-`05. Noakhali Textile-`08.
Ans:
1. The recipe should be that which gives fewest end breakage.
2. It should be that which gives the least exfoliation.
3. It should be easily washable i.e. permits easy desizing.
4. It should give good fabric characteristics.
5. It should be compatiable with the machinery & associated parts.
6. It should not cause any degradation of the textile mtl.
7. It should not cause any health hazard.
8. It should be cheap.
9. Size ingredients should be neutral.
10. It should be available.
Q. Describe different types of sizing. Dhaka Textile-`03,`04,`06,07`.
Ans:
1. Light sizing: This is used for dyeing and printing. 10 to 15% sizing ingredients are use
on the weight of yarn.
2. Pure sizing: When sizing is done in yarn which produces unbleached fabric is called
pure sizing. Size ingredients are used on the weight of yarn 15% to 25%.
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2. 3. Medium sizing: For increasement of strength & weight of the yarn 25 to 50%. Sizing
ingredients are used on the weight of yarn.
4. Heavy sizing: To increase weight of the yarn its application on twisted yarn & lower
count of yarn. Above 50% sizing ingredients are used on the weight of yarn.
Q. Write down the properties of size ingredients.
Ans:
1. It should be easily removed during wet processing process.
2. It should not do any harm to the fibre or yarn.
3. Adhesive substances should be more adhesive.
4. It should give good fabric characteristics.
5. It should have ability to dry instantly after sizing.
6. It should not cause any degradation of the textile mtl.
7. It should not change the colour of coloured yarn or shed.
8. It should be cheap and available.
Q. Write down the names of size ingredients. Dhaka Textile-`04,`06,`07.
Ans:
Adhesive substances: Carbohydrate, wheat, flour, rice-flour, shagu, Barly, Tmarind seed
powder, potato-starch, gum, carboxyl methyl cellulose, poly vinyl alcohol, poly vinyl
chloride, maize ferina.
Lubricant: Wax, Animal fat, Mineral & vegetable oil, Tallow, soap.
Anticeptic: Salicylic acid, zinc chloride, phenol, emulsifier, copper sulphet etc.
Q. Write the name of ingredients used in Jute yarn sizing. Noakhali Textile-`09.
Ans:
Adhesive Tamarind seed powder, wheat, flour, potato-starch, rice flour, maize, ferina
95-97%
Lubricant Tallow, waxes, soap 2.5-3.5%
Additive Zinc chloride, salicylic acid 1.5-2.5%
Q. Write down the name of ingredients used in cotton yarn sizing.
Ans:
Adhesive Ferina, maize, carboxy methyl cellulose.
Lubricant Tallow, soap or wax.
Additive Zinc chloride, salicylic acid.
Q. Write down the name of ingredients used in a) viscose rayon, b) Polyester
sizing.
Ans:
a) Sizing for viscose rayon:
2% gelatin, 0.5% water dispersible oil.
Continuous spun yarn need higher strength.
4% Gelatin
1% Water dispersible oil.
3. Fabric Manufacturing - I
Sizing temperature 40 450C.
Cylindrical number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0
Temperature C 80 85 100 100 100 90 800C
b) Sizing of polyester yarn:
i) 10-12% plastisize acidic vinyl co-polymer dispersion. 6% wax emulsion.
The dispersion is adjusted to pH 8.5 by the addition of sodium hydroxide solution
before the addition of wax emulsion.
ii) 8% Water soluble salt of acidic vinyl co-polymer.
8% Wax emulsion.
Temperature of size box 45-500C.
Cylinder number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Temperature 0C 65 70 75 80 85 80 66 0C.
Sizing mtl speed 30-35 yds/min.
Q. Write down the names of warp sizing m/cs. Dhaka Textile-`05.
Ans:
A) Cylinder drying i) Two cylinder types.
ii) Multi cylinder types.
B) Hot air drying.
C) Combined Hot air and cylinder type.
