International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Municipal Solid Waste Management in Developing CountriesQazi Maaz Arshad
This document discusses municipal solid waste management in developing countries. It begins by defining waste and providing classifications of waste based on source and type. It then outlines the key steps in municipal solid waste management systems, including waste generation, storage, collection, transport, processing, recovery, and disposal. Several factors that affect municipal solid waste management are also discussed. The document then provides an overview of the current scenario of municipal solid waste management in India, challenges faced, key stakeholders, and policies and initiatives implemented by the Indian government. It concludes by comparing municipal solid waste management approaches between developed, developing, and least developed countries.
1. The International Solid Waste Association (ISWA) is a global non-governmental organization concerned with professional waste management. ISWA promotes sustainable waste management practices and technologies.
2. The document compares the solid waste management approaches of the United States and India. In the US, waste management is well-organized industry, while in India waste management remains focused on collection and disposal with an emerging informal recycling sector.
3. Both countries face challenges in reducing waste sent to landfills and increasing recovery and recycling rates. The US aims to shift from a "throw away culture" while India works to improve waste infrastructure and management in rapidly growing urban areas.
The document discusses solid waste management issues in India, particularly in urban areas. It notes that rapid urbanization and economic growth in India have led to increased waste generation that existing waste management systems cannot handle. Most municipal waste in India goes to landfills, but this causes environmental problems like water and air pollution. The document calls for improved waste management systems in India to deal with waste in a more sustainable way, such as waste separation, composting, and energy generation from waste.
The document discusses solid and hazardous waste management, outlining 8 chapters that cover topics like solid waste generation and collection, handling and processing, transportation and disposal. It also examines factors contributing to solid waste problems and provides definitions and sources of different types of solid wastes. The goal of integrated solid waste management is to manage waste in a way that protects public health and the environment.
The document discusses solid waste management in Pakistan. It notes that Pakistan generates over 20 million tons of solid waste annually, which is increasing at 2.4% per year. Major cities like Karachi face challenges in managing the large amounts of waste. The types of solid waste discussed include municipal, industrial, and hospital waste. Poor waste management is contributing to various health and environmental issues. Solutions proposed include following the 4R approach of reduce, reuse, recycle, and refuse. Improved collection, disposal, and utilization of wastes are also recommended for better solid waste management.
Solid Waste Management Challengies for Cities in Developing Countriesshuaibumusa2012
This document discusses solid waste management challenges for cities in developing countries. It begins with an introduction describing the increasing volume of solid waste due to growth and defines key terms. It then describes the types and classification of waste, effects of improper management, and projections for waste generation. The main challenges identified for developing cities include weak regulations, poor transportation, lack of skills and funds, and absence of treatment facilities. Recommendations include encouraging recycling markets, community involvement, and effective collection services. The conclusion restates the key challenges and calls for individual responsibility in waste management.
Dhaka city is very much prone with the culture of poor waste management.
This presentation is an approach to make the waste management system in Dhaka city for sustainable and easily accessable
IRJET- A Comprehensive Study of Solid Waste Management in Mangalore City-Case...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on solid waste management in Mangalore City, India. It finds that Mangalore generates approximately 226 tons of solid waste per day, with per capita waste generation of 0.4524 kg per day and household per capita generation of 0.2095 kg per day. Though generation levels are not alarming, waste management practices need improvement. Currently there is some segregation, door-to-door collection, and processing via windrow composting and vermicomposting. However, most waste is ultimately landfilled. The study calls for better segregation, collection, and use of decentralized waste-to-energy technologies to reduce burden on landfills and improve sustainability of Mangalore's solid waste
Municipal Solid Waste Management in Developing CountriesQazi Maaz Arshad
This document discusses municipal solid waste management in developing countries. It begins by defining waste and providing classifications of waste based on source and type. It then outlines the key steps in municipal solid waste management systems, including waste generation, storage, collection, transport, processing, recovery, and disposal. Several factors that affect municipal solid waste management are also discussed. The document then provides an overview of the current scenario of municipal solid waste management in India, challenges faced, key stakeholders, and policies and initiatives implemented by the Indian government. It concludes by comparing municipal solid waste management approaches between developed, developing, and least developed countries.
1. The International Solid Waste Association (ISWA) is a global non-governmental organization concerned with professional waste management. ISWA promotes sustainable waste management practices and technologies.
2. The document compares the solid waste management approaches of the United States and India. In the US, waste management is well-organized industry, while in India waste management remains focused on collection and disposal with an emerging informal recycling sector.
3. Both countries face challenges in reducing waste sent to landfills and increasing recovery and recycling rates. The US aims to shift from a "throw away culture" while India works to improve waste infrastructure and management in rapidly growing urban areas.
The document discusses solid waste management issues in India, particularly in urban areas. It notes that rapid urbanization and economic growth in India have led to increased waste generation that existing waste management systems cannot handle. Most municipal waste in India goes to landfills, but this causes environmental problems like water and air pollution. The document calls for improved waste management systems in India to deal with waste in a more sustainable way, such as waste separation, composting, and energy generation from waste.
The document discusses solid and hazardous waste management, outlining 8 chapters that cover topics like solid waste generation and collection, handling and processing, transportation and disposal. It also examines factors contributing to solid waste problems and provides definitions and sources of different types of solid wastes. The goal of integrated solid waste management is to manage waste in a way that protects public health and the environment.
The document discusses solid waste management in Pakistan. It notes that Pakistan generates over 20 million tons of solid waste annually, which is increasing at 2.4% per year. Major cities like Karachi face challenges in managing the large amounts of waste. The types of solid waste discussed include municipal, industrial, and hospital waste. Poor waste management is contributing to various health and environmental issues. Solutions proposed include following the 4R approach of reduce, reuse, recycle, and refuse. Improved collection, disposal, and utilization of wastes are also recommended for better solid waste management.
Solid Waste Management Challengies for Cities in Developing Countriesshuaibumusa2012
This document discusses solid waste management challenges for cities in developing countries. It begins with an introduction describing the increasing volume of solid waste due to growth and defines key terms. It then describes the types and classification of waste, effects of improper management, and projections for waste generation. The main challenges identified for developing cities include weak regulations, poor transportation, lack of skills and funds, and absence of treatment facilities. Recommendations include encouraging recycling markets, community involvement, and effective collection services. The conclusion restates the key challenges and calls for individual responsibility in waste management.
Dhaka city is very much prone with the culture of poor waste management.
This presentation is an approach to make the waste management system in Dhaka city for sustainable and easily accessable
IRJET- A Comprehensive Study of Solid Waste Management in Mangalore City-Case...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on solid waste management in Mangalore City, India. It finds that Mangalore generates approximately 226 tons of solid waste per day, with per capita waste generation of 0.4524 kg per day and household per capita generation of 0.2095 kg per day. Though generation levels are not alarming, waste management practices need improvement. Currently there is some segregation, door-to-door collection, and processing via windrow composting and vermicomposting. However, most waste is ultimately landfilled. The study calls for better segregation, collection, and use of decentralized waste-to-energy technologies to reduce burden on landfills and improve sustainability of Mangalore's solid waste
This document discusses the impacts of solid waste on human health and the environment. It defines solid waste as unwanted materials generated from human activities. Solid waste can be categorized by origin, contents, and hazard potential. Improper management of solid waste can lead to air and water pollution, spread of diseases, and degradation of natural habitats. The document outlines government initiatives in India to improve solid waste management, such as the Swachh Bharat Mission and new rules governing plastic waste, hazardous waste, and biomedical waste. Preventive measures are also discussed, such as reducing waste generation, increasing recycling, and improving education.
Project report on municipal solid waste management MDZAFARHASIB
This document discusses municipal solid waste management in developing countries. It begins by defining municipal solid waste and providing an overview of the solid waste management scenario in developing nations like India. It then outlines the typical steps involved in solid waste management - collection, transportation, recycling, treatment and disposal. Specific technologies and methods used at each step are described. The document also reviews initiatives and technologies adopted in India for solid waste management. It concludes by discussing literature on the topic and characteristics of municipal solid waste.
The document discusses waste management in India and Udupi specifically. It defines different types of waste like municipal solid waste and industrial waste. It explains that waste management involves collection, transport, disposal, and recycling of waste. It provides details on waste generation amounts in major Indian cities. It also discusses regulations and management of specific waste streams like plastic, e-waste, hazardous waste, and more. It notes that Udupi uses an integrated system of door-to-door collection and landfilling but still faces issues like lack of awareness and irregular services. The conclusion is that India's waste situation requires a holistic approach that addresses both present and long-term solutions.
