This document provides an overview of extraction, estimation, and thin layer chromatography (TLC) methods for tannins. It begins with classifications of tannins and discusses common extraction methods using water or organic solvents. Estimation of tannins is described using a colorimetric method involving reaction with ferric chloride. TLC is performed using a chloroform-methanol-water mobile phase and detection with vanillin stain. The document aims to compile basic information on these key procedures for studying tannins in plants.
Standardization of herbal drugs refers to “confirmation of its identity and determination of its quality, purity and detection of nature of adulterant by various parameters”.
Standardization of herbal drugs refers to “confirmation of its identity and determination of its quality, purity and detection of nature of adulterant by various parameters”.
The term “herbal drugs” denotes plants or plant parts that have been converted into phytopharmaceuticals by means of simple processes involving harvesting, drying, and storage.
FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF HERBAL SHAMPOO BY SAILI RAJPUT SailiRajput
This PPT contain the info about Formulation and evaluation of HERBAL SHAMPOO and related terms .
Here This conatins the information Related the History of Shampoo and its origin in india . various Shampoo manufacturing industries in india . Information rated the Drug And Cosmetic act 1940. Advantages and Disadvantage of shampoo , Ideal and Desired properties of shampoo , .This conatins information related some herbs like Amla, Hibiscus, Reetha, Shikakai .
This Also Contain the process of Formulation of herbal shampoo and Procedure to perform Various Evaluation test for formulated shampoo.
Evaluation Test Like Foaming Index Test, Dirt disperensy Test, Solid Content Test are discussed in detail.
Detectors are the brain of any chromatograhic system. It help us to record the chromatogram based on certain characteristics of the analyte and help us in identifying that compound both qualitatively and quantitatively.
The term “herbal drugs” denotes plants or plant parts that have been converted into phytopharmaceuticals by means of simple processes involving harvesting, drying, and storage.
FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF HERBAL SHAMPOO BY SAILI RAJPUT SailiRajput
This PPT contain the info about Formulation and evaluation of HERBAL SHAMPOO and related terms .
Here This conatins the information Related the History of Shampoo and its origin in india . various Shampoo manufacturing industries in india . Information rated the Drug And Cosmetic act 1940. Advantages and Disadvantage of shampoo , Ideal and Desired properties of shampoo , .This conatins information related some herbs like Amla, Hibiscus, Reetha, Shikakai .
This Also Contain the process of Formulation of herbal shampoo and Procedure to perform Various Evaluation test for formulated shampoo.
Evaluation Test Like Foaming Index Test, Dirt disperensy Test, Solid Content Test are discussed in detail.
Detectors are the brain of any chromatograhic system. It help us to record the chromatogram based on certain characteristics of the analyte and help us in identifying that compound both qualitatively and quantitatively.
Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of clove mistletoe leaf extr...iosrphr_editor
Clove mistletoe (Dendrophthoe pentandra (L.) Miq) is one of the semi-parasitic plants belonging to the Loranthaceae family. Clove mistletoe leaf extracts have many biological activities such as antibacterial, antioxidant and antidiabetes. The purpose of this study was to determine the content of secondary metabolites in clove mistletoe leaf extracts through phytochemical screening and determine its antioxidant activity through DPPH free radical scavenging. Samples were tested include water and ethanol 70 % extracts, as well as n-hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol fractions. Phytochemical screening showed that all samples containing tannins and flavonoids but no alkaloids. The highest total phenol contents was ethyl acetate fraction namely 358.4 mg GAE/ g. The best antioxidant activity was water extract, ethanol 70 % extract and ethyl acetate fraction. Therefore, clove mistletoe leaf extracts are potential source for antioxidant.
Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of clove mistletoe leaf extr...iosrphr_editor
Clove mistletoe (Dendrophthoe pentandra (L.) Miq) is one of the semi-parasitic plants belonging to the Loranthaceae family. Clove mistletoe leaf extracts have many biological activities such as antibacterial, antioxidant and antidiabetes. The purpose of this study was to determine the content of secondary metabolites in clove mistletoe leaf extracts through phytochemical screening and determine its antioxidant activity through DPPH free radical scavenging. Samples were tested include water and ethanol 70 % extracts, as well as n-hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol fractions. Phytochemical screening showed that all samples containing tannins and flavonoids but no alkaloids. The highest total phenol contents was ethyl acetate fraction namely 358.4 mg GAE/ g. The best antioxidant activity was water extract, ethanol 70 % extract and ethyl acetate fraction. Therefore, clove mistletoe leaf extracts are potential source for antioxidant.
DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.3.16
ABSTRACT- The present research article was described about the hypotriglycerdemic activity of Withania coagulans
bud extract. Withania coagulans Dunal belonging to the family Solanaceae is a small bush which is widely spread in
South Asia. The biological activity of with anolides from Withania coagulans has antihyperglycaemic activity and the
plant is commonly called as Indian cheese maker due to the milk coagulation characteristics of the bud. The present study
was to investigate preliminary studies shows satisfactory result. The chromatographic studies like TLC, HPTLC and
HPLC show good spot. HPTLC shows maximum height and area of 18.83%.HPLC shows maximum peak at 1.867
minutes having area coverage of 87.4%.The free radical scavenging activity of chloroform fraction (CF) of a crude drug
shows 510μg/ml of scavenging activity. The IC50 value for MTT assay was found to be 84.7μg/ml. The GLUT4 study
shows significant uptake of glucose. PPAR gamma activity regulation of glucose disposal and insulin sensitivity in the
skeletal muscles shows concentration dependence response using standard Pioglitazone. The bud of Withania coagulants
will be a promising medicine for more ailments.
Key-words- Withania coagulants, Hypotriglycerdemic, HPLC, HPTLC, GLUT-4, MTT assay
Anti Bacterial and Anti Oxidant Activities of Evolvulus Alsinoides LinnIOSRJPBS
: Plants are very important sources of potential useful raw materials as natural chemotherapeutic agents. Shankhpushpi is botanically termed as Evolvulus alsinoides; the extracts have exhibited antioxidant, anti-ulcer, and immunomodulatory activities. The present work is to investigate the invitro therapeutic potential activities of methanolic extract of whole plant of Evolvulus alsinoides on the antimicrobial activity against five clinical pathogenic bacterial strains viz., Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Klebshiella pneumonia and Salmonella typhii, using agar well diffusion assay and Anti oxidant activity using 1-1-Diphenyl- 2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical. Extract inhibited IC50: 40.2. Total phenolic content: 28.4 mg/ml & Total flavonoid content: 20.2 μg /ml. Evolvulus alsinoides (MIC): 512.5mg/ml possess 30 to 40 % inhibition, the antibacterial activity of the herbal extracts was more pronounced on the gram- negative bacteria Klebshiella pneumonia than the gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus. The free radical scavenging activity of methanolic activity of whole plant of Evolvulus alsinoides increase in a concentration dependent manner, and posses statistically significance DPPH free radical scavenging & Anti microbial activities
ABSTRACT- Secondary metabolites or phytochemicals from plants have eminent pharmacological activities such as
anti-oxidative, anti-allergic, antibiotic, hypoglycaemic and anti-carcinogenic. These secondary metabolites protect the
cells from the damage caused by unstable molecules known as free radicals. They can inhibit oxidation of free radicals in
both human body and food system. Food industry uses both natural and synthetic antioxidants to extend shelf life of
products. But the application of synthetic antioxidant has been limited due to its carcinogenicity. Recently research is
being focused on fruit materials, which are considered rich source of antioxidant compounds. In this study the
phytoconstituents of seed extracts of two varieties of Cucumis melo L, namely Cucumis melo cantalupensis and Cucumis
melo reticulatus, were studied for their antioxidant property by DPPH free radical scavenging method. In this
investigation, chloroform, petroleum ether, acetone, aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the fruit seed were made using cold
extraction process. Phytochemical study reveals that anthroquinones, quinines, cardiac glycosides, terpenoids, phenols and
steroids were present in aqueous extract of both the samples. The total phenolic content of their seed extracts were found
to be 8.8 mg GAE/g of dry sample and 9.2 mg GAE/g of dry sample respectively. The phenolic content was found to be
linearly proportional to the antioxidant ability of the samples.