Q. Describe with sketch the slasher sizing m/cs. Dhaka Textile-`03
Q. Dividing unit. Dhaka Textile-`05.
Ans:
This is the mostly used sizing process. About all types of yarns can be sized by slasher
sizing process. In this process the warp is passed through a size luquor bath then through
a separating unit & cooling unit.
The slasher sizing m/c consists of the following seven units.
1. Back beam unit: In single end sizing yarns are taken from a creel rather than from a
beam. This unit contains 7 to 12 carriers from where yarn is supplied. Indirect & direct
process of yarn supply is frequently used for spun yarns. In case of indirect method beam
creel is used. This beam creel can be arranged in various ways.
Here,
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4. A = Back beam unit, M = Colour bowl
B = Guide roller N = Wraith
C= Tensioner roller O = Measuring roller
D = Sizing box P = Measuring roller
E = Immersion roller Q = Nipper roller
F = Sizing roller R = Warp beam
G = Squeezing roller S = Pressure roller
H = Drying cylinder T = Floating roller
I = Cooling fan U = Reverse box
J = Guide roller V = Marking roller
K,L = Dividing roller W = Steam pipe.
2. Sizing unit: In this unit a size box is used to apply size to the yarn. The warp sheet is
guided through the solution means of the immersion roller & then through the squeeze
roller where the yarns are pressed to maintain the reqd size to up percentage by the yarn.
The size box temperature is controlled by flowing steam through pipe.
3. Drying unit: Two or more heated cylinder consists of drying unit. This unit is reqd to
dry the wet sized yarn rapidly, thoroughly & uniformly. A two cylinder dryer is too slow
& it is difficult to maintain by it. But a multi-cylinder dryer is a good one to main in such
a way that after drying. Yarn contains 6% water.
4. Cooling unit: In this unit there is cooling fan & a guide roller. The cooling fan
supplies cool air which extinguish the yarn temperature & also remove the moisture.
5. Dividing unit: In order to prevent adhesion betn the yarns, it is necessary to separate
each sized end from the others. For this lease rod or breaker rods are used to divide the
main warp sheet into single end.
6. Measuring & marketing unit: This unit consists of colouring bowl which contains
easily removable colour. This colour is used for making on sized yarn. Also there is a
measuring roller which measures the length of sized warp yarn.
7. Beaming unit: Finally the sized warp is wound on weavers beam.
Q. What is size take-up %? Dhaka Textile-`05.
Ans:
The amount of size mtl added on the yarn surface is called size take-up percentage.
wt. of sized yarn - wt. of unsized yarn
Size take - up % 100%
wt. of unsized yarn
wt. of size mtl
100%
wt. of unsized yarn
Q. State the functions of size ingredients. Dhaka Textile-`06.
Ans:
1. Adhesive:
a) To improve strength
b) To increase smoothness.
c) To increase elasticity & stiffness.
d) Reduce extension percentage.
e) Impart adhesion.
5. Fabric Manufacturing - I
2. Lubricant or softener:
a) To make the yarn soft & slippery.
b) To smoothen the yarn.
c) To reduce stiffness.
d) Reduce flexibility & friction.
3. Antiseptic or anti-mildew agent:
a) To prevent mildew formation.
b) To preserve size mtl for a long time.
c) To help to store the sized yarn.
d) To protect yarn from bacteria or fungus.
Q. Describe the changes in yarn due to sizing. Dhaka Textile-`07.
Ans:
Properties of yarn after sizing or sized yarn properties:
Due to sizing, there is a change in different properties of yarn as –
1. lasticity of yarn: Higher.
2. Yarn strength: Higher.
3. Frictional resistance: Increase.
4. Hairiness: Lower.
5. Flexibility: Lower.
6. Smoothness: Higher.
7. Absorbency: Lower.
8. Weakness: Lower.
9. Yarn diameter: Higher.
10. Wt. of the yarn: Higher.
11. Static electricity: Lower.
Q. Describe the technological changes of yarn due to sizing.
Ans:
1. Increase in breaking strength: During sizing, adhesive mtl creates bonds betn fibres
to fibre which increase the strength of yarn. It increases 20 to 40% breaking strength of
the fibre.
