UNIT OPERATIONS (unit 2) pharmaceutical process chemistrySaketChoudhary13
its a presentation on the 2nd unit of pharmaceutical process chemistry which include extraction ,filtration and steam distillation and azeotropic distillation
UNIT OPERATIONS (unit 2) pharmaceutical process chemistrySaketChoudhary13
its a presentation on the 2nd unit of pharmaceutical process chemistry which include extraction ,filtration and steam distillation and azeotropic distillation
Extraction
Various methods
Extraction with reflux
Extraction with agitation
Counter current extraction
reserve percolation process, continuous hot percolation process
decoction
infusion
digestion
Extraction with agitation
Maceration with adjustment
Stages of scale up process mparm 1st year pharmaceutical process chemistryDhanashreeSarwan
Define Scale up process, need of Scale up technique, Stages of scale up process Bench\lab scale, pilot plant, large scale up technique, validation of large scale up process
MOLECULAR DOCKING AND DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTION AGENT ACTING.pptxMO.SHAHANAWAZ
Point to point M.pharm CADD presentation on MOLECULAR DOCKING AND DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTION AGENT ACTING, Dihydro Folate reductase Inhibiter (Methotrexate)
CHEMISTRY OF PEPTIDES [M.PHARM, M.SC, BSC, B.PHARM]Shikha Popali
THE CHEMISTRY OF PEPTIDES THE DIFFICULT TO COLLECT DATA FOR READERS , THREFORE HERE WE HAVE COLLECTED ALL THE DATA AT A PLACE AND PROVIDED EASIER TO CHEMISTRIANS.
Presented by Shikha Popali and Harshpal singh Wahi students from Gurunanak college of pharmacy, Nagpur in Department of pharmaceutical Chemistry. The explained topic is seful for every chemistry student and for others too
Process chemistry AS PER PCI SYLLABUS FOR M.PHARMShikha Popali
pharmaceutical process chemistry is process WHERE FROM THE RESEARCH TO FINISH PRODUCT INCLUDING THE PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT AT LABORATORY LEVEL THAN PILOT PLANT WHERE THE PRODUCT IS MANUFACTURED IN 10X THAN FINAL AT 100X THAT IS SCALE UP PLANT.
Introduction
Classification
Therapeutic values of peptidomimetics
Design of peptidomimetics by manipulation of amino acids
Modification of peptide backbone
Chemistry of prostaglandins, leukotrienes and thromboxanes
Extraction
Various methods
Extraction with reflux
Extraction with agitation
Counter current extraction
reserve percolation process, continuous hot percolation process
decoction
infusion
digestion
Extraction with agitation
Maceration with adjustment
Stages of scale up process mparm 1st year pharmaceutical process chemistryDhanashreeSarwan
Define Scale up process, need of Scale up technique, Stages of scale up process Bench\lab scale, pilot plant, large scale up technique, validation of large scale up process
MOLECULAR DOCKING AND DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTION AGENT ACTING.pptxMO.SHAHANAWAZ
Point to point M.pharm CADD presentation on MOLECULAR DOCKING AND DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTION AGENT ACTING, Dihydro Folate reductase Inhibiter (Methotrexate)
CHEMISTRY OF PEPTIDES [M.PHARM, M.SC, BSC, B.PHARM]Shikha Popali
THE CHEMISTRY OF PEPTIDES THE DIFFICULT TO COLLECT DATA FOR READERS , THREFORE HERE WE HAVE COLLECTED ALL THE DATA AT A PLACE AND PROVIDED EASIER TO CHEMISTRIANS.
Presented by Shikha Popali and Harshpal singh Wahi students from Gurunanak college of pharmacy, Nagpur in Department of pharmaceutical Chemistry. The explained topic is seful for every chemistry student and for others too
Process chemistry AS PER PCI SYLLABUS FOR M.PHARMShikha Popali
pharmaceutical process chemistry is process WHERE FROM THE RESEARCH TO FINISH PRODUCT INCLUDING THE PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT AT LABORATORY LEVEL THAN PILOT PLANT WHERE THE PRODUCT IS MANUFACTURED IN 10X THAN FINAL AT 100X THAT IS SCALE UP PLANT.
Introduction
Classification
Therapeutic values of peptidomimetics
Design of peptidomimetics by manipulation of amino acids
Modification of peptide backbone
Chemistry of prostaglandins, leukotrienes and thromboxanes
All about extraction methods in pharmacognosy.
