The document analyzes the functional components and antioxidant activity of the coconut haustorium. It finds that the haustorium contains phenols, flavonoids, and high amounts of saponins, but no tannins or alkaloids. The standard deviation was highest for saponins, indicating more variability in results. Correlation analysis found saponins had the strongest linear relationship to antioxidant activity, followed by flavonoids then phenols. In conclusion, saponins are most likely responsible for the haustorium's antioxidant activity, as evidenced by the strong correlation between saponins and activity.
Pulsed Electric Field (PEF) applications can be utilised to achieve disintegration of biological tissues or microbes. Various applications have been identified such as improvement of mass transfer during extraction or drying as well as gentle food preservation. The first commercial applications of the technique have been achieved. By development of equipment based on state of the semiconductor, equipment reliability and cost effectiveness of the equipment has been improved. The technology is heading for wider industrial application.
Refrigeration and freezing of foods (control of microorganisms) Ihsan Wassan
It is necessary to avoid the contamination of microorganisms in food products and the storage life of fresh perishable foods such as meats, fish, vegetables, and fruits can be extended by cooling or by reducing temperature.here are two important method to avoid the growth of microorganisms one is Refrigeration and other one is Freezing.
Pulsed Electric Field (PEF) applications can be utilised to achieve disintegration of biological tissues or microbes. Various applications have been identified such as improvement of mass transfer during extraction or drying as well as gentle food preservation. The first commercial applications of the technique have been achieved. By development of equipment based on state of the semiconductor, equipment reliability and cost effectiveness of the equipment has been improved. The technology is heading for wider industrial application.
Refrigeration and freezing of foods (control of microorganisms) Ihsan Wassan
It is necessary to avoid the contamination of microorganisms in food products and the storage life of fresh perishable foods such as meats, fish, vegetables, and fruits can be extended by cooling or by reducing temperature.here are two important method to avoid the growth of microorganisms one is Refrigeration and other one is Freezing.
Oxygen is life, but in the case of foods, it is not so. When harvested, fresh fruits and vegetables
are at the peak of their quality. Their quality cannot be improved; it can only be deteriorated or
maintained. Fresh, high-quality products are the primary requirements for the national and international food industry during this current era. After harvesting, especially for fresh fruits and vegetables, continue their respiration process. The respiration rate has to be reduced to maintain quality, especially when the products are stored for an extended period or shipped to distant markets. The best way to preserve quality and extend shelf life is by cooling, and another method used to extend shelf life is the modification of the atmosphere surrounding the product. Also known as “CA storage” in the produce business, Controlled atmospheric storage is the storage in which external control systems control the atmosphere of oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitrogen (and sometimes other gases). Outside air consists of approximately 78% nitrogen (N2), 21% oxygen (O2), 0.045% carbon dioxide (CO2). CA lowers the oxygen level generally to 0.5-2.5%, depending on the type of product and the variety. CA conditions extend the shelf life of fruit and vegetables with a factor of 2 to 4.
Radio frequency processing and Microwave heating in food processing prakashsp13
radio frequency and microwave heating ; these slides are explain about its principle and working mechanism ,application in food processing and its advantages .
The word “banana” is a general term comprising a number of species or hybrids in the genus Musa of family Musaceae. Many studies reported that banana is a good source of phenolic compounds, which are having potential health benefits in human beings. The phytochemical composition of eight banana varieties was investigated. Quantitative estimation of phytochemicals revealed that highest alkaloid and tannin content was noticed in variety Nendran (3.76% and 4.40 mg/100g respectively). Whereas, variety Rasakadali exhibited highest flavonoid content (9.49 mg/100). Total phenol and saponin content was found higher in variety Kadali (0.82% and 11.6 mg/100g respectively).
