Galenical preparations are medicinal preparations made by extracting active principles from crude plant materials using solvents. The extraction process leaves behind inert constituents. Common galenical preparations include infusions, decoctions, tinctures, and extracts, which are made by processes like maceration and percolation. Infusions are dilute solutions made by soaking plant material in water or alcoholic menstrum. Decoctions are similar but involve boiling the plant material. Maceration and percolation are extended soaking processes used to produce tinctures and extracts.

1. ũAiENICAiz
BY MD ALTAMASH AHMAD

2. WHATAREGALENICALS?
• A medicinal preparation which is prepared by extraction
of crude vegetable drugs (active principles) with suitable
solvent
• The term is now used to denote standard preparations
containing one or more active constituents of a plant and
made by a process that leaves the inert and other
undesirable constituents of the plant un-dissolved. This is
known as Extraction.

3. Nomenclature :
Menstrum : solvent used for extraction (ex. Water,
alcohol, ether)
Galenicals : owing to Galen who discovered it.
Marc: the inert fibrous and other insoluble materials
remaining after extraction
Types :
Infusions, decoctions, fluid extracts, semi solid extracts,
dry extracts, tinctures, medical oils, etc.

4. P
R
E
P
ARATIONS
Pharmaceutical preparations are divided into two :
(1)Galenical Preparations – Medicines prepared according
to the formulae of Galen. Galen was a Greek anatomist
whose theories formed the basis of European Medicine
(2) Non-Galenical Preparations

5. EXTRACTION
Or Galenical Preparations
It defined as the treatment of the plant or animal tissueswith
solvent,whereby themedicinally active constituentsare
dissolved and most of the inert matter remains undissolved.
VARIOUSPROCESSESFOREXTRACTION
1. Infusion
2. Decoction
3. Maceration
4. Percolation

6. 1 - INFUSION
• Infusions are dilute solutions containing the readily-soluble
constituents of crude drugs.
• Infusions are usually prepared by diluting one volume of a
concentrated infusion to ten volumes with water.
• 1. Fresh (dilute) infusions – it is simplest of all method of extraction
• 2. Concentrated (stock) infusions
• E.g. – Fresh infusion of Quassia

7. METHOD OFP
R
E
P
ARATION OF F
R
E
SHINFUSIONS
• A definite weight of crude drug was taken
• A calculated amount of hot or boiling menstrum (usually water) is
added to crude drug
• Soak for a definite time
• During this period heat should be retained in container and content
should be stirred well
• After the infusion, the content is poured off or strained
• The fresh infusion prepared must be dispensed and used within 12
hours

8. METHOD OF PREPARATIONOF CONCENTRATED
INFUSION
• Concentrated infusions are made by alcoholic menstrum of
20-25 % conc.
• Alcohol is used as preservative to keep them as stock
• They are not dispensed as concentrated infusions
• They are diluted with water at least 7 times of their volume

9. • Consist of covered jar (made of
earthenware, ceramic, glass,
porcelain) to which is fitted at
certain height a perforated tray
upon which the crude drug may be
allowed to rest in water being
poured over it.
• The plant may been closed loosely
in a small muslin bag and
suspended in the jar at a height
where it will be just covered by the
liquid.
APPARATUS

10. • Solutions of the water soluble constituents of plant drugs
prepared by boiling the drug with water.
• For extraction of drugs with water soluble and non-volatile
constituents, and drugs of hard and woody nature.
• Should be freshly prepared.
2 - DECOCTION

11. DECOCTION PROCESS
• Drug is boiled with water for stated period usually 10
minutes.
• After boiling ,the liquid is strained and water is passed
through the content of the strainer to make it to required
volume.
• This process is mainly used for vegetables drugs of hard
and woody nature having thermostable water soluble
constituents.

12. 3 - MACERATION
Maceration is, generally, to soften by soaking in a liquid
Various types of maceration process:
1. A process for tincture made from organised drug E.g.. Roots,
stem, leaves etc. This process is called ‘Simple Maceration’.
2. A process for tincture made from unorganised drugs such as oleo
resins and gum resins. This process is known as ‘maceration
with adjustment’.
3. Process for concentrated preparations which includes both
‘double maceration’ and ‘triple maceration’.

14. • Percolationistheprocess of a liquid slowly passingthrough
a filter.
• Percolation comesfrom the Latin word percolare, which
means "to strain through“.
• E.g. - It happens when liquid is strained through a filter, like
when someone makes coffee.
4 - PERCOLATION

15. PROCESS
The process of percolation includes five steps.
Comminutionof drug - it isthesizereduction of drug usually from coarse
to fine powder
Imbibition of drug - swelling of drug by absorbing menstrum
Packing – the drug is moistened and placed in percolator with filter
below and above the drug
Maceration – the menstrum is added and the lid of percolator is closed
Percolation – after setting aside it for 24 hours, the menstrum is collected
and filtered

16. APP
ARATUSUSED IN P
E
RCOLATION
1. CONICALPERCOLATOR 2. CYLINDRICALPERCOLATOR

17. APP
ARATUSUSED IN P
E
RCOLATION
3. STEAM JACKETED PERCOLATOR 4. KUMAGAWA EXTR
ACTOR

18. APP
ARATUSUSED IN P
E
RCOLATION
5. SOXHELTEXTRACTOR

19. TINCTURES
• Theseare liquid extracts which are alcoholic or hydro-alcoholic
solutions of non-volatile drug of vegetable and chemical origin.
• Contain 1 part of drug in 5 parts of solvent.
•Alcohol as solvent content may vary from 25-60 %.
• Example: 1. Opium tincture : 17-21%
2. Benzoin tincture : 74-80%

20. TINCTUR
E
S
PRESENCE
OF
ACTIVE
MEDICATED
NON-
MEDICATED
ORAL
METHODS
OF
APPLICATION
TOPICAL
CLASSIFICATION

23. No
Question
s please

24. Thankyou