The document discusses solid waste management in India. It notes that there has been a significant increase in municipal solid waste generation in India in recent decades due to population growth and economic development. Solid waste management has become a major environmental issue as waste collection and disposal systems in most cities are insufficient. Common problems include open dumping of garbage, lack of waste segregation, and groundwater contamination from landfill leachate. Indian municipalities face the challenge of improving waste management infrastructure and ensuring the scientific disposal of waste.
Rapid industrialization, urbanization and rise in living standards of people is most commonly associated with the problem of environmental pollution. For developing countries, industrialization is a necessity and demands to build self-contained uplifting of nation’s economy. However, industrialization on the other hand has also caused serious problems relating to environmental pollution. Therefore, wastes seem to be a by-product of growth.
With increasing demand for raw materials for industrial production, the non-renewable resources are diminishing day-by-day. Therefore, efforts are to be made for controlling pollution by conversion of these unwanted wastes into functional raw materials for constructive use. Disposal of industrial solid waste is concomitant to lack of infrastructural facilities and negligence of industries to take proper safeguards. Studies show that the large and medium industries located in recognized industrial areas still have some arrangements to dispose solid waste.
The document summarizes a study on solid waste management in Rajshahi City, Bangladesh. It finds that 350 tons of solid waste are generated daily, but only 210 tons are collected and properly disposed of. The remaining 140 tons are improperly dumped in drains, open spaces and water bodies, polluting the environment and posing health risks. Food and vegetable waste make up 70% of the solid waste stream. The management system is inadequate due to lack of resources, technology and public awareness. Improper waste disposal leads to pollution, flooding and disease transmission. Better management is needed such as increased collection and use of waste-to-energy technologies.
The solid waste management term deals with collection and treating and disposal of the solid waste. Day by day the quantity of waste generation is increasing rapidly. Creation of waste is natural by human being but being human it needs proper disposal .The solid waste is ugly in appearance , creates foul odor , creates nuisance and ultimately creates unhygienic conditions Improper management of solid waste leads to unhygienic conditions which results in spread of diseases Nobody wants to discuss and care about solid waste . We should come forward for the discussions and finding appropriate solution for proper and effective management of the waste nowadays it is a duty of everybody to monitor the rate of generation of waste. Not only the concerned local body should be responsible for waste management, but it is our responsibility too .We may contribute in minimizing the waste. So to prevent the public health it is necessary to start the waste management from own. This article discusses the origin, varieties ,per capita generation of the waste , role of individual and proper management of the waste .Coordination of local bodie ,social organizations and the public will result in proper management of the waste and helps in achieving the goals like clean city, smart city, and ‘Swachcha Bharat’.
Citation: Bharat Gidde, Pimpri Chinchwad Polytechnic Pune. "Solid Waste Management a need of Time." Global Research and Development Journal For Engineering 34 2018: 15 - 18.
Municipal solid waste (MSW) consists of everyday items discarded by the public. MSW generation is rapidly increasing worldwide due to population growth and increased consumption. Traditional waste disposal methods are no longer viable. This document discusses the nature and management of MSW in India. It outlines key challenges facing MSW management in India and explores various technical solutions for processing MSW, including composting, biomethanation, gasification, refuse derived fuel production, and waste-to-energy. Private sector involvement is growing in MSW management across India.
This document summarizes the solid waste management system in Bangladesh. It discusses the sources and types of solid waste, the current waste management practices, and impacts of waste disposal on the environment. The current system is inadequate, with unsegregated waste collection and dumping. The document suggests implementing integrated collection, selective segregation, and generating energy from waste to improve the system. It also recommends increasing waste sorting and management education in Bangladesh.
This document provides an overview of solid waste management practices in 11 Asian countries based on a survey conducted by the Asian Productivity Organization. It defines solid waste management and discusses key considerations like the type and composition of waste generated as well as available resources and environmental conditions that influence appropriate management strategies. Effective solid waste management requires an integrated approach combining generation reduction, reuse, recycling, collection, transport, treatment and disposal. Countries need legislative support and public participation for sustainable waste management. The survey gathered information on current practices, challenges and innovative solutions in Bangladesh, China, India, Iran, Malaysia, Nepal, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Vietnam to help address waste issues facing Asia.
This document discusses the management of solid waste from municipalities. It defines solid waste and outlines its various sources such as municipal, industrial, and biomedical waste. The impacts of solid waste on health are described, including creating unhygienic conditions and spreading disease. Methods for solid waste management are proposed, including the "4Rs" of reduce, reuse, recycle, and refuse. The document recommends greater public involvement, awareness, and improved collection practices to enhance solid waste management.
This document discusses solid waste management in Bangladesh. It defines solid waste and describes the different types. It also provides statistics on urban population and waste generation from 1991 to 2025. The waste hierarchy and polluter pays principle are introduced. National strategies aim to increase waste reduction, reuse and recycling. Municipal solid waste, industrial waste, and biomedical waste are priorities. The document outlines various policies, rules, and strategies adopted from 1995 to 2010. It describes several solid waste management projects and concludes by discussing health risks from unscientific disposal and the importance of public involvement in management plans.
Pro poor solid waste management Pakistan- Saadullah Ayazsaadayaz
This document discusses solid waste management in Pakistan. It notes that solid waste generation is growing at 2.4% annually and averages 0.61 kg/person/day in cities. Food waste and yard waste make up the largest percentages of solid waste. Most waste is improperly disposed of by dumping or burning. Only 52-69% of waste is collected in cities. The recycling industry is informal. The government aims to promote reduction, recycling, and proper disposal. One CDM composting project in Lahore aims to produce fertilizer from organic waste. The document also describes an innovative community-led pilot project in Nawanshehr that improved collection, awareness, and fiscal tools for solid waste management.
Your community can play a role in preserving resources, reducing waste, and spreading the word about the importance of recycling. View our infographic about waste management solutions.
The document discusses solid waste management challenges in Pakistan. It notes that solid waste generation is growing at 2.4% annually and averages 0.61 kg/person/day in cities. Food waste makes up 21.7% of solid waste composition on average. Most waste is improperly disposed through open dumping or burning. Only 52-69% of waste is collected in cities. The government aims to improve management through policies and a hospital waste plan, but more regulations and programs are still needed, especially in smaller towns. One example project piloted participatory management in a town through community organization, education, and improved collection infrastructure.
The document discusses solid waste management in developed and developing countries. It explains that in developed countries, waste is collected via wheeled bins and transported by truck. Citizens pay taxes to fund waste management. Common waste management methods include landfilling, incineration, and recycling. In contrast, Bangladesh collects and disposes of waste improperly, with much waste left on roadsides. Proposed solutions for Bangladesh include reducing waste, reusing materials, recycling, developing modern landfills and incineration facilities, and improving social awareness of waste management.
This document summarizes waste management issues in Pakistan. It categorizes different types of waste and identifies hazardous waste. It discusses problems with waste collection and disposal from hospitals and municipalities. Waste is often burned openly or dumped in improperly designed landfills, polluting the environment. The role of local governments in waste management is outlined, though capacity is limited. It concludes more attention and education is needed from the government to adopt best practices that reduce, reuse, and recycle waste.
This presentation show about the solid waste pollution and the control the pollution around the environment. If you read this slide you will understand that pollution will cause more than you expected around your atmosphere. Try to look on this slide
Municipal solid waste contains a wide variety of materials from both domestic and commercial sources. As India's urban population grows, the amount of municipal solid waste generated is projected to increase dramatically. Effective management of municipal solid waste involves reducing, recycling, composting, landfilling, and converting waste to energy. Current waste management practices in most Indian cities are unsustainable and will need to incorporate more stakeholder participation going forward.
Alleppey, also known as Alappuzha, is a popular tourist destination in Kerala, India known as the "Venice of the East" due to its backwaters and interconnected canals. The main attractions are experiencing the backwaters by houseboat and viewing the annual Nehru Cup Snake Boat Race. It has a tropical climate and the best time to visit is September to March when it's less humid. Transportation options include buses, trains, flights to the nearby Kochi airport, and boats through the canals.
Darjeeling , known as "Queen of Hill". is an unforgettable experience for its Scenic beauty and its rich flavor of Tea, Toy Train, Tiger Hill and Massive Mt Kanchanjunga .
Darjeeling grew in prominence during the mid 19th century when, because of its climate, the British first established a lovely Victorian hill station and later developed tea plantations.
The town is also a jumping off point for travelers heading to Sikkim.