2. Increase abrasion resistance: After sizing the gap betn fibres are filled with size &
coating on the outer surface of the yarn takes place.
3. Increase in stiffness: After sizing, flexibility or pliability of yarn is decrease &
stiffness is increased.
4. Increase in elasticity: As extensibility of the sized yarn decreases, more force has to
be applied to extent the yarn. Hence elasticity increases.
5. Increase frictional resistances: Application of size mtls makes outer surface of the
yarn smooth & hence occurs less friction.
6. Increase yarn diameter: Sizing means coating adhesive on their outer surface of the
yarn. Hence, sizing causes increases of diameter of yarn,
7. Decrease in extension: After sizing, the gap betn the fibres are filled with size mtls.
So, the slippage betn the fibres does not occur easily. So, the extension decreased.
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6. 8. Decrease in electrostatic charge: Electrostatic charge is formed due to the friction
betn yarns & roller. Size mtls contain moisture which reduces static friction.
9. Subpress hairiness: During sizing protruding hairs of yarn fix with yarn end so yarn
hairiness subpressed.
Q. State the function of wetting agent.
Ans:
Wetting agent is used for –
1. To increase the wt. of yarn during finishing.
2. To impart fullness & feel to the fabric.
3. To prevent opening of cloth.
Q. State the uses of Antifoaming agent.
Ans:
To prevent foam formation, antifoaming agent is used.
Q. List the different sizing faults & state the causes of these faults.
Dhaka Textile-`04,`07. Noakhali Textile-`09.
Ans:
1. Size spot: Size mtl should be added gradually to the mixing tank for good mixing. If it
is added at once, spot are appeared on the yarn.
2. Repeating warp streaks: This defect is due to uneven tension in the pre-beam.
3. Shinnery: this defect due to the friction betn the yarn & drying cylinder.
4. Sandy warp: Due to not crushed or grind the size mtl properly.
5. Ridge Beam: This fault occurs due to uneven distribution of yarn in wraith.
6. Hard sizing: If the size mtls are applied too much, the size becomes hard which causes
hard sizing.
7. Improper drying:
Under drying Bacteria form yarn breakage.
Over drying Hard sizing.
8. Sizing dropping: This defect due to not optimum the viscosity of the size solution.
9. Size stitching: Due to improper drying after sizing.
10. Uneven sizing:
Due to over or under sizing.
Due to over or under concentration of size liqour.
Q. State different techniques of sizing.
Ans:
1. Hot melt sizing.
2. Solvent sizing. (organic sizing)
3. Foam sizing.
4. High pressure sizing.
5. Electrostatic sizing.
6. Emulsion sizing.
7. Fabric Manufacturing - I
7. Combined sizing (dyeing + sizing.)
8. Conventional slasher sizing.
Q. Write a note on – ‘Size cooking equipments’. Dhaka Textile-`05.
Ans:
In the figure A is a motor, B is a agitator getting direct motion from motor. C is a mixing
tank. Size ingredients are mixed with the help of agitator in mixing tank. Size ingredients
are added in mixing tank by the help of inclined lid (H) & steam supply from steam pipe.
After mixing size- ingredients passed through the valve (D) & then pumped by pump (E)
into cooking & storing tank (G). In the storing tank, steam is passed to maintain viscosity
of size. Viscosities of size depend upon concentration & temp. of cooking tank (G).
Temp. of storage tank is 900C.
Q. Describe ordinary size mixing or conventional method of mixing or
cooking.
Ans:
Procedure:
1. Add reqd amount of water into the mixing tank making an allowance for
evaporation & condensation.
2. Stirring start & continue until the end of the process.
3. Add antiseptic & stir for 10 mins.
4. Gradually add starch mtls & stir for 30-45 mins.
5. Pass steam & bring temp. to boil.
6. Add softener & boil for 15-20 mins.
7. Continue steaming the correct viscosity is obtained.
8. Test & adjust pH 6 to 8 by adding soda ash, alkali or acid.
9. Total time of cooking is 120-150 mins.
10. Transfer the size mtls to storage tank.
11. Finally maintain temp. at 600C.
Q. What are the drying systems used in sizing? Describe briefly.
Dhaka Textile-`08.