The procedure of separating active compounds, active substances, or active medications from basic materials derived either directly from plants or animals,
It is the separation of medicinally active tissues from inert or inactive components in plants or animals using specific solvents.
Solvent ;
Can be Polar or Non-polar
Depends on the nature of secondary metabolite
Example;
Polar Solvents; Water, Alcohol etc.
Non- polar; Benzene, chloroform etc.
Ideal properties of the solvent;
Must be highly selective for the compound to be extracted
Inert with the extracted compound or with other compounds in the plant material
Cost effective
Be harmless to man & eco-friendly
CHOICE OF EXTRACTION METHODS DEPENDS ON;
Size of Sample
Quantity of the extract required
Choice of solvent
The time taken for extraction
Cost
Terms used in extraction;
MENSTRUUM;
Solvent or solvent mixture used for extraction.
MISCELLA /Extract;
Solution containing extracted substances.
MARC;
Inert insoluble material that remains after extraction.
Drying of crude drugs;
To prevent microbiological contamination, it is necessary.
Drugs should be dried below 60°C unless otherwise specified.
Shade drying
Lowered heat exposure
Less chance to chemical alteration
Sun drying
Use less intense sun light
Economic, Most efficient
Far infrared drying
Less explored yet
Expensive, Used for expensive drugs
Vacuum Drying
Low Pressure rapid drying method
For thermolabile compounds
Oven/Hot air drying
Often used
Steps of Extractions;
Size reduction
Maximum surface area
Mesh size is 30-40 optimum
Extraction
Maceration, Infusion, Percolation, soxhlation etc.
Filtration
With the help of musciline cloth, filter paper, filter press
Concentration
By evaporation of solvent
Drying
Spray drying
Extraction;
Extraction is the process of efficiently dissolving & separating the desired chemical constituents from the crude drug with the use of solvent.
Types Of Extraction ;
Solid Extraction
The name refers to the separation of solid components from solid substance by using appropriate solvent. This type of extraction is generally performed before any further separation or processing..
2. Solvent Extraction
The liquid-liquid extraction is one in which phytoconstituents that are extracted by solid extraction process are partitioned between any two immiscible solvents.
Ideally this process needs to be carried out after solid extraction process & it is considered as purification process.
On a laboratory scale Solvent extraction is carried out in a separating funnel.
Mechanism of .......
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
3. Introduction
o Unit operations involved a physical change or chemical transformation such
as separation, crystallization, evaporation, filtration, polymerization,
isomerization, and other reactions.
o Some important unit operations carried in chemical industries
are: Distillation, Drying, Evaporation, Gas Absorption & Desorption, Liquid-
Liquid Extraction , Solid-Liquid Extraction (Leaching) , Crystallization
Adsorption.
o In the extraction process, a solute is transferred from one phase to another to
separate it from unreacted starting materials or impurities.
o Extraction is also used to facilitate the isolation of a solute from a reaction
solvent that is difficult to remove by evaporation, such as a solvent with a high
boiling point.
1 3
5. Infusion
It consists of pouring water over the drugs and then allowing it to keep in
contact with water for the stated period, usually 15 minutes, with occasional
stirring and finally filtering off the liquid.
The marc is not pressed.
Marc is the unwanted or insoluble substances left behind after the process
of extraction.
The boiling water is commonly used as a solvent, since it has a greater
solvent action than cold water.
After the specified time the liquid is filtered and dispense as drug .
1 5
6. Fresh infusions are prepared by macerating the crude drug for a short
period of time with cold or boiling water.
These are dilute solutions of the readily soluble constituents of crude
drugs.
Concentrated infusions are prepared by modified percolation or
maceration process, which after dilution with water, resemble in potency
and aroma the corresponding fresh infusion.
Concentrated infusions are especially prepared in which the active
and desirable principles of drug are equally soluble in water or in the
menstruum used for both concentrate and infusions.
1 6
7. Decoction
In this process, the drug is boiled with water for a stated period usually 10
minutes.
After boiling, the liquid is strained and water is passed through the content
of the strainer to make the required volume.
This process is mainly used for vegetable drugs of hard and woody nature
having thermo stable water-soluble constituents.
The extract from decoction contains a large number of water-soluble
impurities.
A decoction cannot be used for the extraction of thermo labile or volatile
components.