This document discusses the impacts of solid waste on human health and the environment. It defines solid waste as unwanted materials generated from human activities. Solid waste can be categorized by origin, contents, and hazard potential. Improper management of solid waste can lead to air and water pollution, spread of diseases, and degradation of natural habitats. The document outlines government initiatives in India to improve solid waste management, such as the Swachh Bharat Mission and new rules governing plastic waste, hazardous waste, and biomedical waste. Preventive measures are also discussed, such as reducing waste generation, increasing recycling, and improving education.
Project report on municipal solid waste management MDZAFARHASIB
This document discusses municipal solid waste management in developing countries. It begins by defining municipal solid waste and providing an overview of the solid waste management scenario in developing nations like India. It then outlines the typical steps involved in solid waste management - collection, transportation, recycling, treatment and disposal. Specific technologies and methods used at each step are described. The document also reviews initiatives and technologies adopted in India for solid waste management. It concludes by discussing literature on the topic and characteristics of municipal solid waste.
The document discusses waste management in India and Udupi specifically. It defines different types of waste like municipal solid waste and industrial waste. It explains that waste management involves collection, transport, disposal, and recycling of waste. It provides details on waste generation amounts in major Indian cities. It also discusses regulations and management of specific waste streams like plastic, e-waste, hazardous waste, and more. It notes that Udupi uses an integrated system of door-to-door collection and landfilling but still faces issues like lack of awareness and irregular services. The conclusion is that India's waste situation requires a holistic approach that addresses both present and long-term solutions.
The document discusses solid waste management in India. It notes that there has been a significant increase in municipal solid waste generation in India in recent decades due to population growth and economic development. Solid waste management has become a major environmental issue as waste collection and disposal systems in most cities are insufficient. Common problems include open dumping of garbage, lack of waste segregation, and groundwater contamination from landfill leachate. Indian municipalities face the challenge of improving waste management infrastructure and ensuring the scientific disposal of waste.
Rapid industrialization, urbanization and rise in living standards of people is most commonly associated with the problem of environmental pollution. For developing countries, industrialization is a necessity and demands to build self-contained uplifting of nation’s economy. However, industrialization on the other hand has also caused serious problems relating to environmental pollution. Therefore, wastes seem to be a by-product of growth.
With increasing demand for raw materials for industrial production, the non-renewable resources are diminishing day-by-day. Therefore, efforts are to be made for controlling pollution by conversion of these unwanted wastes into functional raw materials for constructive use. Disposal of industrial solid waste is concomitant to lack of infrastructural facilities and negligence of industries to take proper safeguards. Studies show that the large and medium industries located in recognized industrial areas still have some arrangements to dispose solid waste.
The document summarizes a study on solid waste management in Rajshahi City, Bangladesh. It finds that 350 tons of solid waste are generated daily, but only 210 tons are collected and properly disposed of. The remaining 140 tons are improperly dumped in drains, open spaces and water bodies, polluting the environment and posing health risks. Food and vegetable waste make up 70% of the solid waste stream. The management system is inadequate due to lack of resources, technology and public awareness. Improper waste disposal leads to pollution, flooding and disease transmission. Better management is needed such as increased collection and use of waste-to-energy technologies.
The solid waste management term deals with collection and treating and disposal of the solid waste. Day by day the quantity of waste generation is increasing rapidly. Creation of waste is natural by human being but being human it needs proper disposal .The solid waste is ugly in appearance , creates foul odor , creates nuisance and ultimately creates unhygienic conditions Improper management of solid waste leads to unhygienic conditions which results in spread of diseases Nobody wants to discuss and care about solid waste . We should come forward for the discussions and finding appropriate solution for proper and effective management of the waste nowadays it is a duty of everybody to monitor the rate of generation of waste. Not only the concerned local body should be responsible for waste management, but it is our responsibility too .We may contribute in minimizing the waste. So to prevent the public health it is necessary to start the waste management from own. This article discusses the origin, varieties ,per capita generation of the waste , role of individual and proper management of the waste .Coordination of local bodie ,social organizations and the public will result in proper management of the waste and helps in achieving the goals like clean city, smart city, and ‘Swachcha Bharat’.
Citation: Bharat Gidde, Pimpri Chinchwad Polytechnic Pune. "Solid Waste Management a need of Time." Global Research and Development Journal For Engineering 34 2018: 15 - 18.
Municipal solid waste (MSW) consists of everyday items discarded by the public. MSW generation is rapidly increasing worldwide due to population growth and increased consumption. Traditional waste disposal methods are no longer viable. This document discusses the nature and management of MSW in India. It outlines key challenges facing MSW management in India and explores various technical solutions for processing MSW, including composting, biomethanation, gasification, refuse derived fuel production, and waste-to-energy. Private sector involvement is growing in MSW management across India.
This document summarizes the solid waste management system in Bangladesh. It discusses the sources and types of solid waste, the current waste management practices, and impacts of waste disposal on the environment. The current system is inadequate, with unsegregated waste collection and dumping. The document suggests implementing integrated collection, selective segregation, and generating energy from waste to improve the system. It also recommends increasing waste sorting and management education in Bangladesh.
This document provides an overview of solid waste management practices in 11 Asian countries based on a survey conducted by the Asian Productivity Organization. It defines solid waste management and discusses key considerations like the type and composition of waste generated as well as available resources and environmental conditions that influence appropriate management strategies. Effective solid waste management requires an integrated approach combining generation reduction, reuse, recycling, collection, transport, treatment and disposal. Countries need legislative support and public participation for sustainable waste management. The survey gathered information on current practices, challenges and innovative solutions in Bangladesh, China, India, Iran, Malaysia, Nepal, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Vietnam to help address waste issues facing Asia.
This document discusses the management of solid waste from municipalities. It defines solid waste and outlines its various sources such as municipal, industrial, and biomedical waste. The impacts of solid waste on health are described, including creating unhygienic conditions and spreading disease. Methods for solid waste management are proposed, including the "4Rs" of reduce, reuse, recycle, and refuse. The document recommends greater public involvement, awareness, and improved collection practices to enhance solid waste management.
This document discusses solid waste management in Bangladesh. It defines solid waste and describes the different types. It also provides statistics on urban population and waste generation from 1991 to 2025. The waste hierarchy and polluter pays principle are introduced. National strategies aim to increase waste reduction, reuse and recycling. Municipal solid waste, industrial waste, and biomedical waste are priorities. The document outlines various policies, rules, and strategies adopted from 1995 to 2010. It describes several solid waste management projects and concludes by discussing health risks from unscientific disposal and the importance of public involvement in management plans.
Pro poor solid waste management Pakistan- Saadullah Ayazsaadayaz
This document discusses solid waste management in Pakistan. It notes that solid waste generation is growing at 2.4% annually and averages 0.61 kg/person/day in cities. Food waste and yard waste make up the largest percentages of solid waste. Most waste is improperly disposed of by dumping or burning. Only 52-69% of waste is collected in cities. The recycling industry is informal. The government aims to promote reduction, recycling, and proper disposal. One CDM composting project in Lahore aims to produce fertilizer from organic waste. The document also describes an innovative community-led pilot project in Nawanshehr that improved collection, awareness, and fiscal tools for solid waste management.
Your community can play a role in preserving resources, reducing waste, and spreading the word about the importance of recycling. View our infographic about waste management solutions.
The document discusses solid waste management challenges in Pakistan. It notes that solid waste generation is growing at 2.4% annually and averages 0.61 kg/person/day in cities. Food waste makes up 21.7% of solid waste composition on average. Most waste is improperly disposed through open dumping or burning. Only 52-69% of waste is collected in cities. The government aims to improve management through policies and a hospital waste plan, but more regulations and programs are still needed, especially in smaller towns. One example project piloted participatory management in a town through community organization, education, and improved collection infrastructure.
The document discusses solid waste management in developed and developing countries. It explains that in developed countries, waste is collected via wheeled bins and transported by truck. Citizens pay taxes to fund waste management. Common waste management methods include landfilling, incineration, and recycling. In contrast, Bangladesh collects and disposes of waste improperly, with much waste left on roadsides. Proposed solutions for Bangladesh include reducing waste, reusing materials, recycling, developing modern landfills and incineration facilities, and improving social awareness of waste management.
This document summarizes waste management issues in Pakistan. It categorizes different types of waste and identifies hazardous waste. It discusses problems with waste collection and disposal from hospitals and municipalities. Waste is often burned openly or dumped in improperly designed landfills, polluting the environment. The role of local governments in waste management is outlined, though capacity is limited. It concludes more attention and education is needed from the government to adopt best practices that reduce, reuse, and recycle waste.