Q. Cylinder drying Noakhali Textile-`09.
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8. Ans:
1. Cylinder drying: In this type of m/c, drying is done by passing over hot cylinders.
a) Two cylinder drying:
In this drying process, two copper cylinder are used in which one cylinder is large
diameter & other is small comparatively.
Firstly warp sheet is passed below the small cylinder & then over the bigger one.
The yarn is dried while traveling through the circumstances of the cylinder.
Advantages:
1. Simple process & cheap.
2. Less risky.
3. Temp. uniform.
4. Almost uniform drying.
Disadvantages:
1. Slow process.
2. Drying efficiency is low.
3. Irregular drying.
4. Due to sticky property of cylinder uneven drying.
(b) Multi cylinder drying:
In this type of m/c, the drying unit consists of 5 to 7 or 11 cylinders having same
diameter are used.
All cylinders may be steel cylinders or first two cylinders are teflon coated & rest of are
steel cylinder.
The cylinders are heated by passing steam.
Heat in initial cylinder is low & gradually increases when moved towards final
cylinder.
If large amount of heat is given to the initial, the sized may be backed.
If finer yarn is used, then no need to use excess cylinder.
Advantages:
1. High speed process.
2. Uniform drying.
3. Non- sticky so smooth drying.
4. Drying efficiency high.
9. Fabric Manufacturing - I
5. Less time required.
Disadvantages:
1. For high viscosity, stick properly may observed.
2. For friction, yarn hairiness.
3. Shinning effect.
4. Yarn shape may hamper.
5. Possibility of yarn flaten.
2. Hot air drying:
In this m/c, the drying unit is a closed chamber containing a number of guide rollers
through warp yarn.
Hot air blown into the chamber causing the moisture in the yarn to
evaporate.
Exhaustion should be used to throw away the moisture.
If moisture remains inside the chamber it may condense & again fall
on the yarn.
Hot air should be continuously passed through the chamber, so the
process becomes somewhat costly.
Advantages:
1. Regular drying.
2. Not shinning effect.
3. Non-sticky property.
4. High speed drying.
Disadvantages:
1. Costly process.
2. For closed chamber, reqd more time.
3. Less suitable for fine yarn.
4. Difficult to maintain temperature.
3. Infrared drying:
In this machine, the heating chamber consists of a plate which is constantly heated by
gas flame.
The warp sheet is passed over the plate & dried in the process.
When gas flames are not used, then electronic plate may be used.
Arrangement should be made to through out the moisture removed from the yarn. This
m/c is not used singally.
Advantages:
1. No shining effect.
2. Drying efficiency high.
Disadvantages:
1. Yarn may burn.
2. Higher cost.
3. Difficult to maintain uniform heating.
4. Risk of accident.
4. Combined drying:
In this type of m/c, preheating is done as cylinder drying method.
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10. And final drying is done by hot air drying method or infrared drying method.
Advantages:
11. Fabric Manufacturing - I
1. Regular drying.
2. Drying efficiency high.
3. Speedy process.
Disadvantages:
1. Shinning effect.
2. High cost.
Q. Explain the mechanism of cylinder drying.
Ans:
The cylinder is heated by passing
steam in it.
When the yarn passes over the
cylinder, the moisture in the yarn is
removed from it & it moves upward
but some amount of steam remains
below the yarn & forms a layer called
steam cohesion.
The evaporated moisture remains
above the yarn unless it finds some
outlet. This layer is called stagnant
vapour.
If the stagnant steam remains for a
larger timer time, it may condense &
fall back on the yarn.
Q. What are the factors are to be considered while drying?
Ans:
1. EPI: If EPI is more, warp sheet density increase & drying time reqd.
2. Count of warp yarn:
Higher count, drying quickly (low temp)
If yarn is coarser, more time reqd to dry. (high temp)
3. Characteristics of warp yarn:
Cotton (low) Drying
Water retaining
Polyester (high) Drying
4. Twist of warp yarn: Higher twist, lower dry ability.
5. Concentration of liqour: Higher concentration, lower dry ability.
6. Size pick-up percentage: Higher pick up%, dry ability lower.
7. Speedy of running: More speed, lower ability, because of cylinder & yarn contact for
the time.