1 7
8. 1 8
The ginsenosides in ginseng encounter hydrolysis, dehydration,
decarboxylation, and addition reaction during decocting.
Decoction containing Astragali radix and Angelicae Sinensis Radix.
And also in these process the hydrolysis efficiency was strongly affected
by pH,temperature and the number of herbs
And the decoction process might enhance the dissolution of some
bioactive compounds compared with the maceration process.
9. Maceration
In simple maceration the process solid ingredients are placed in a
stoppered container with the whole of the solvent and allowed to stand for
a period of at least 3 days (3 - 7 days) with frequent agitation, until soluble
matter is dissolved.
The mixture is then strained (through sieves / nets), the marc is pressed
and the combined liquids clarified (cleaned by filtration) or by decantation,
after standing.
In Double maceration process the drug is macerated twice by using the
menstruum which is divided into two parts in such a manner that the same
volume is used for each maceration.
1 9
10. The whole of the drug is macerated for 48 hours with the quantity of
menstruum required for first maceration.
Strain the liquid and press the marc.
Macerate again for 24 hours with the remaining menstruum required
for second maceration.
This is a very simple extraction method with the disadvantage of long
extraction time and low extraction efficiency.
It could be used for the extraction of thermolabile components.
maceration with nearly identical extraction yields, which can be
translated into economic benefits.
1 10
11. Maceration with adjustment
The unorganized drug is placed with 4/5th of the menstruum in a closed
vessel for a period of 2-7 days.
During this period, shaking is done occasionally.
The liquid is filtered and the final volume is made up by passing the
remaining 1/5th of the menstruum through the filter.
The marc is not pressed.
1 11
12. 1 12
Double maceration process
The drug is macerated twice by using the menstruum which is divided
into two parts in such a manner that the same volume is used for each
maceration.
The whole of the drug is macerated for 48 hours with the quantity of
menstruum
required for first maceration.
Strain the liquid and press the marc.
Macerate again for 24 hours with the remaining menstruum required
for second maceration.
Mix the liquids obtained from the two maceration and allow to stand for
14 days and filter.
13. 1 13
Triple maceration process
The drug is macerated thrice by using menstruum which is divided into
three parts in such a manner that the same volume is used for each
maceration.
The whole of the drug is macerated for one hour with each part of
menstruumand strained.
Combine the liquids obtained from second and third maceration and
evaporateand mix it with the liquid obtained from firstmaceration.
Add alcohol 90% equal to 1/4th of the volume of the finished product
and adjust with water.
Allow to stand for 14 days and filter.
14. Percolation
Percolation is more efficient than maceration because it is a continuous
process in which the saturated solvent is constantly being replaced by fresh
solvent.
Compared the percolation and refluxing extraction methods to extract
Undaria pinnatifida.
They found that the contents of the major component, fucoxanthin4, from
the percolation extraction method were higher than that from the refluxing
method while there was no significant difference in extract yield between the
two methods.
Used the whole alkaloids content determined by acid-base titration as the
index and optimized.
1 14
15. Ethanol percolation method by soaking the medicine with 55% alcohol for 24
h and then percolating with 12 times the amount of 55% alcohol.
Percolation Processes for concentrated preparation.
Percolation processes for concentrated preparation are used for preparing
liquid extracts and solid extracts. The various processes used for the preparing
concentrated preparations are:
Reserve percolation process
Modified percolation process
1 15
16. A) Reserve percolation process
In this process, a part of the percolate, generally ¾ volume of finished
preparation, is reserved
Then the percolation process is continued till the drug is completely exhausted.
The percolate is subjected to evaporation or distillation to convert it into a soft
extract.
This soft extract is dissolved in the reserve portion of percolate & then
sufficient menstruum is added to produce required volume.
1 16
17. B) Modified Percolation Process
In percolation process for preparation of tincture, the drug/percolate (d/p)
ratio is about 1:4.
The d/p ratio is reduced to 1:3 by modifying percolation process & hence
there is lot of saving in heat, time & menstruum.
Percolation is a displacement process.
The strong solution of active constituents of drug formed during
maceration is displaced by a fresh menstruum when percolation process is
started.
It is proved that stationary menstruum (menstruum remaining in contact
with drug) dissolves more matter than flowing menstruum. Hence ,more
menstruum is required to exhaust the drug when simple percolation process is
used.
1 17
18. Simple Percolation
It is continuous downward displacement of the
solvent through the bed of crude drug material
to get extract.