This presentation show about the solid waste pollution and the control the pollution around the environment. If you read this slide you will understand that pollution will cause more than you expected around your atmosphere. Try to look on this slide
Municipal solid waste contains a wide variety of materials from both domestic and commercial sources. As India's urban population grows, the amount of municipal solid waste generated is projected to increase dramatically. Effective management of municipal solid waste involves reducing, recycling, composting, landfilling, and converting waste to energy. Current waste management practices in most Indian cities are unsustainable and will need to incorporate more stakeholder participation going forward.
Alleppey, also known as Alappuzha, is a popular tourist destination in Kerala, India known as the "Venice of the East" due to its backwaters and interconnected canals. The main attractions are experiencing the backwaters by houseboat and viewing the annual Nehru Cup Snake Boat Race. It has a tropical climate and the best time to visit is September to March when it's less humid. Transportation options include buses, trains, flights to the nearby Kochi airport, and boats through the canals.
Darjeeling , known as "Queen of Hill". is an unforgettable experience for its Scenic beauty and its rich flavor of Tea, Toy Train, Tiger Hill and Massive Mt Kanchanjunga .
Darjeeling grew in prominence during the mid 19th century when, because of its climate, the British first established a lovely Victorian hill station and later developed tea plantations.
The town is also a jumping off point for travelers heading to Sikkim.
Check out for Srinagar hotels with the help of Travelguru. They offer amazing deals and discounts on all type of hotel booking in India and abroad. Book hotels in Srinagar through Travelguru and make your visit unforgettable.
Darjeeling is a famous tourist destination in India known for its tea gardens, views of Kanchenjunga Mountain, and Toy Train. It has a moderate climate with five seasons and temperatures ranging from 2-20 degrees Celsius throughout the year. Popular attractions include Kanchenjunga Mountain, the Toy Train, Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park, Tiger Hill for sunrise views, and the Peace Pagoda. Darjeeling is also known for its monasteries, botanical gardens, art, and local foods like momos, thukpa, and sael roti. The document provides an introduction and overview of the key attractions, climate, food, and accommodations for visiting
Check out for cochin hotels with the help of Travelguru. They offer amazing deals and discounts on all type of hotel booking in India and abroad. Book hotels in cochin through Travelguru and make your visit unforgettable.
This document provides an overview and introduction to Coorg, India. It describes Coorg as a multi-faceted tourist destination in Karnataka known as the "Scotland of India" due to its misty hills, forests, plantations and beautiful locales. The document outlines details about Coorg's climate, famous products, language and best times to visit between October and May. It highlights major tourist attractions including Raja Seat, Omkareshwara Temple, and Dubare Elephant Camp and describes how to reach Coorg via air, rail and road.
Solid waste management in Guwahati cityAna Debbarma
This document contains summaries of several papers related to municipal solid waste management in Guwahati, India. It provides an overview of the current solid waste situation in Guwahati, including types and amounts of waste generated. It also summarizes various papers that examine waste management strategies used in Guwahati such as recycling, composting, and landfilling. Additionally, it outlines some pilot projects conducted in Guwahati to improve waste collection and management.
Ewh darjeeling & sikkim april - sept 2014Tushar Singh
This document provides details on 25 different East Himalayan tour packages ranging from 3-10 nights. It includes the package code, number of nights, destinations and included accommodations. Some key packages include:
- EWHNBS 01 Queen of the Hills (3 nights in Darjeeling) including accommodations in Darjeeling, sightseeing tours and transfers.
- EWHNBS 02 Beautiful Trail (3 nights in Gangtok) including city tour, excursion to Tsomgo Lake and accommodations in Gangtok.
- EWHNBS 04 Mystic Mountain (4 nights in Darjeeling and Gangtok) including sightseeing in both cities, accommodations and transfers between destinations
City officials have asked students to research waste disposal facilities and recycling alternatives to inform the city's plans to build a new waste facility and recycling plant. Students will conduct research in groups on waste disposal and recycling, then create a class website and podcasts to share their findings and make recommendations to the city. The project aims to help students better understand waste practices and their environmental impacts, while developing research, collaboration, communication and problem-solving skills through their work.
MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT STATUS IN PATNA - Weaknesses and OpportunitiesAshok Ghosh
Municipal waste management at Patna is in pathetic state.The state capital of Bihar is also famous now as municipal waste capital of India.The presentation is an attempt to highlight the issues and possible solution.
Solid waste management by Muhammad Fahad Ansari 12IEEM14fahadansari131
This document discusses solid waste management. It defines waste and classifies it into different categories such as domestic, factory, e-waste, etc. It also classifies waste into solid, liquid, plastic, and metal waste. The sources of solid waste are then outlined, including markets, residential areas, and hospitals. Methods for collecting and disposing of solid waste are also presented, such as using rickshaws, trucks, trenching, landfilling, incineration, composting, and disposal at sea. Issues related to solid waste in Pakistan such as increasing amounts, low collection rates, and hazardous industrial waste are also summarized.
Solid waste comes from various sources like households, businesses, industries, agriculture, hospitals, and hotels. It is classified based on its properties as biodegradable or non-biodegradable. Improper management of solid waste impacts society, climate, environment and health. The key laws around solid waste management in the Philippines are the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 and the Local Government Code. Common methods of disposal include landfilling, incineration, composting, recycling, and emerging options like plasma gasification. Each method has advantages and disadvantages related to cost, environmental impact, and energy usage.
The document discusses solid waste management in India. It notes that solid waste generation is increasing rapidly as the population grows. Current waste collection and disposal methods are inadequate, with waste often dumped untreated. This causes environmental degradation and health issues. Improving waste management requires better collection systems, recycling programs, public education, and regulations on industries that generate hazardous waste. Developing closed loop systems where waste from one process is used as a resource in another can help reduce waste and pollution.
The document discusses waste classification and management. It outlines various types of waste including domestic, factory, e-waste, construction, agricultural, and more. The waste management process includes waste generation, handling, storage, collection, sorting, processing, transport, and disposal. Key aspects of waste management are minimization, recycling, processing, transformation, and land disposal. The goal is developing an integrated management plan based on the waste lifecycle and sources.
Solid waste management involves the collection, transport, processing, and disposal of solid wastes. There are different types of wastes including solid, liquid, biodegradable, non-biodegradable, and hazardous wastes. Municipal solid waste is a major type and comes from households, commercial areas, and construction sites. Common solid waste management methods include landfilling, incineration, composting, and recycling/reuse. Proper waste management is important for public health and environmental protection.
This document provides an overview of solid waste management. It begins with definitions of solid waste and municipal solid waste. It then discusses sources and types of municipal solid waste, as well as typical generation quantities. The key elements of municipal solid waste management systems are outlined, including collection, transfer, transport, disposal methods like landfilling and incineration, and the 4R concept of reduce, reuse, recycle, recover. Specific collection and disposal methods are described in more detail. The document also discusses the characteristics, composition and impact of municipal solid waste. A case study example is provided at the end to illustrate some of the concepts.
The document discusses various sources and types of solid waste including residential, commercial, institutional, construction and demolition, industrial, agricultural, and biomedical waste. It also describes methods for solid waste disposal such as landfilling, incineration, composting, and disposal into the sea. Key factors for effective composting are also outlined, including temperature, carbon to nitrogen ratio, nutrients, oxygen, pH, moisture, and particle size.
This document discusses solid waste management in the Tamale Metropolitan Area (TAMA) in Ghana. It aims to examine the factors affecting effective solid waste management and suggest measures to address the problems. TAMA faces issues with indiscriminate dumping, irregular waste collection, and inadequate resources for waste management. Approximately 810 tonnes of waste are generated daily in TAMA, but only 216 tonnes are collected, leaving 594 tonnes uncollected. This has resulted in litter, overflowing skips, and unclean areas. The study seeks to understand the types and sources of waste generated, how waste is disposed of by households, the frequency and process of waste collection, and the capacity of waste management institutions to address the problems.
This document provides definitions and an overview of different types of waste including municipal solid waste, industrial solid waste, agricultural waste, hazardous waste, nuclear waste, and electronic waste. It discusses the environmental impacts of waste and various waste management strategies like waste processing, disposal methods, and technologies. It also outlines responsibilities of citizens and provides information on waste management courses, books, journals, and organizations.
The document discusses solid waste management. It defines various terms related to solid waste like ash, biodegradable material, composting, disposal, landfilling, leachate, and municipal solid waste (MSW). It describes the composition, characteristics, collection methods, and treatment/disposal methods of solid waste. The common treatment/disposal methods discussed are composting, incineration, and landfilling. It provides details on composting methods like trench composting, windrow composting, and mechanical composting.