Oxygen is life, but in the case of foods, it is not so. When harvested, fresh fruits and vegetables
are at the peak of their quality. Their quality cannot be improved; it can only be deteriorated or
maintained. Fresh, high-quality products are the primary requirements for the national and international food industry during this current era. After harvesting, especially for fresh fruits and vegetables, continue their respiration process. The respiration rate has to be reduced to maintain quality, especially when the products are stored for an extended period or shipped to distant markets. The best way to preserve quality and extend shelf life is by cooling, and another method used to extend shelf life is the modification of the atmosphere surrounding the product. Also known as “CA storage” in the produce business, Controlled atmospheric storage is the storage in which external control systems control the atmosphere of oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitrogen (and sometimes other gases). Outside air consists of approximately 78% nitrogen (N2), 21% oxygen (O2), 0.045% carbon dioxide (CO2). CA lowers the oxygen level generally to 0.5-2.5%, depending on the type of product and the variety. CA conditions extend the shelf life of fruit and vegetables with a factor of 2 to 4.
Radio frequency processing and Microwave heating in food processing prakashsp13
radio frequency and microwave heating ; these slides are explain about its principle and working mechanism ,application in food processing and its advantages .
The word “banana” is a general term comprising a number of species or hybrids in the genus Musa of family Musaceae. Many studies reported that banana is a good source of phenolic compounds, which are having potential health benefits in human beings. The phytochemical composition of eight banana varieties was investigated. Quantitative estimation of phytochemicals revealed that highest alkaloid and tannin content was noticed in variety Nendran (3.76% and 4.40 mg/100g respectively). Whereas, variety Rasakadali exhibited highest flavonoid content (9.49 mg/100). Total phenol and saponin content was found higher in variety Kadali (0.82% and 11.6 mg/100g respectively).
Phytochemical composition and antiradical activity of Sakersia africana Hook....Open Access Research Paper
The valorization of the medicinal plants of our country and determination of their impact on health due to their abundance of substances with various pharmacological effects are our principal objective. This study was evaluated the phytochemical screening and radical 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity of different extracts of Sakersia africana Hook. f.. The results revealed that Sakersia africana Hook. f. is rich in phenols compounds, sterols, triterpenes, alkaloids and reducing compound. The values in total phenols and proanthocyanidines are ranging respectively from 391.58 ± 0.04 to 777 ± 0.03 mg/100 g of drugs and 113.5 ± 3.17 to 653.5 ± 36.83 mg/100 g of drugs. Results also show that different extracts tested present antiradical activity with values of IC50 ranging from 164.21± 0.014 to 195.54± 0.012 % and abundance in bioactive compounds. This study could justify the use of Sakersia africana of some chronic diseases.
Influence of phosphorous acid application on the accumulation of total phenol...Innspub Net
One mechanism used by coconut plant to protect itself against Phytophthorakatsurae is linked to total
polyphenols production. This study aimed to investigate the impact of phosphorous acid plant treatment on the
production of total polyphenols in coconuthusk, as part of chemical control.The study was conducted on two
coconuts cultivars (EGD and PB 121+) with four doses of phosphorous acid [Control, 2.8 g (TA), 5.6 g (TB), 11.2 g
(TC)]. At each sampling, the husks were processed and extracts were prepared for total polyphenols assays. There
was significant difference between EGD and PB 121+ total polyphenols production (p<0.001).The interaction
between coconut variety and phosphorous acid doses was also significant.The interaction EGD and TC had the
highest total polyphenols accumulation of 4838.5 µg/g of fresh weight (FW). For PB121+, the highest total polyphenols accumulation of 6433.71 µg/g FW was obtained from the interaction between PB121+ and T0. From this observation, it could be statedthat phosphorous acid only triggers the treated plantdefense mechanisms to produce total phenolic compounds when attacked by a pathogen. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-3-september-2015-ijaar/
Total Phenol and Antioxidant from Seed and Peel of Ripe and Unripe of Indones...iosrphr_editor
Study on total phenol and antioxidantactivity ofsugar apple fruits of various solvent, part of fruits, and level of ripening. Solvent extraction used were 80% (v/v) methanol, 50% (v/v) acetone, boiling water, and 50% (v/v) ethanol. Part of fruits thatbeen used for samples were seed and peel which are normally by products of sugar apple processing, level of ripening were unripe, and ripe sugar apple fruits. Total phenol was determined by Folin-ciocalteau method. Total antioxidant was quantified by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) method.Therewas a difference in type of solvent, part of fruits, and level of ripeningon total phenol and antioxidant concentration of sugar apple fruits. Seeds have higher total phenol concentration than peels of this fruits. Unripe sugar apple fruits have higher total phenol and antioxidant than ripe fruit. The best solvent for phenol extraction was ethanol 50%butthe best solvent for antioxidant extraction was acetone 50%.