8. System of drying:
Hot air drying< Cylinder drying.
Two cylinder < Multi cylinder drying.
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12. 9. Environmental condition: Higher R.H.%, lower dry ability (high temp)
10. Total ends: Higher ends, lower dry ability (high temp)
Q. What are the factor that influences size take up percentage?
Dhaka Textile-`04,`05,`07.
Ans:
1. Fibre characteristics: Immature fibre-s.t.p. ( )
2. Yarn characteristics, Hairiness ( ) – s.t.p. ( )
3. Wet ability, higher, s.t.p. ( ) due to absorption.
4. Linear density or yarn count: coarser yarn – s.t.p. ( )
5. EPI: EPI ( ) – s.t.p. ( ) due to density of yarn in warp sheet.
6. Uniformity of warp yarn: Uniform yarn – s.t.p. ( )
7. Warp tension: Tension ( ) – s.t.p. ( )
8. Roller wt.: Squeezing roller wt. ( ) s.t.p. ( )
9. Roller diameter, ( ) – s.t.p. ( )
10. Nature of roller covering: rough & soft : s.t.p. ( )
11. Contact length in size: yarn contact in size, s.t.p. ( )
12. Running speed ( ) – s.t.p. ( ) due to short time of penetration of yarn.
13. Size concentration ( ) – s.t.p. ( )
14. Total ends.
15. Environmental condition.
16. Ingredients: Adhesive power of starch is greater than flour.
17. Preparation condition: Shape of sizing mtls should be finer.
18. Temperature: 600C.
Q. Discuss the ‘sizing- weaving curve’ or ‘size take up%’ & weaving
efficiency.’ Noakhali Textile-`03,`04.
Ans:
1
1. From AB, Breakage rate .
size%
2. From BC, Breakage rate const. to a certain
limit.
3. From CD, Breakage rate size%.
Q. State the disadvantages of sizing.
Ans:
1. Capital investment.
2. Labour.
3. Cost of size ingredients.
4. Cost of power, water or solvent.
5. Long preparatory process.
6. Determination of yarn quality.
13. Fabric Manufacturing - I
7. Less yarn or inch due to increased diameter.
8. Rough surface of warp due to uneven size soln, sometime increase co-efficient of
friction.
9. Reduce yarn extension%.
10. Increase yarn stiffness.
11. Generation of fluff.
12. More robust loom.
13. More power to drive loom.
14. Less length of yarn on warp loom.
15. Difficulties of size removed.
16. Variation in dye takes up.
17. Cost of desizing.
18. Need information of size ingredients about size ingredients for desizing.
19. Increase pollution.
20. Fading of colour intensity.
21. Possibility if some changes in the fibre structure.
Q. Why warp breakage occurred in sizing? Noakhali Textile-`05.
Ans:
1. Faulty warp: Faulty warp may be different types & in different causes.
2. Examples: Uneven, immature, nepped, slubby, hairiness.
3. Weak warp yarn: For less twist of yarn or broken fibres in yarn.
4. Faulty preparation of warp.
5. Repeating warp streaks: Less squeezing.
6. Size spots: Faulty mixing of size ingredients.
7. Shimmers of fibre.
8. Sandy size: Large size adhesive particles.
9. Hard sizing: Excessive concentration.
• Uneven sizing.
• Improper drying.
• Size dropping.
• Size sticking.
10. Crossing of warp ends: During sizing, the yarns overlap each other in any case.
11. Uneven & improper tension: If tension of beam is not const. rate, warp yarn
breakage.
12. Defective m/c parts:
• The surface of cylinder faulty.
• Yarn supply of back beam is not proper tension.