Key-words- Cucumis melo cantalupensis, Cucumis melo reticulates, DPPH, Antioxidant, Phenolic content,
Phytochemicals
Unit I Metabolic pathways in
higher plants & their determination
Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry II
B. Pharm. Vth Semester
Biosynthetic Pathways
Metabolic pathways
Unit-III Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry II.
Isolation, Identification and Analysis of Phytoconstituents
a) Terpenoids: Menthol, Citral, Artemisin
b) Glycosides: Glycyrhetinic acid & Rutin
c) Alkaloids: Atropine, Quinine, Reserpine, Caffeine
d) Resins: Podophyllotoxin, Curcumin
General aspects, Market, growth, scope and types of products available in the market. Health
benefits and role of Nutraceuticals in ailments like Diabetes, CVS diseases, Cancer, Irritable
bowel syndrome and various Gastro intestinal diseases.
Study of following herbs as health food: Alfaalfa, Chicory, Ginger, Fenugreek, Garlic,
Honey, Amla, Ginseng, Ashwagandha, Spirulina
Herbal-Drug and Herb-Food Interactions: General introduction to interaction and
classification. Study of following drugs and their possible side effects and interactions:
Hypercium, kava-kava, Ginkobiloba, Ginseng, Garlic, Pepper & Ephedra.
Unit I Herbal Drug Technology BP603T
Herbs as raw materials
Definition of herb, herbal medicine, herbal medicinal product, herbal drug preparation
Source of Herbs
Selection, identification and authentication of herbal materials
Processing of herbal raw material
Biodynamic Agriculture
Good agricultural practices in cultivation of medicinal plants including Organic farming. Pest and Pest management in medicinal plants: Biopesticides/Bioinsecticides.
Indian Systems of Medicine
a) Basic principles involved in Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani and Homeopathy
b) Preparation and standardization of Ayurvedic formulations viz Aristas and Asawas, Ghutika,Churna, Lehya and Bhasma.
Nutraceuticals
General aspects, Market, growth, scope and types of products available in the market. Health
benefits and role of Nutraceuticals in ailments like Diabetes, CVS diseases, Cancer, Irritable
bowel syndrome and various Gastro intestinal diseases. Study of following herbs as health food: Alfaalfa, Chicory, Ginger, Fenugreek, Garlic, Honey, Amla, Ginseng, Ashwagandha, Spirulina
Herbal-Drug and Herb-Food Interactions: General introduction to interaction and
classification. Study of following drugs and their possible side effects and interactions:
Hypercium, kava-kava, Ginkobiloba, Ginseng, Garlic, Pepper & Ephedra.Herbal Cosmetics
Sources and description of raw materials of herbal origin used via, fixed oils, waxes, gums
colours, perfumes, protective agents, bleaching agents, antioxidants in products such as skin
care, hair care and oral hygiene products.
Herbal excipients:
Herbal Excipients – Significance of substances of natural origin as excipients – colorants, sweeteners, binders, diluents, viscosity builders, disintegrants, flavors & perfumes. Herbal formulations :
Conventional herbal formulations like syrups, mixtures and tablets and Novel dosage forms
like phytosomes
Evaluation of Drugs WHO & ICH guidelines for the assessment of herbal drugs
Stability testing of herbal drugs. Patenting and Regulatory requirements of natural products:
a) Definition of the terms: Patent, IPR, Farmers right, Breeder’s right, Bioprospecting and
Biopiracy
b) Patenting aspects of Traditional Knowledge and Natural Products. Case study of Curcuma
& Neem.
Regulatory Issues - Regulations in India (ASU DTAB, ASU DCC), Regulation of
manufacture of ASU drugs - Schedule Z of Drugs & Cosmetics Act for ASU drugs.