Effects of roasting on the total phenolic contents and radical scavenging act...Innspub Net
The purpose of the present study was to explore the influences roasting on the radical scavenging activity and total Phenolic content on selected seeds. Fresh seeds of Prunus domestice, Prunus armeniace and Prunus persica were selected from the local market. The selected seeds were heated on the hotpot at a temperature 160 °C for 1 to 3 hours, respectively and one group were remain irrespective of any treatment (control). It was observed that roasting of fruit seeds produce different effects on total phenolic contents and radical scavenging activity. Antioxidant capacity was measured against the 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) whereas the reducing capacity was evaluated with the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (FCR). Total phenolic content in Prunus domestica was highest at 160 °C when heated for 1 hour (554 mg/100g), similarly the total phenolic content in the Prunus armeniaca was highest when heated for 2 hour (684 mg/100g) while the Total phenolic content in the Prunus persica was highest when heated for 2 hour (684 mg/100g). Radical scavenging activity in the Prunus domestica was highest when heated for 1 hour (48 %). Similarly radical scavenging activity in the Prunus armeniaca was highest during heated for 1 hour (86 %) while radical scavenging activity in the Prunus persica was at maximum (43 %) at 2 hour treatment. It is suggested that different effect were produced when different fruit seeds were roasted at a single temperature, Therefore different optimum temperature and conditions are required for roasting different seeds.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Total phenolics and total flavonoids of extracts from freshwater Clam (Corbic...Innspub Net
The ethanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane extracts of the freshwater clam (Corbicula fluminea) were studied for the total phenolics and total flavonoids. Total phenolics and total flavonoids of the extracts were evaluated using Folin-Ciocalteau and Aluminum chloride colorimetric methods respectively. The findings showed that the total phenolics of the ethanol extract (1.67±0.28mg GAE/g of dried sample) were substantially higher than the total phenolics obtained from the ethyl acetate (0.70±0.00mg GAE/g) and hexane extracts (0.56±0.23mg GAE/g). While the total flavonoids in the ethyl acetate extract displayed a slightly higher total flavonoid (43.84±0.92mg QE/g of dried sample) relative to ethanol (30.41±1.34mg QE/g of dried sample) and hexane extracts (20.28±0.00mg QE/g of dried sample). Using ethanol, the highest yield for extraction was obtained. Ethanol is the best solvent among the three – ethanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane in terms of extraction yield and total phenolics. In addition, it can be inferred that the presence of significant amounts of phenolics and flavonoids suggests that freshwater clam is a promising source of antioxidants that provides nourishing proteins and oxidative stress remedies
In Vitro Assessment of Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Con...AI Publications
Sweet marjoram (Origanum majorana L.) is cultivated as a condiment for its aromatic leaves for culinary purposes and utilized as a medicinal plant for many diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro antioxidant activity of marjoram extract by the 2, 2–diphenyl–1–picrylhydrazyl–hydrate (DPPH) free radical scavenging method while total phenolic and flavonoid contents were quantified by spectrophotometry using Folin−Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride colorimetric methods, respectively. The extraction yield of sweet marjoram obtained by maceration in absolute ethanol at a ratio of 1/5 (w/v) for 24h at room temperature was 8.41 ± 0.76 % (w/w). The obtained results showed that the investigated extract contained a higher amount of phenolics: 164.96 ± 4.61 mg GAE/g of dry plant, lower flavonoid contents: 44.61 ± 2.08 mg QE/g of dry plant, and exhibited a strong antioxidant activity (IC50 value: 40.09 µg/ml) almost like those of the used standard products, namely ascorbic acid and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). Based on the obtained results, marjoram (Origanum majorana L.) features a potential application as natural antioxidants that could be exploited by the pharmaceutical and food industries.