The document discusses solid waste management. It begins by outlining the objectives of understanding solid waste management and its importance. It then provides background on how waste disposal has evolved from early methods like digging pits to modern municipal collection. Key points made include that waste generation increases with population and industrialization. The types of solid waste are defined, including municipal solid waste and construction debris as the two major components. Regulations and policies governing solid waste management are also discussed. The document outlines how waste is classified in the Philippines into compostable, recyclable, residual, and special categories.
The document summarizes the solid waste management issues facing the village of Lalur in Thrissur, India. For over 60 years, all of Thrissur's waste has been dumped in Lalur without proper scientific management, causing major ecological, health, and social problems for local residents. Government efforts to address the problem through composting plants and landfill projects have been inefficient and ineffective. The growing waste problem threatens to make the area uninhabitable if not solved through improved waste disposal and treatment methods.
Solid Waste means solid or semisolid or non-soluble material that includes garbage, refused, sludge and other discarded domestic material, as well as waste from Industrial, Commercial, Agricultural and Mining operations.
Municipal Dumping Site and Its Health Hazards to the proximate communities at...Dr. Pranabjyoti Das
The document summarizes a field study on the municipal dumping site and its health hazards in Barjalah, Tangla district in Assam, India. It finds that:
1) Around 15-17 quintals of solid waste is generated daily in Tangla town, of which only around half is collected.
2) The remaining waste is dumped indiscriminately, including at Barjalah, posing environmental and health risks like infectious diseases and water/soil pollution.
3) The Barjalah dumping site is not well-maintained and could contaminate groundwater, while open dumping provides breeding grounds for disease vectors.
Management of solid waste is a major challenge now a days because of industrialization, population and urbanization so that the rate of solid waste is increases. Waste generation creates a problem to environment as well as public health. To minimize this problems proper collection, storage and disposal are important. This paper is review of waste management, it's element and disposal method of waste. Reduce, reuse, recycle this three principal helps for the waste management. Priyanka Pathak | Wani Roshani | Tupe Aboli | Bhadade Rushikesh | Deore Aniket | Jamdade Rohit"Solid Waste Management" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd14433.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/14433/solid-waste-management/priyanka-pathak
The document discusses solid waste management in India. It notes that tons of waste are generated annually worldwide and in India, including municipal solid waste, biomedical waste, plastic waste, and hazardous waste. It projects waste generation will increase significantly in coming years without proper management. Currently, most waste in India is disposed of through dumping rather than treatment or recycling. Improved management is needed to promote sustainable development, protect the environment, and create jobs through materials and energy recovery from waste.
Waste management is the collection, transport, processing, recycling or disposal, and
monitoring of waste materials.
[1]
The term usually relates to materials produced by human
activity, and is generally undertaken to reduce their effect on health, the environment or
aesthetics. Waste management is also carried out to recover resources from it. Waste
management can involve solid, liquid, gaseous or radioactive substances, with different methods
and fields of expertise for each.
RECYCLING SIGNIFICANCE OF WASTE MANAGEMENTIRJET Journal
This document summarizes the significance of waste management and recycling in addressing issues caused by improper waste disposal. It discusses how rapid urbanization and population growth have increased solid waste generation, posing risks to the environment and public health. The document then reviews waste management policies and initiatives in India, highlighting the importance of proper collection, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste. It also provides examples of sustainable waste management practices in Indore, India, including segregated waste collection, transportation to transfer stations, and recommendations to promote reduce, reuse and recycling.
The document discusses waste management practices in India. It notes that India generates around 10-12 million tons of waste annually, which is mostly inert and non-biodegradable. The typical waste management system involves collection, transportation, segregation, treatment and disposal. However, open dumping is common practice and adversely impacts the environment and public health. It also outlines the various waste types (municipal, hazardous, biomedical, electronic), relevant laws and policies, and challenges around lack of awareness, collection/segregation issues. Improved government policies, more sustainable industry practices, and increased public participation are suggested to address the growing waste problem.
The document discusses sustainable solid waste management and its effects on economic growth in Enugu State, Nigeria. It finds that the current waste management system lacks recycling, reuse, and waste reduction programs. A proposed new system would incorporate these elements and educate the public to successfully implement source separation, recycling, and bans on certain plastics. The benefits of recycling to the economy through reduced costs, energy and resource conservation, and job creation are also reviewed.
Municipal solid waste management in jamshedpurRavi Ranvijay
The document discusses municipal solid waste management practices in Jamshedpur, India. It describes how Jamshedpur Urban Services Company (JUSCO) manages the city's waste through door-to-door collection, segregation into organic and recyclable materials, composting, and landfilling. The integrated approach aims to reduce, reuse, and recycle waste. Recommendations include improving segregation at source through education and use of separate bins, and developing an engineered landfill to replace the overloaded dumping ground.
Factors Affecting Solid Waste Management in Kapchorwa Town Council, Kapchorwa...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
The problem of Solid Waste Management (SWM) has become a major problem in the upper areas of developing countries. In Uganda, the menace of urban waste has further been worsened by the increasing population. This study was done to assess the level of knowledge and practices about SWM within the Kapchorwa Town Council (KTC) Kapchorwa district in eastern Uganda. To achieve the objectives, a descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out and waste characteristics, collection, disposal, stakeholder roles, and waste management responsibilities were analyzed. Results indicate that waste is predominantly biodegradable (66%) and generated mainly within households, with no proper collection rate disposed of, crude dumping was the major means of disposal used (72.5%). The council is under capacity to handle waste management demands and their services are poor or nonexistent which has led to the use of crude dumping which has risk health. The strategy for solid waste management is failing because the community members are not cooperative. In conclusion, waste management practices in KTC are poor and they reflect a gap in knowledge about effective waste management within KTC, community members should be regularly educated on the link between improper solid waste management and disease outbreaks and the safe SWM practices such as reuse and recycling.
Keywords: Waste management, Kapchorwa district, urban waste, disease outbreaks
Climate Change and Solid Waste Management.pptxdicefredeluces
Solid waste refers to unwanted materials that are discarded and arise from human and animal activity. Solid waste is generated from residential, commercial, and industrial areas and must be managed in various ways. In Olongapo City in the Philippines, an average of 250-300 tons of garbage are collected every day. Solid waste management aims to reduce health and environmental impacts of waste in an efficient and cost-effective manner through activities like waste collection, transport, processing, and disposal. Poor solid waste management can lead to environmental pollution, health issues, and financial burdens for communities.
The document discusses the impacts of solid waste management on people, planet, and profit. It describes how improper waste management can negatively impact the surrounding environment and residents' health by emitting odors and pollutants. Direct dumping of waste can contaminate water sources and spread diseases. The increasing amounts of solid waste generated are also an environmental issue, as most waste ends up in poorly managed landfills and dumpsites that pollute soil and groundwater. Effective waste management is important for sustainability and improving quality of life.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Understanding Environmental Degradation under ISA by the students of SBGJ, Gu...sbgjbritishcouncil
Malaysia is facing increasing waste generation that is causing social, economic, and environmental problems, especially in urban areas. Improper waste management leads to health issues and negatively impacts tourism. The government and private sectors are working to improve waste collection, disposal, and recycling but face challenges like a lack of coordination, clear legislation, technical expertise, and funding models. Overall, Malaysia's waste management system needs more proactive policies to better tackle the root causes of increasing waste production.
The document discusses solid waste management issues in Aurangabad, Maharashtra. It notes that improper waste disposal negatively impacts the environment, health, and local economy. The city of Aurangabad generates around 40 tons of waste per day. For 49 years, waste was dumped in an open site in Naregaon village near Aurangabad, but this caused environmental pollution and health problems for locals. The document analyzes Aurangabad's current waste management practices, classifications of waste, and problems with improper management. It suggests the situation requires immediate action and attention to tackle issues from waste generation to disposal.
Assessment of landfill sites for solid waste management in Delta state, NigeriaPremier Publishers
Landfills remains an important component in waste management as it deals with municipal solid waste directly and complements alternative waste management technologies, which in themselves give rise to residues that require disposal ultimately via landfill. As an assessment study, the work was carried out by visitation to existing dumpsites to obtain needed data and information through the instrumentation of a checklist, interviews, questionnaire and focus group discussions. Stratified random sampling was also used to provide appropriate representation of the societal classes in the population across the 25 Local Government Areas in the State. Results showed that most solid waste collected are deposited in open dumpsites/ landfills on the outskirts of urban areas thereby forming breeding sites for disease vectors and polluting the environment and plausible recommendations for improved waste and environmental management in the State.
• To transform the waste collection system in urban environment.
• To create a safe and conducive environment for waste collection in an urban environment
• To educate local people on how to take care of the environment through waste segregation
• To develop a circle of network of stakeholders that is local community, local government, private sector, and media societies for the implementation of the waste segregation system.