General Introduction to Herbal Industry
Herbal drugs industry: Present scope and future prospects. A brief account of plant based industries and institutions involved in work on medicinal and
aromatic plants in India. Schedule T – Good Manufacturing Practice of Indian systems of medicine
Components of GMP (Schedule – T) and its objectives
Infrastructural requirements, working space, storage area, machinery and equipments,
standard operating procedures, health and hygiene, documentation and records.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group of receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a teamof receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a team wwww.lisywomensclinic.co.za/
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
HOT NEW PRODUCT! BIG SALES FAST SHIPPING NOW FROM CHINA!! EU KU DB BK substit...GL Anaacs
Contact us if you are interested:
Email / Skype : kefaya1771@gmail.com
Threema: PXHY5PDH
New BATCH Ku !!! MUCH IN DEMAND FAST SALE EVERY BATCH HAPPY GOOD EFFECT BIG BATCH !
Contact me on Threema or skype to start big business!!
Hot-sale products:
NEW HOT EUTYLONE WHITE CRYSTAL!!
5cl-adba precursor (semi finished )
5cl-adba raw materials
ADBB precursor (semi finished )
ADBB raw materials
APVP powder
5fadb/4f-adb
Jwh018 / Jwh210
Eutylone crystal
Protonitazene (hydrochloride) CAS: 119276-01-6
Flubrotizolam CAS: 57801-95-3
Metonitazene CAS: 14680-51-4
Payment terms: Western Union,MoneyGram,Bitcoin or USDT.
Deliver Time: Usually 7-15days
Shipping method: FedEx, TNT, DHL,UPS etc.Our deliveries are 100% safe, fast, reliable and discreet.
Samples will be sent for your evaluation!If you are interested in, please contact me, let's talk details.
We specializes in exporting high quality Research chemical, medical intermediate, Pharmaceutical chemicals and so on. Products are exported to USA, Canada, France, Korea, Japan,Russia, Southeast Asia and other countries.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
For Better Surat #ℂall #Girl Service ❤85270-49040❤ Surat #ℂall #Girls
Extraction, Estimation and Thin Layer Chromatography of Tannins: A Review
1. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL AND CHEMICAL SCIENCES ISSN: 22775005
Vol. 2 (3) Jul-Sep 2013 www.ijpcsonline.com 1585
Review Article
Extraction, Estimation and Thin Layer Chromatography of
Tannins: A Review
A. Gangwal
Smriti College of Pharmaceutical Education, Indore, Madhya Pradesh-452010, India.
ABSTRACT
Since time immemorial plant metabolites are in use in various parts of the world for sure shot
treatment or for approximate and rudimentary treatment of various ailments. Tannins are water-
soluble polyphenols that are present in many plants. They have been reported to be responsible for
decrease in feed intake, growth rate, feed efficiency etc. in experimental animals. Till date they are
among the most studied phytoconstituents, by scientist of various backgrounds (botanist, biochemist,
pharmacognosist, pharmacologist, natural product chemist etc). Various tannins have been reported
in literature for range of purposes. Worldwide drug discovery is going through a rough patch. Various
models are being discussed, new approaches are emerging, and synthetic drugs are still enjoying good
position among available options, nevertheless natural sources can never be undermined, as most of
the established drug molecules trace their route to natural sources directly or indirectly. Many
naturally available tannins are being used in treatment of diseases. Important medicinal plants, rich in
tannins, are: pale catechu, myrobalan etc. In this review article an attempt has been made to compile
basic and crucial information (extraction methods, thin layer chromatography (TLC) and estimation)
of tannins. Compiled information is highly concise and widely reported.
Keywords: Tannins, extraction, estimation, TLC, natural products.
INTRODUCTION
Plant remains to be the enviable source of
molecules of therapeutic significance. Since
antiquity, these bio-resources have been in
use for variety of diseases in different part of
the world. Regardless of the type of plant,
targeted ailment or other such parameters, the
one step which is one of the most important
and common is, removal of the molecule or
fraction or part thereof from the plant biomass.