Most frequently used to extract active
ingredients in the preparation of tinctures
and fluid extracts.
It is the method of short successive maceration or
process of displacement.
A percolator (a narrow, cone-shaped vessel open
at both ends) is generally used conical
cylindrical.
1 18
19. 1 19
Steps involved in percolation
Size reduction: The drug to be extracted is subjected to suitable
degree ofsize reduction, usually from coarse powder to finepowder.
Imbibition: During imbibition the powdered drug is moistened with a
suitable amount of menstruum and allowed to stand for four hours in a well
closedcontainer.
Packing: After imbibition the moistened drug is evenly packed into the
percolator.
Maceration: After packing sufficient menstruum is added to saturate the
material. The percolator is allowed to stand for 24 hours to macerate the
drug.
Percolation: The lower tap is opened and liquid collected there in is
allowed to drip slowly at a controlled rate until 3/4th volume of the
finished product isobtained.
20. Continuous Percolation Process
This also known as Soxhlet extraction.
This process is done for those drugs in which percolation of
menstruum into cellular tissues is very low.
In this process the drug to be extracted is packed in a paper
cylinder made from a filter paper & it is placed in the body of
Soxhlet extractor.
The solvent is boiled on heating the flask, it gets converted
into vapours.
These vapours enter into condenser through the side tube &
get condensed into hot liquid which falls on the column of the
drug.
20
21. When extractor gets filled with the solvent, the level of syphon tube
also raises up to its top.
The solvent containing API in the syphon tube syphon over & run into
the flask, thus emptying the body of extractor.
This altering of filling and emptying the body of extractor goes on
continuously.
This process is repeated until drug is exhausted.
The process is repeated about 15 times for complete exhaustion of the
drug.
1 21
22. Limitation of continuous Hot Percolation Process:
Physical character of the drug : The physical character of the drug is such
that it would block the Soxhlet apparatus in case it is used for its extraction
by this method.
E.G opium , gum, orange peel etc
Solvent : only pure solvent or constant boiling mixture can be used for
this process.
Chemical constituent of the drug: The process is unsuitable for drugs
having thermolabile active constituents such as enzyme alkaloids,
anthraquinone derivatives.
1 22
23. Digestion
The drug is extracted by heating at a particular pressure.
The apparatus known as “Digestor” is used for extraction of the drug by this
method.
It is a vessel made up of metal.
The whole of the drug along with menstruum is placed in the body of the
digestor.
Place the cover over it and bolt it with the help of nuts.
The drug is treated with menstruum under specified conditions of
temperature and pressure.
1 23
24. Liquid-Liquid Extraction
In liquid-liquid extraction two components in solution are separated by
their distribution between the two immiscible phases with the addition of a
third component.
Solvent or the entrainer is the liquid added to the solution for the
extraction process.
This solvent takes up part of the components of the original solution and
forms an immiscible layer with the remaining solution.
Extract is the solvent layer and the other layer composed of the
remaining original solution plus the solvent left is called the raffinate.
1 24
25. o Petroleum industry extensively uses the
liquid liquid extraction process in
separating hydrocarbons.
o The knowledge of liquid-liquid
equilibrium (LLE) is necessary for design
and optimization of a new separation
process.
Liquid-Liquid Extraction
1 25
26. Extraction with Reflux
o A mixture of reactants and solvent is placed in a suitable vessel, such as a
round bottom flask.
o This vessel is connected to a water-cooled Liebig or Vigreux condenser,
which is typically open to the atmosphere at the top.
o The reaction vessel is heated in order to boil the reaction mixture;
vapours produced from the mixture are condensed by the condenser, and
return to the vessel through gravity.
o The purpose is to thermally accelerate the reaction by conducting it at an
elevated, controlled temperature (i.e. the solvent's boiling point) and
ambient pressure.
1 26
27. Ethanolic Heat Reflux Extraction (EHRE )
A sonicator bath (Powersonic 410, Hwashin Technology Company,
Gyeonggi, Korea) was used for 30 minutes at each treatment prior to the
extraction.
The sonication process was carried out for each four 500-ml Erlenmeyer
containing 250 ml of ethyl alcohol and 50 g of dried tobacco powder.
Internal dimension of sonicator bath is 30 x 24 x 15 cm, with frequency of
40 kHz and operated at room temperature.
Four 500-ml three-neck rounded flasks were prepared for ethanolic heat
reflux extraction (EHRE).