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Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
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Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
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TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
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Functional properties of Coconut Haustorium
1. FUNCTIONAL COMPONENTS OF THE COCONUT HAUSTORIUM (Cocos
nucifera)
TIMOTHY M. ZAGADA
B.S. Nutrition Student, College of Human Ecology, University of the Philippines, Los Baños College,
Laguna 4031 Philippines
Antioxidant activity in foods has been suggested to have protective effects against
chronic diseases in humans. This paper gives information about the functionality of the
antioxidants that are found in the Coconut haustorium (Cocos nucifera) using the method
suggested by the Institute of Plant Breeding Manual by Rodriguez et.al., The mean (all in
mg/100g ) of total phenols was determined with 102.87, Flavonoids with 167.88, and Saponins
with the largest observed mean 8051.86 and the total antioxidant activity has a mean of
89.36 . Results show that phenols deviate by 17.34, flavonoids by 18.43 and saponins by
702.5. The antioxidant activity also deviated from its mean only by 2.99 or only 10% (CV). No
tannins and alkaloids were detected.
The results of the functional components were correlated with the antioxidant
activity by computation of the correlation coefficient (r). Phenols obtain an r value of 0.48,
flavonoids with 0.68 and the highest was saponins with 0.81 which has the strongest
relationship to the antioxidant activity.
INTRODUCTION
The tenet "Let food be thy medicine and
medicine be thy food," espoused by Hippocrates
nearly 2,500 years ago, is receiving renewed
interest. In particular, there has been an
explosion of consumer interest in the health
enhancing role of specific foods or
physiologically-active food components, so-
called functional foods, according to their
generally accepted definition, are "any food or
food ingredient that may provide a health benefit
beyond the traditional nutrients it contains"
(Hasler, 1998).
Antioxidants are compounds that protect
cells against the damaging effects of reactive
oxygen species, such as singlet oxygen,
superoxide, peroxyl radicals, hydroxyl radicals
and peroxynitrite (Buhler, 1962). Antioxidants
may be considered functional by virtue of having
potential for such actions as anti cancer and anti
cardiovascular-disease effects or being modifiers
of oxidative damage and defence mechanisms
(Fore, 2000).
Fruits and vegetables are good sources of
antioxidants other than vitamin C and E, B-
Carotene. Dietary intake of fruits, vegetables and
their constituents, which are potent effectors of
biological systems in humans, has been
suggested to have protective effects against
chronic diseases (Agarwal & Rao, 2000).
The Coconut (Cocos nucifera) haustorium is
the embryo plant grows into the inside of the nut
to make an organ of spongy tissue ("apple" or
"sucker"). It commences to develop at the start of
germination when the shoot or roots have not yet
emerged through the husk. It takes about 4
months to expand to almost fill the cavity of the
nut, except in very large nuts. It transfers
nutrients from the endosperm to the young
seedling. ((IFAS), 2000). Since the “apple” is
slightly sweet and slightly oily with a cotton
wool-like texture, it is usually placed in one side
for eating. In places where coconuts grow,
children walking to school may grasp the leaves
of a sprouted seednut and uproot it. Still holding
it by the leaves, they swing it against the trunk of
the nearest mature palm to split the husk and
crack open the shell. Then they pick out and eat
the “apple” (Harries, 1994). The Haustorium is
used as a major ingredient of the “Minatamis na
2. Functional Components of the Coconut Haustorium
Tumbong” and is also cooked as a vegetable
(Martin 1999). The Haustorium is also shown to
possess many active enzymes; among them are
cellulases, lipases and proteinases.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Collection of samples
A geminating coconut seed from the local market
of Los Baños was obtained with the aid of the
coconut vendor to determine the presence of the
Haustorium. The Coconut was free from
parasites and pests with the husk firm and nut
punctured.