There are several extraction procedures or
schemes (depending on various factors) for
isolation of various plant constituents generally
known as primary and secondary metabolites,
nonetheless there are select methods for
scrupulous and perfect extraction of these
metabolites, based on their solubility and other
properties. Irrespective of the plant or part
thereof or pharmacological activity or
subsequent operation, these methods are
sufficient to provide perfect extraction of
various metabolites viz alkaloids, flavonoids,
tannins, saponins, carbohydrates, lignans etc.
Several new methods, besides the usual
organic solvent extraction have been
developed over the last few years for the
extraction of primary and secondary
metabolites. These are alcohol extraction with
various biocompatible solvents, recovery of
carboxylic acids and antibiotics with reactive
extraction, dissociation extraction, aqueous
two-phase extraction, and supercritical and
near critical fluid extraction. Extraction and re-
extraction processes are integrated into a
single step by emulsion liquid membrane and
solid supported liquid membrane extractions,
nonetheless simple extraction using non polar
solvents is still enjoy ace poition1
.
In various publications, sometimes extraction
schemes are not fully mentioned owing to
space constraint or other legitimate motive or
some modified process is used. There is a
need of piled up information for the extraction,
estimation and chromatography of some class
of phytoconstituents, especially for the
researchers interested in exploring a plant
afresh or even for a routine assignment1,2
.
Present article features the basic research
steps with respect to tannins. Tannins are
generally defined as naturally occurring
polyphenolic compounds of high molecular
weight. It may be noted that all tannins are
phenolics but reverse is not true. These are
classified into two groups: hydrolysable
tannins and condensed tannins3
. Based on the
molecular structures of the currently known
tannins, and their origin and role in plant life,
the following inclusive and up-to-date definition
of the tannins has been written by Karamali K.
et al4
. “ Tannins are polyphenolic secondary
metabolites of higher plants, and are either
galloyl esters and their derivatives, in which
2. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL AND CHEMICAL SCIENCES ISSN: 22775005
Vol. 2 (3) Jul-Sep 2013 www.ijpcsonline.com 1586
galloyl moieties or their derivatives are
attached to a variety of polyol-, catechin- and
triterpenoid cores (gallotannins, ellagitannins
and complex tannins), or they are oligomeric
and polymeric proanthocyanidins that can
possess different interflavanyl coupling and
substitution patterns (condensed tannins)”.
Significant quantities of tannins are found in
oak galls and these serve as the source of
tannic acid. Tannins are used in the treatment
of burns as they precipitate the proteins of
exposed tissues to from a protective coating5
.
This concise paper is an attempt to amass and
summarize the most relevant and time tested
procedures for three basic operations
(extraction, TLC and quantitative estimation)
while studying a plant from view point of
phytochemistry or some allied reasons when it
comes to tannins. To keep the text relevant
and limited, barring few instances, direct
methods are given. Although many more
procedures can be spotted in literature, but
extensively cited procedures are being
mentioned here. Variation might be in starting
solvent or fractionation schemes but in most of
such cases ultimate steps usually remains
same. Sometimes extraction is done to get rid
of unwanted material for they hinder the
removal of other metabolite or they are to be
separated later in the extraction protocol or
simply they are the problematic constituents in
the sense they show false positive chemical
presence or false biological activities.
Therefore this article has more relevance as
most of pharmacognostical or phytochemical
studies involve removal of tannins as early as
possible from the plant material, either
because of their inert status or to avoid
tannins’ interference in subsequent research
steps.
Classification of tannins4
Extraction of secondary metabolites
Natural products may be obtained from the
crushed biological material by extraction with a
solvent such as petroleum ether, chloroform
(trichloroniethane), ethyl acetate (ethyl
ethanoate) or methanol. Several solvents of
increasing polarity may be used. Fatty material
(waxes, fatty acids, sterols, carotenoids and
simple terpenoids) can be extracted with such
non-polar solvents as petroleum ether or n
hexane, but more polar substances such as
the alkaloids (mainly free bases) and
glycosides can be removed using methanol,
aqueous methanol. When it comes to
extraction of phytoconstituents, the most
widely employed method is extraction using a
single solvent at atmospheric pressure which
can be boiled owing to their azeotropic nature.