13. Faulty adjustment: Not proper adjustment of comb, separating rod & other parts.
14. Excessive m/c speed: If weak yarn, yarns will breakage due to high speed.
15. Insufficient care of m/c: If m/c parts are inert.
16. Unsuitable humidity: With humidity, the quality of yarn changes.
17. Workers or Tenter faults.
Q. Describe shirley automatic size box with neat sketch.
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14. Ans:
The ordinary size box cannot maintain uniform concentration. So, shirley Automatic size
Box has be introduced.
Purpose: The main purpose of shirley Automatic size Box is to maintain uniform level of
size soln in the size box & also maintain uniform concentration per volume.
Construction:
1. This is mainly a box which is remaining size liquor.
2. There is a sizing roller, which makes coating on yarn.
3. There is a immersion roller to immerse warp yarn into liquor & a squeezing roller
to control size take up%.
4. There are two separate pipe named a water pipe which control size liquor volume
in Box & a size soln pipe which control concentration.
Basic principle
1. The necessary quantity of water through a water pipe & size liquor solution
through a feed pipe are added in a size box.
2. The main principle is that when concentration of size solution becomes more,
water comes automatically from water pipe to maintain its concentration
3. When concentration becomes less, size is automatically supplied size ingredient
pipe & maintain its concentration & volume.
4. Yarn sheet is feed to the immersion roller via guide roller & finally comes out
from in betn the squeezing & sizing roller.
5. Yarn sheet is feed to the4 immersion roller via guide roller & finally comes out
form in between the squeezing & sizing roller.
15. Fabric Manufacturing - I
Mathematical problem
Rules:
1. Total wt. of size on warp = wt. of sized warp – wt. of unsized warp.
2. The wt. of size to be put on warp = wt. of unsized warp % of size reqd to be put on
warp.
length of warp in yds
3. The wt. of unsized warp = no.ofends wt. of size.
840 count
wt. of size
4. Wt. of sized warp = 100%
wt. of unsized warp
wt. of size
5. % of size on warp = 100%
wt. of unsized warp
length of warp in yds
6. Count of sized yarn = no. of ends.
840 wt. of sized warp (in lbs)
100
7. Count of sized yarn = count of unsized yarn
100 % of size
Q. Calculat the production of a slasher sizing m/c from the following
particulars:
Circumference of drawing roller = 29.25”
PPM of drawing roller = 36
Efficiency = 80%
Production/8hrs = ?
Ans:
Production
circumference of drawing roller rpm of drawing roller 60 min hr efficiency
yds
36 100
29.25 36 60 8 80
yds
36 100
production / 8hrs 11232 yds (Ans)
Q. Calculate the production in lb of a slasher sizing m/c from the following
particulars;
Circumference of drawing roller = 29.25inch.
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16. PPM of drawing roller = 36
No. of warp ends = 2100
Yarn count = 32
Efficiency = 80%
Production/8hrs = ?
Ans:
Production
Dia of drawing roller rpmofdeawingroller 60 min hr eff . no. of warp ends
36 840 yarn count 100
29.25 36 60 8 80 2100
lb 877.5 lb (Ans.)
36 840 32 100
877.5
kg
2.204
398.14 kg. (Ans.)
Q. Calculate the no. of loom are neede from the following particulars:
Production/hr of a slasher sizing m/c = 1354 yds.
Production/hr of a loom = 4 yds
warp regain or crimp = 6%
wastage = 0.5%
no. of looms = ?
Ans
No. of looms
production / hr of a slasher sizing m/c
100 crimp% 100 w %
production / hr of a loom ( )( )
100 100
1334
100 6 100 0.5
4
100 100
1334
4 106 100.5
100
313 (Ans.)
Q. A warp containing 2800 ends is required to be sized to 25%. The length
of the sized warp on the beam is required to be 1080 yds. If the counts of the
yarn 40s. Find-
i) The wt. of the size to be put on the warp of the given length.
ii) The wt. of sized warp
17. Fabric Manufacturing - I
iii) The count (Ne) of sized warp. Dhaka Textile-`05. Noakhali Textile-`08.