• To put waste segregation into practice and creating a reuse, reduce and a recycle waste oriented communities.
• To develop a monitoring and evaluation systems that checks if the work is done correctly and the correct work is done.
- The document discusses prospects of material flow management (MFM) in waste control and energy generation in Nigeria.
- Nigeria generates an estimated 6.03 million tons of solid waste and 83.04 million tons of fresh animal waste per year. Considering this waste amount, MFM should be integrated into all aspects of waste management in Nigeria for sustainable waste management now and in the future.
- The document recommends biogas technology as one technique of MFM that can boost energy generation through waste.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...EduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher, Director of Education and Skills at the OECD presents at the launch of PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Minds, Creative Schools on 18 June 2024.
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إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
1. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 7722, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 7714
www.ijhssi.org Volume 3 Issue 6ǁ June. 2014ǁ PP.26-34
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Solid Waste Management in The Town Of Darjeeling:
Environmental Concern
Dewki Limbu
Guest Lecturer, Mirik Degree College, Darjeeling
ABSTRACT: An area associated with urban features is bound to generate waste either degradable or non
degradable. All around the world in every urban place this is a serious matter of concern. It has taken a serious
turn in the towns of developing countries where the blindfold development in the cost of environmental
degradation is taking place. The respective governments in the countries have implemented the laws regarding
this but these laws sometimes conflicts with the development process and the former have to surrender in
retrospect. There is little provision for solid waste management in these towns. In this case the metropolitan
cities are bit lucky than the smaller towns. This article is about the solid waste management system in the town
of Darjeeling, the health risks and environmental concerns and the solutions which the local government and
the people can take into consideration. This article tries to relate to the environmental degradation an urban
place faces and is facing with regard to the aggravating health problems of the people living near the dumping
sites as well as the people living in the town itself. It also tries to study different problems of solid waste
management in the town of Darjeeling.
I. INTRODUCTION:
Darjeeling town is situated between 26°31' to 27°31' N and 87°59' to 88°53' E in the district of
Darjeeling , West Bengal. It is one of the prided tourist town of West Bengal. Every year this town is visited by
thousands of tourist from within the country as well as from foreign countries. The town of Darjeeling has 32
wards. It is a ridge, shaped liked English letter ―Y‖ and the base resting Katapahar and Jalpahar while two arms
diverge from the mall, one dripping suddenly to the North-East and ending in Lebong spur and the other arm
running North-West passes through the St. Joseph‘s College had finally ends in the valley near the Tukvar Tea
Estate.Ever since this area was developed by British and left behind in the hands of the Indian government, the
town has seen downfall in its infrastructural facilities. The popular mass movements for the demand of
statehood have wrecked its image of ―Queen of Hills‖. The population of Darjeeling is increasing tremendously
and the decadal growth rate in 2001 was 49.98%. During 90s there is massive influx of population from
surrounding area as intra district migration for employment and educational and administrative facilities .The
49.98% clearly indicates the immense population growth which has lead to the congestion and space problem.
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Among its 32 wards the solid waste management facilities are not equally distributed. The people of
Darjeeling now has a tendency of throwing the garbage, waste into the nearby jhoras and upon the roads. The
methodology applied here are:
[1] Collection of articles and studies regarding Solid waste management
[2] Inspection of the dumping sites and man to man conversation for collection of health related facts.
[3] Data collection from the municipality of Darjeeling and Data analysis.
Solid Waste Management: Solid Waste as defined under Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, is any
solid, semi-solid, liquid or contained gaseous materials, discarded from industrial, commercial, mining or
agricultural operations and from community activities. It includes garbage, construction debris, commercial
refuse, sludge from water supply or waste treatment plants or air pollution control facilities and other discarded
materials.It consists of all the waste in the solid or semi solid form and is either biodegradable, non-
biodegradable or recyclable. Biodegradable or compostable waste comprises of organic waste which can be
reduced or biodegraded into useful or less polluting products by action of micro organisms and animals like
earthworms and final product is used as organic manure.
Waste management is the collection, transport, processing or disposal of waste materials, usually ones
produced by human activity, in an effort to reduce their effect on human health or local aesthetics or amenity.
Waste management practices differ for developed and developing nations, for urban and rural areas and for
residential, industrial and commercial producers. Waste management for non-hazardous residential and
institutional waste in metropolitan areas is usually the responsibility of local government authorities, while
management for non-hazardous commercial and industrial waste is the responsibility of the generator.
The municipality is given the responsibility off the solid waste management in the town. Municipalities
additionally address urban environment issues related to solid waste management. Public concern and sensitivity
to environmental issues is driving this expanded agenda. These include:
Health and environmental impacts of accumulated uncollected waste and clandestine disposal sites.
Health and environmental impacts of solid waste facilities including transfer, composting and landfill
facilities.
Air emissions from waste collection and transfer vehicles.
Special handling and disposal of hazardous wastes including healthcare and industrial hazardous waste.
Solid Waste management in Darjeeling Town:
Darjeeling lies in fragile ecology zone. In recent years it has seen an increase in the natural calamities
as landslides during monsoon. Most of the section of the people are of view that this increase can be attributed
to the population increase as well as the unconsolidated solid waste management system in the town. Thus it is
an attempt to study the solid management system and give an insight to it. Generally in developing countries,
the health-related underpinnings of solid waste management still need to be addressed. Even the minimal
regulatory framework that exists in most of these countries for environmental protection and occupational health
and safety is often not enforced. Large quantities of waste are uncollected; uncollected wastes clog drains and
channels causing flooding, habitats for insect breeding and accumulate on open areas. Waste collection is by
labour-intensive systems with little, if any, worker protection from direct contact and injury; waste disposal fills
ravines and wetlands often near residential neighbourhoods and commonly is burned openly.In the towns of
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developing countries, solid waste collectors lift heavier loads; often to higher loading positions and in traffic
conditions with significantly more dust and diesel exhaust pollution. Waste pickers work informally at open
dumps, typically living adjacent to the dumpsite in poor housing conditions, with minimal basic infrastructure
for clean water and sanitation; and a significant portion of their number are children under 16 years old. Wastes
sorting and recycling activities are typically conducted manually in micro and small-scale enterprises, with
minimal washing and baling equipment and virtually no dust control or worker protection. Darjeeling is highly
populated hill town where daily waste generation is 30 metric tonnes. This goes upto 50 metric tonnes in peak
tourist seasons. In respect of Darjeeling Municipality that solid waste generation is @ 465 gm/cap/day. (The
following characteristics are observed after personal survey of different wards.)
The main characteristics of municipal waste management are as follows:
[1] No Storage of solid waste at source. Individual families, commercial establishments and institutions throw
their solid waste in bins, streets, drains, jhoras(waterways, natural or reinforced), open spaces and near by
water-bodies. This has resulted in dirty streets and clogged drains.
[2] Partial Segregation and Collection of Recyclable Waste. Households keep aside newspapers, bottles and
metal objects for sale to rag-pickers. They also pick recyclable material from waste thrown in the bins,
street and jhoras. Some houses, at a distance from the town collect the vegetable waste and prepare manure
to use for market gardening.
[3] Inefficient system of primary waste collection. Waste is collected through street sweeping in certain parts
of central Darjeeling, which is inefficient and irregular. The waste collected through street sweeping
contains all types of waste and the tools used are inefficient(brooms,etc.). The secondary storage of waste
collected in open spaces, masonry bins and iron bins is unhygienic and inefficient.
[4] Inefficient and irregular transportation of waste. Waste is transported in the trucks (1.5 to 2 tonnes
capacity) and jeeps. Multiple handling becomes necessary and contaminated waste is also handled
manually. The transport system can handle only 20 to 25 metric tones of solid waste, thus creating a
backlog.
[5] Unscientific Disposal of Waste. The waste is manually dumped in the disposal site, above the Hindu
Burial Ground and there is no scientific treatment of the waste dumped. Hospital, construction, toxic and
industrial waste are also dumped in the same dumping site. There are people living within the vicinity of the
chute and downstream. Besides the official „Dumping Chute‟ communities dump their solid waste in their
nearest waterways and streets.
Waste collection Waste dumped on the streets and jhorras
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Solid Waste Composition: Darjeeling is a small town with no major industries. It does have few minor food
processing small scale industries which are not capable of producing large chunk of waste. The waste generated
is basically from the residential areas around the town. The town has few large hospitals generating bio-medical
waste. Overall we have municipal solid waste and bio-medical solid waste.
II. MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE:
Municipal Solid Waste consists of household wastes, market wastes, construction and demolition debris,
sanitation residues, drain silt, waste from streets, etc. With rapid urbanization, rising population and change in
lifestyle as well as food habits, the amount of MSW has been increasing rapidly. Moreover, its composition ratio
is also changing. Over the last few years, the consumer market has grown rapidly leading to products being
packed in cans, aluminium foils, plastics and other such non-biodegradable items that cause incalculable harm to
the environment. However Municipal waste production is related to levels of industrialization and income
status. The wards near the market area, housing number of hotels as well as residential places generate huge
amount of solid waste. They also contribute in the liquid waste generation which has not been touched here.
Though substantial amount of paper, rags, glass find ways to the refuse near its source, they are reclaimed
enroot by rag pickers, before reaching the disposal point. The waste reaching the disposal point contains a large
percentage of garbage and inorganic matter giving it a higher density low calorific value. The largest low
moisture constituent of MSW is paper. Other low moisture combustible materials are plastics, textiles, rubber,
leather and wood. These materials can be called ―Dry Combustibles‖ in distinction to the ―Wet Combustibles‖
of food, plant and other wastes, which contain 50-70% of water. ―Non Combustibles‖ are metal, glasses and
other inorganic compounds that have no heating value.
Bio-Medical Waste:The waste generating by the health care units are termed as bio-medical waste. . The town
of Darjeeling has a government hospital and few private nursing homes, catering to the need of the town as well
as the surrounding remote areas. These hospitals are the source of the bio-medical waste in this town. The
hospital waste has always been considered potentially hazardous. The disposal of untreated bio-medical wastes
poses an environmental and public health risk. It also presents an occupational health hazards to the health care
personnel who handle these wastes at the point of generation, and those involved with their management i.e.
segregation, storage, transport, treatment and disposal. The indiscriminate disposals of untreated wastes are the
causes to spread the infectious diseases. It is imperative, therefore, to adopt appropriate system for the safe
collection, storage, transport, treatment and disposal of the hospital wastes.
III. TYPES OF WASTE GENERATED:
Waste generation and composition from health care units depends upon a number of factors such as
waste management methods, type of health care units, occupancy of healthcare unit, specialization of the
healthcare unit, ratio of reusable items in use, availability of infrastructure and resources etc. The waste
generated in the town are usually of low calorific value.
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Types of Solid Waste
Types of waste In(%)
Vegetable 20 to 65
Paper and carton 15 to 40
Plastic 2 to 13
Metal 1 to 5
Glass 1 to 10
Rubber, misc. 1 to 5
Fines (sand, ash, broken
glass)
15 to 40
Other characteristics:
Moisture 40 to 60
Density in trucks kg/m3 170 to 330
Lower heating kcal/kg 1000 to 1500
Health Risks in Solid Waste management:
All activities in solid waste management involve risk, either to the worker directly involved, or to the
nearby resident. Risks occur at every step in the process, from the point where residents handle wastes in the
home for collection or recycling, to the point of ultimate disposal. For people working as dumpsite waste
pickers, incomes are so low that many make insufficient money to meet daily subsistence needs—an issue
which complicates the collection of occupation-related health data. Despite the income, more of the waste
pickers interviewed reported that they experienced higher disease levels since becoming waste pickers, than they
had before.
Types of Diseases
Health risks from waste are caused by many factors, including:
• The nature of raw waste, its composition (e.g., toxic, allergenic and infectious substances), and its
Components (e.g., gases, dusts,sharps);
Disease Before After
in(%) in(%)
• Diarrhea 20 32
• Parasitic diseases 18 45
• Dysentery 11 27
• Stomach trouble 33 68
• Colds 48 86
• Eye trouble 6 18
• Headache 3 23
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• The nature of waste as it decomposes (e.g., gases, dusts, leakages, particle sizes) and their change in ability to
cause a toxic, allergenic or infectious health response;
• The handling of waste (e.g., working in traffic, shovelling, lifting, equipment vibrations, accidents);
• The processing of wastes (e.g., odour, noise, vibration, accidents, air and water emissions, residuals,
explosions, fires);
• The disposal of wastes (e.g., odour, noise, vibration, stability of waste piles, air and water emissions,
explosions, fires).
Health studies in developing countries indicate that waste picking is high-risk work. The risk involves both
occupational health risks to workers and environmental health risks to residents and workers. Because worker
exposure times are shorter than resident exposure times, some risks may be less for workers than for residents.
On the other hand, contaminant levels to which workers are exposed can be significantly higher than those that
reach residents, thus leading to increased risks for workers over residents. Some of the results are highlighted
below which are also prominent in the town of Darjeeling:
The health risks associated with illegal dumping are significant. Areas used for open dumping are easily
accessible to people, especially children, who are vulnerable to the physical (protruding nails or sharp
edges) and chemical (harmful fluids or dust) hazards posed by wastes. A significant portion of the waste
pickers found at open dumps are children and pregnant women. There have been incidents of children being
suffocated to death when buried by the wasteslides. A 9 year old girl was choked to death and the body
could not be retrieved even after 3 days of search operation in the dumping site in april 2011.
Children are particularly vulnerable to toxins because they ingest more water, food, and air per unit of body
weight; their metabolic pathways are less developed to detoxify and excrete toxins; and any disruption
during their growth years can easily disrupt development of their organ, nervous, immune, endocrine and
reproductive systems. (Landrigan, 1998)
Poisoning and chemical burns resulting from contact with small amounts of hazardous, chemical waste
mixed with general waste during collection & transportation.
Burns and other injuries can occur resulting from occupational accidents and methane gas exposure at waste
disposal sites
Tuberculosis, bronchitis, asthma, pneumonia, dysentery, parasites, and malnutrition are the most
commonly experienced diseases among waste pickers based on health studies of waste pickers.
Waste pickers studied revealed a 40% had skin disease and 70% had upper respiratory ailments.
During the course of one year, 40% had chronic cough, and 37% had jaundice. The average quarterly
incidence of diarrhoea was 85%, of fever was 72%, of coughs and colds was 63%. Eye soreness or redness
occurred quarterly in 15% and skin ulcers in 29%., with nearly all rates higher at the largest dump site than
these averages.
Among the surveyed waste pickers 80% had eye problems, 73% had respiratory ailments, 51% has
gastrointestinal ailments, 40% had skin infections or allergies, and 22% had orthopaedic ailments. Most
workers complained of eye burning, diminished vision, redness, itching, watering.
Health impacts of BMW
The hazardous component of health care waste may contain infectious agents, toxic and hazardous
chemicals and pharmaceuticals, radioactive materials and sharps that can cause health hazards to hospital
patients, healthcare workers and the general public at large.
Poor hospital waste management may cause the following diseases :
Hepatitis B & C
HIV positive
Gastro-enteric infections
Respiratory infections
Blood stream infections
Skin infections
Radioactive toxicity
Health problem associated with air and water pollution.
The growing number of HIV positive infected patients can prove the fact. The surveyed area near the
dumping site revealed the higher rates of respiratory and gastro-enteric diseases. The children were affected by
hepatitis B and skin diseases.
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Environment pollution from BMW:
Apart from the above mentioned incidents, there are other environmental problems associated with untreated
BMW generated from the healthcare units, which are as follows :
Decomposing waste may generate foul odour inside hospital premises and surrounding area.
Drains may be clogged with waste materials creating unhygienic environment within the surrounding
hospital premises. This phenomenon may also help in breading of mosquitoes/flies that might contribute to
spreading of infectious diseases.
Waste dump may attract stray animals and birds that might spread waste materials leading to unaesthetic
and unhygienic environment.
Indiscriminate disposal of pharmaceutical products (antibiotics and cytotoxic drugs) and discharge of
untreated wastewater generated from the health care units could have disastrous ecological effects.
Open dump of waste may decompose to produce leachate that might contaminate ground water.
Uncontrolled and open burning of wastes can generate dioxins and furans, thus polluting the air.
Environment pollution from Solid Waste
Air pollution: Dust generated from on-site vehicle movements, and placement of waste and materials
Water pollution: Runoff from open dump sites containing chemicals may contaminate wells and surface water
used as sources of drinking water open dumping can also impact proper drainage of runoff, making areas more
susceptible to flooding when wastes block ravines, creeks, culverts, and drainage basins & also contamination of
groundwater resources and surface water from leach ate emissions.
Soil Contamination : Permanent or temporary loss of productive land
Global Warming and Climate Change : In the town of Darjeeling the municipal solid waste is being dumped &
burnt in the open space without understanding the adverse impacts on the environment. The waste in the
dumping ground undergoes various anaerobic reactions produces offensive Green House gases such as CO2,
CH4 etc. These gases are contributing potentially to certain environmental changes in the area.