Whether the compound(s) to be isolated is
chemically undefined or not, it is important to
have an idea about the relationship between
the method applied and the properties of the
3. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL AND CHEMICAL SCIENCES ISSN: 22775005
Vol. 2 (3) Jul-Sep 2013 www.ijpcsonline.com 1587
substance extracted. A well known and time
tested thumb rule is that “like dissolves like”. It
means non polar solvents will remove non
polar phytoconstituents and vice versa holds
equally true almost all the time. Water is
usually avoided as an initial extractant, even if
the metabolites under question are water-
soluble (e.g., glycosides, quaternary alkaloids,
tannins). One problem while handling plant fro
extraction is the senescent process, in which
the cellular integrity is lost and enzymes come
in contact with substrates to which they are not
normally exposed in living cells. This caused
enzymatic action and increase in oxidation
process, which is a common problem with
tannins (being phenolic) since these are prone
to oxidation. Oxidation of phenolics leads to
their conversion into quinones, which may be
followed by polymerization reaction. In order to
avoid these changes, the metabolic activities
of the cells need to be checked instantly6
.
There are many methods based on the
technique or set up used but this text will
explore only classical method for extraction of
tannins, because such methods are easy,
putative and can be implemented in most of
the laboratories in limited setups
6, 7, 8, 9
.
Extraction of tannins
Dried plant material is finely powdered. The
extract is then prepared by stirring powdered
material with 200 ml water for 3 h at room
temperature. The crude extract obtained is
filtered and concentrated using a rotary
evaporator followed by the addition of distilled
of water. The extract is loaded on Sephadex
LH-20 column to purify the crude tannins
mixture using 50% methanol as eluent,
followed by elution with 70% acetone. The
acetone portion is collected and rotary
evaporated under the same conditions10
.
Estimation of tannins
Tannins fall in the category of phenolic
compounds. Due to presence of vicinal
oxygenated groups, they act as ligands for
metal ions. This property is also used to detect
tannins. When ferric ions are added to solution
of tannins, dark green, blue or blue-black
complex is formed
2
. Methods for quantification
of tannins may be based on the chemical
properties of tannins or their capability to bind
substrates, particularly proteins. Here method
cited by Paaver U. et al, is being reproduced3
.
Total tannins content is determined by using
FeCl3 and gelatin tests. 0.1g of the extract is
transferred to a 100 ml flask; 50ml of water is
added and boiled for 30min. After filtration with
cotton filter, filtrate is transferred to a 500ml
flask and the volume is made up to the mark
with distilled water. 0.5 ml aliquots are
transferred to vials, 1 ml of 1% K3Fe (CN) 6
and 1 ml of 1% FeCl3 are added and the
volume is made up to 10 ml with distilled
water. After 5 min absorbance is to be
measured at 510 nm against a reagent blank
using spectrophotometer and concentration of
tannins in the test sample is determined and
expressed as mg equivalent of tannic acid per
gram of sample
11
.
TLC of tannins
Thin layer chromatography is performed using
pre-coated silica gel G plates using chlo-
roform-methanol-water (65:35:10) as mobile
phase. Chromatogram is developed by
spraying plate with 0.5% (w/v) vanillin solution
prepared in 4% (w/v) HCl12
.
DISCUSSION
Tannins are characterized by their ability to
react with proteins of animal hides and
converting them into leather. Another well
known feature of tannins is that they react with
alkaloids, and therefore it is recommended to
use calcium hydroxide as the base (while
isolating alkaloids) so that it will complex with
tannins and makes subsequent steps easier8
.
Currently there are a number of well-
established methods available for extraction
and isolation of natural products from various
sources. An appropriate procedure for
extraction and subsequent fractionation or
isolation can be designed only when the target
compound(s) and the overall aim have been
decided beforehand. It is also helpful to obtain
complete information related to compound
under question. For a compound (or group of
compound), least studied, it may be useful and
fruitful to try out pilot extraction and isolation
methods to find out the best possible method.
Continuous development in phytochemistry
has lead to employment of various tools and
mechanisms in extraction and analysis of
various primary and secondary metabolites.