Ans:
i)The wt. of the size to be put on the warp
wt. of unsized warp
% of size
840 count
2800 1080
25%
840 40
22.5 lbs. (Ans)
ii) wt. of sized warp = wt. of unsized warp + wt. of size on it
= 90 + 22.5
= 112.5 lbs (Ans.)
iii) The count of the sized warp
length of warp in yds
no. of ends
840 wt. of size warp in lbs
2800 1080
840 112.5
32 s (Ans.)
OR, Count of the sized warp
100
count of unsized
100 %size
100
40
100 25
s
32 (Ans.)
Q. The calculated production of a high speed slasher is 100 yds per min. If
the efficiency of the m/c is 75%, calculate the followings-
a. The actual production per day of 8 hrs.
b. Total length of yarn if the total ends is 3520.
c. The total wt. of sized warp, if it is sized to 10% & the count of unsized are
40s. Noakhali Textile-`09.
Ans:
a. Calculated production per day of 8 hrs = 100 60 8 yds.
= 48000 yds.
75
The actual prodn per day of 8hrs = 48000 yds
100
= 36000 yds. (Ans)
b. The total length of yarn sized = Total length of warp no. of ends.
= 36000 3250 yds.
= 117000000 yds. (Ans)
PREPARED BY:
Abdullah Nur Uddin Rony & Khurshedul Alam
BTEC, 2nd Batch.
Get this by ‘www.bdtextileinfo.blogspot.com’
18. Total length of warps
c. Total wt. of sized warp = 10%
840 count
117000000
= 10%
840 count
= 3482 + 10%
= 3830 lbs (Ans)
Q. A warp containing 2800 ends, is required to be sized to 25%. The length
of the sized warp on the beam is required to be 1080 yds. If the counts of the
yarn is 40s. Find out –
a. The wt. of the size to be put on the warp of he given length.
b. The wt. of sized warp.
c. The count of the sized warp.
Ans:
a. The wt. of the size to be put on the warp,
= wt. of unsized warp % of size reqd to be put.
1080 2800
= 25% 22.5 lbs. (Ans)
840 40
b. Wt. of sized warp = wt. of unsized warp + wt. of size
length of warp in yds
wt. of unsized warp = no. of ends.
840 count
1080 2800
= lbs.
840 40
= 90 lbs
wt. of sized warp = 90 + 22.5 = 112.5 lbs.
100
c. Count of sized warp = count of unsized
100 size%
100
= 40
100 25
= 32s (Ans.)
Q. A warp containing 2400 ends of 44s sized to 10%. If the sized warp wt.
lbs. Calculate the length of the sized warp & total length of sized yarn.
Dhaka Textile-`06.
Ans:
100
Count of the sized warp = count of unsized
100 %size
100
= 44
100 10
= 40s.
Total length of sized warp = 120 count 120 40 4800 hanks. (Ans)
19. Fabric Manufacturing - I
Total length of warp
Total length of yarn sized =
no. of ends
4800
= 2hanks (Ans.)
2400
Q. The wt. of sized yarn on a beam was found to be 82.5 lbs. The beam
contains 1050 yds of warp whose count before sizing was 50s. If the no. of
ends in warp is 3000. Calculate –
a. The wt. of size on the yarn.
b. The % of size put on the yarn
c. Count of the sized yarn. Dhaka Textile-`04.
Ans:
a) The wt. of size on the yarn = wt. of sized warp – wt. of unsized warp
length of warp in yds
Wt. of unsized warp = no. of ends
840 count
1050 3000
=
840 50
= 75 lbs.
Wt. of size = 82.5 – 75 = 7.5 lbs (Ans)
wt. of size 100%
b) percentage of size put on the yarn =
wt. of unsized warp
7 .5
= 100
75
= 10% (Ans.)
100
c) Count of sized warp = count of unsized
100 %size
100
= 50
100 10
= 45.45s (Ans.)
PREPARED BY:
Abdullah Nur Uddin Rony & Khurshedul Alam
BTEC, 2nd Batch.
Get this by ‘www.bdtextileinfo.blogspot.com’