Situation in Darjeeling: Darjeeling belongs to class I town and the waste generated can be brought down or
controlled , had there been a proper solid waste management system. The town has a dumping site near the town
which is open and the waste is dumped irrespective of its nature of degradation or decay. The foul smell from
the open landfill creates health risks. The people are prone to the health risks due to the polluted air levels. The
people are unaware of the health risks from air as there is provision for air quality measurement. The people
tend to burn the waste which is not degradable, even in the dumping sites which releases toxic and carcinogenic
gases. The dumping site is near a clustered site with the poor people living near it. These deprived class of
people are the ones which are most affected by it.Apart from this health factors, the fragile area in due course of
time has been prone to landslides. Earlier it was considered a natural phenomenon. But now, the unnecessary
pile of non biodegradable plastics in the land is considered as a major contributing factor. Rotting waste lying
about in streets and jhoras has created an unhealthy environment in Darjeeling. With the increasing fast moving
consumer durables non-biodegradable packing material, one sees increasing packing material along with the
rotting bio-degradable waste. The flies and street dog populations are shooting up. One has even started seeing
mosquitoes in the Darjeeling town which was not seen even 10 years ago. The practice of dumping waste into
waterways and streams might have been acceptable before the advent of mass non-biodegradable material, but
today, plastic packing material, bottles are choking water ways which has contributed to landslides in
Darjeeling.
Thus the lack of proper waste management is proving a health hazard in Darjeeling. The lack of
segregation and combined dumping of waste in water ways and especially the dumping chute is polluting the
water ways and resulting is serious health hazards to people living downstream. The pollution of the waterways
is disturbing the ecology of the waterways by changing the composition of the water. Some of the chemicals
promote the growth of certain life forms only, leading to change in the entire ecology. While, other chemicals
are toxic to all life forms thus killing aquatic life. Ultimately, in both the cases, aquatic life gets killed.c The
infrastructure was not planned for the population today thus insufficient to handle the waste. The challenge with
the changing consumption patterns and types of waste generated has not been taken into account and the
existing waste management system has not adapted to this change. Dumping and Burning like in the yesteryears
is highly unacceptable today. Thus the challenge of waste management is both of a societal behavioural change
and an infrastructural one.
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Present Situation: With the increase in population, the quantity of generated wastes increased at an alarming
rate. With it came the non- biodegradable materials like plastics. As a result, to keep the environment healthy,
from 1980, Vats at different locations, dustbins, handcarts etc. came into existence. But this system of vats was
objected by people as existing vats created environmental nuisance. So, since 2007, the Municipality has started
the new system of collecting waste from doorsteps and directly dumped in the land fill site. This has still not
been possible to cover the whole of the Municipal Area but initiative has been taken to do so in the coming 5
years.
Major sources of solid waste in the study area are the domestic, commercial and institutional sectors. The
Municipal Authority has provided 182 numbers of roadside vats for collection of Solid Wastes. During field
investigations and sample survey carried out it has been observed that the people prefer to throw solid wastes on
the sides of the roads, inside the surface drains, in the allies and rear side ditches where the dust bins or vats are
not located within the reach of the people. Accumulated solid wastes are collected manually from the dumps and
transported to the solid waste dumping chute with the help of tractor-trailers. There are altogether 3 numbers of
tractor-trailers and 40 numbers of wheel barrows. The dumping chute (made of R.C.C) is located below the
cemetery near the jail. There are about 91 vats which are not approachable by the tractor-trailers. The refuse
from these vats are collected either by head load or by wheel barrows and dumped into nearby approachable
roadside vats. Presently, about 50 tons of solid wastes are generated daily, out of which only 62 % is disposed
off daily.
Deficiencies in the system:
The overall picture of solid waste management in the municipal towns is not quite satisfactory and needs to be
improved in order to achieve proper environmental sanitation. The basic short-comings and problems associated
with solid waste management in Darjeeling municipal town are as follows.
Population explosion, uncontrolled urbanization, slum area proliferation.
Socio-Economic crisis (huge external debt, economic austerities, prolonged recession, high rate of inflation,
high rate of unemployment, social disorder etc.)
Accelerated and uncontrolled generation of municipal wastes and industrial hazardous wastes.
Negligence and lack of interest for an effective solid waste management plan.
Insufficient public education and limited community participation.
In appropriate design of primary handcarts and collection vehicles causing multiple handling of waste and
environmental problems.
The small and medium municipalities are lacking considerably in the servicing and workshop facilities for
the mechanical transport fleet.
The location of disposal grounds and their sizes are not decided on the basis of optimum haulage and
rotational transformation routing.
Disposal of solid waste by land filling method is not generally carried out in a proper sanitary method.
Regular analysis and monitoring of solid waste characteristics are not done and presence of toxic and
hazardous materials cannot be ruled out.
Recommendations:
Darjeeling should no longer roll her waste down the hill as she has being doing all these years. This is
because of the increase in the waste that is generated and also the change in the type of waste. The unscientific
as well and insufficient waste management system is leading to health hazards to the people of Darjeeling as
well as people living downstream. The untreated waste is a threat to the fragile ecology of Darjeeling and its
downstream. Most diseases have exposure pathways. Most injuries have contact pathways. Interrupting the
pathways can reduce risks. In solid waste management this can be achieved by making waste technologies more
contained, reducing contaminant emissions, changing working methods, use of protective clothing, and keeping
the public and residents a safe distance away from operations. For example, risk of respiratory infection or
allergic response to organic dusts can be greatly reduced if transfer stations, composting and recycling process
systems are enclosed or ventilated and if workers wear respiratory masks. Thus it is imperative that the waste
management system of Darjeeling is improved with utmost urgency. Some of the recommendations are given
below.
[1] Three ‗R‘s of solid waste management i.e. reduce, reuse and recycle must be adopted by all urban centres.
This will help in reducing the quantum of solid waste that the local governments have to deal with.
[2] Efficiency of waste collection must be improved in the town by bringing about the necessary changes in the
design of equipment used by sanitary staff, manpower management and planning.
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[3] Transportation fleet needs to be maintained well and needs to be modernised to improve collection and
transportation efficiency.
[4] Crude/ open dumping of waste must be completely discouraged by encouraging controlled tipping.
[5] Identification of usable landfill sites should be done. In order to reduce the quantity of waste that goes to
landfill sites, waste treatment such as neighbourhood composting and recycling of waste must be
encouraged.
[6] Separate collection of hospital waste must be ensured in every city and incinerators must be installed to deal
with this waste. Landfill sites should apportion an area for the disposal of hazardous waste from hospitals.
[7] Private sector participation must continue to be encouraged in this sector to achieve efficiency of operations
and cost reduction. However, monitoring of privatised activities should be improved in order to provide
better quality of services to the people.
[8] Plans to improve cost recovery from this service must be made by every local government. New sources of
revenue generation must be thought of.
[9] People‘s participation must be encouraged to keep cities clean and NGOs must be used to do IEC work in
communities.
IV. CONCLUSION:
The town is under severe pressure of population increase which consequently leads to increased waste
generation. The Municipality has to tighten its grip in order to keep the town clean and healthy. The improper
waste management may affect its physical as well as cultural features, hitting hard on its tourism industry which
is ghastly losing its impact upon the visitors to the neighbouring state of Sikkim.
REFERENCES:
[1] Darjeeling Municipality, 2007: Proposed Solid Waste Management System. Prepared by Municipal Engineering Directorate,
Government of West Bengal. 2007
[2] Eco-watch Group, Darjeeling, Project Completion Report – 2003-2004
[3] Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organisation(CPHEEO) ―Status of Water Supply, Sanitation and Solid Waste
Management in Urban Areas‖, Sponsored by Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India, June 2005, pp xiv-xv.
[4] World Health Organization, Urban Solid Waste Management. Published for the WHO Regional Office for Europe by Instituto per i
Rapporti Internazionali di Sanita, Firenze, Italy. 1993: pp. 134-138
[5] Sandra Cointreau, ―Occupational and environmental health issues of solid waste management: With special emphasis on middle and
lower-income countries‖, Urban Papers, UP-2, The World Bank Group, Washington DC, July 2006, pp. 10-29.
[6] National Solid Waste Association of India, ― Municipal solid waste‖, June 2010.
[7] West Bengal Pollution control Board, ―Final Report on Waste Inventory (MSW& BMW) in West Bengal Under the project on The
Strengthening of Infrastructure of CPCB/SPCBs/PCCs‖,2003, pp. 33-35.