Whatever may be the extraction scheme,
removal of tannins is sometimes, the first step
in a phytochemistry laboratory, owing to
former’ reactive and interfering behavior.
Tannins interact nonspecifically with a wide
range of enzymes. Tannins crosslink with
many proteins and inhibit many biological
systems. As mentioned in “Laboratory
handbook for the Fractionation of Natural
Extracts” tannins may be the only compounds
present that are responsible for a reputed
biological effects6,13
.
4. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL AND CHEMICAL SCIENCES ISSN: 22775005
Vol. 2 (3) Jul-Sep 2013 www.ijpcsonline.com 1588
CONCLUSION
Plant secondary metabolites are being studied
in various parts of the world to find new
molecules, to decipher new cues for drug
discovery. Extraction is removal of desired
substances from undesired ones. Successful
extraction involves selection of right solvent
which can extract out maximum quantity of
targeted chemicals, while minimizing the
interference of unwanted components. This
article presents an overview of the process of
tannins extraction, with an emphasis on
common problems encountered and methods
for reducing or eliminating these problems.
Highly simple and feasible steps have been
mentioned in this paper to perform basic
operations. Traditional solvent-based
procedures are still employed in most of the
laboratories despite the fact that they lack
reproducibility and are both time-and solvent
consuming. This is because they only require
basic glasswares and easy to perform. This
article may be informative at least for
preliminary phytochemical screening and for
those who want to explore a plant from tannins
point of view or those who want to remove
tannins from biological materials to avoid
tannins’ interference. Moreover this article may
be referred by undergraduate and post
graduate students enrolled in pharmaceutical
sciences.
REFERENCES
1. Schügerl K. Extraction of primary and
secondary metabolites. Adv Biochem
Eng Biotechnol. 2005; 92:1-48.
2. Harborne JB. Phytochemical Methods:
A guide to modern technique of plant
Analysis. 3rd Edn, London: Chapman
& Hall; 1998;90.
3. Anonymous. Quantification of Tannins
in Tree Foliage. Vienna: Joint
FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear
Techniques in Food and Agriculture,
FAO/IAEA Working Document, IAEA;
2000;1-23.
4. Khanbabaee K and Ree TV. Tannins:
Classification and Definition. Nat Prod
Rep. 200;18: 641–649.
5. Handa SS and Kapoor VK. A textbook
of pharmacognosy. 2nd Edn, New
Delhi: Vallabh Prakashan; 2007;49.
6. Sarkar SD, Latif Z and Gray AI.
Natural product isolation. 2nd Edn,
New Delhi: Springer. 2005;323-351.
7. Mukherjee PK. Quantity Control of
Herbal drug: An approach to
evaluation of Botanicals. 3rd Edn, New
Delhi: Business Horizons; 2010. 79-
422.
8. Haughton PJ and Raman A.
Laboratory Handbook for the
fractionation of natural Extracts. Ist
Edn, New Delhi: Springer; 2011;41.
9. Gangwal A, Parmar SK and Sheth NR.
Triterpenoid, flavonoids and sterols
from Lagenaria siceraria fruits.
Scholars Research Library.
2010;2:307-317.
10. Ambikabothya J, Ibrahima H, Ambub
S, Chakravarthib S, Awangc K and
Vejayand J. Efficacy evaluations of
Mimosa pudica tannin isolate (MPT)
for its anti-ophidian properties. J
Ethnopharmacol. 2011;137:257–
262.
11. Paaver U, Matto V and Raal A. Total
tannin content in distinct Quercus
robur L. galls. J Medicinal Plants
Res. 2010;4:702-5.
12. Pegg RB, Rybarczyk A and
Amarowicz R. Chromatographic
separation of tannin fractions from a
bearberry-leaf (Arctostaphylos uva-
ursi L. Sprengel) extract by SE-
HPLC- a short report. Pol J Food
Nutr Sci. 2008;58:485-490.
13. Gangwal A. A review on extraction,
estimation and thin layer
chromatography of alkaloids. Inventi
Rapid: Planta Activa, 2013;13.