A mixture of tobacco powder and solvent in each Erlen Meyer after
completion of the sonication process was then poured into the flask.
The EHRE durations for the different flasks were 2, 4, 6, and 12 hours.
1 27
28. The EHRE durations for the different flasks were 2, 4, 6, and 12 hours.
The temperature of all flasks was set at the solvent’s boiling point (75–78°C),
and agitation was set at 150 rpm.
This step was carried out in triplicate; it was then followed by the recovery
process.
Ethylene glycol as a condenser coolant (with cooling temperature to 0°C) was
used to condense vapor compounds back to the flask.
This will certainly have implications on the cooling results.
The ethyl alcohol that evaporates with volatile compounds therein will be more
easily condensed and flows back into liquid form.
Ethylene glycol with the formula (CH2OH)2 is known as a condenser coolant
that can be applied in EHRE chiller system.
Pure ethylene glycol has a freezing point of about -12°C; it is lower than water
that is only 0°C . 28
29. Extraction with agitation
Agitation extraction of green tea metabolites was carried out using a shaking
water bath (JSSB-50T, 3.2 KW, 14.5 A 1P, JS Research Inc., Gong Ju, South
Korea), at 100 rpm.
As described above, 100 mL of double distilled water (60, 70, and 80 °C)
was poured over 1 g of grounded green tea leaf powder into a 250 mL conical
(Erlenmeyer) flask.
Then the flask was placed in the shaking water bath at specific temperatures.
Samples were taken at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 min, filtered through Whatman
No. 1 filter paper, and cooled at room temperature (25 °C).
Extraction volumes were maintained during both ultrasonic and agitation
extraction techniques with double-distilled water, and flasks were covered with
aluminum foil to avoid loss of material.
1 29
30. Counter Current Extraction
Counter current extraction is a method of multiple liquid-liquid extraction.
Separation of components having variable solubility in two immiscible liquid
phases is achieved.
In the counter current extraction two immiscible solvents flow in an opposite
direction in multiple stages, (after several stages pure A and B solvents can be
obtained)in liquid-liquid extraction the solvent is used to extract another liquid
phase.
To distribution of active principle between water and organic solvent depends
on the hydrophilic groups present in the constituent molecules.
If hydrophilic groups are ionisable , PH will be an important factor.
If ionisation constants of isomers are different then separation can be
achieved.
1 30
31. Craig apparatus
A method of multiple liquid-liquid extractions is counter current extraction,
which permits the separation of substances with different distribution
coefficients(ratios), A clever design known as Craig apparatus is used for this
purpose.
A simple types of apparatus scale is a Craig apparatus which it consists of a
series of glass tubes (r:0,1,2,) that are designed and arranged such that the
lighter liquid phase is transferred from one tube to the next.
The lower(heavier) phase of the two-phase solvent system (e.g. water) is the
“stationary phase’’, whereas the upper (lighter) phase (e.g. hexane) is the
‘‘mobile phase”.
31
32. 1 32
The material to be extracted is moved in one direction (generally in the
form of fine
slurry) within a cylindrical extractor where it comes in contact with
extraction solvent.
Finally, sufficiently concentrated extract comes out at one end of the
extractor while the marc falls out from the other end.
A manually operated Craig apparatus consisting of 25tubes
33. References
R M Mehta .Pharmaceutics 1
Sukhdev Swami Handa, Suman Preet Singh Khanuja, Gennaro Longo, Dev
Dutt Rakesh. 2008.
Miljanović A, Bielen A, Grbin D, Marijanović Z, Andlar M, Rezić T, Roca
S, Jerković I, Vikić-Topić D, Dent M. Effect of enzymatic, ultrasound, and
reflux extraction pretreatments on the yield and chemical composition of
essential oils. Molecules. 2020 Oct 20;25(20):4818. as C. Liquid-Liquid
Equilibrium Studies on Extraction of Commercially Significant Carboxylic
Acids (Doctoral dissertation).
Fauzantoro A, Muharam Y, Gozan M. Improvement of nicotine yield by
ethanolic heat reflux extraction of Nicotiana tabacum var. Virginia origin of
ponorogo. International Journal of Applied Engineering Research.
2017;12(23):13891-7. 1 33
34. 1 34
Hidaka R, Wulandari P. Methods of extraction: Maceration, percolation and
decoction. Eureka Herba Indonesia. 2021 Mar 15;2(1):68-74.