Preparation of Samples
The germinating coconut seed is cut
into half using a bolo without damaging the
haustorium. It was then separated from the seed
by slowly wedging it with a spoon. The
Haustorium was chopped and diced as
preparation for the masceration process.
Treatment and Variables
In the extraction process, five grams of
the haustorium was needed per replicate then
placed inside a mortar. Twenty ml of methanol
was then added and was mascerated for 15
minutes. The mixture was filtered to gain an
extract about 5-8 m to be placed in vials. The
extraction process was repeated six times
representing the number of trials or replicates.
The functional components; phenols, flavonoids,
tannins, saponins, and alkaloids served as the
dependent variable and the independent variable
were the samples or replicates.
Chemical Analyses
Procedure of the chemical analysis
followed the method suggested by the Institute
of Plant Breeding Manual by Rodriguez et.al with
slight modifications.
Total Phenols
1. Obtain 0.20 ml of the extract
2. Add 2.80 ml of distilled water
3. Add 1ml of 0.2M Na2CO3
4. Add 0.20 ml of Folin Ciocalteus reagent
5. Heat in boiling H20 bath for 15 min.
6. Cool to room temperature.
7. Get Trans reading at 710nm.
Flavonoid
1. Get o.50ml of the xtract
2. Add 4.50ml of distilled H20
3. Add 0.20ml of F-C reagent.
4. Add 0.50ml of saturated Na2CO3
5. Vortex mix for 15 seconds
6. Add 4.3ml of distilled H2O.
7. Mix and let to stand at room temperature for
an hour.
8. Get Trans reading at 725nm
Tannins
1. Obtain 0.5ml of the extract.
2. Add 3.0ml of 1% Vanillin reagent.
3. Stand at room temperature for 20 minutes.
4. Get Trans reading at 500nm.
Saponins
1. Do the extraction process with ethanol as the
solvent.
2. Pass 2.5ml of the extract in the PVPP
column (Polyvinylpolypyrollidone) which
was soaked in distilled water overnight.
3. Get 0.50ml of the passed extract and put in a
separate test tube.
4. Add 0.50 ml of acetic HAC to the extract.
5. Add 3.0ml of L-B reagent (Lieberman-
Buchard).
6. Heat at 90-100C for 30 minutes.
7. Cool to room temperature.
8. Get Trans Reading at 450nm.
Alkaloids
1. Get 2ml of the extract.
2. Add 10ml of 1% Hydrochloric acid
3. Add 5.0 ml of concentrated ammonia and
transfer into a 50-ml separatory funnel.
4. Extract thrice with CHCL3 at 10ml each
time.
5. Combine extract and pass in a sodium
sulfate column.
6. Evaporate extracts.
7. Add 2.0ml 1% HCL and 1.0ml CHCL3.
Antioxidant Activity (AOA)
1. Get 2ml of extract.
2. Add 2ml of phosphate buffer.
3. Add 2ml KFe(CN)6 and put in water bath at
50C for 20 minutes.
4. Add 2.5ml of 10% TCA.
5. Add 2.0ml of distilled water.
6. Add 0.5ml of FeCl3
7. Get Trans reading at 500nm.
3. Functional Components of the Coconut Haustorium
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A. Functional components and AOA of the
coconut haustorium.
Table 1.Functional components and AOA of the
coconut haustorium
The mean phenolic content of the
coconut Haustorium is 102.87 mg/100g which is
relatively higher compared to other fruits like
watermelon (64), cherry (41), pineapple (67) and
is relatively closer to avocado (101). All were
based on the study by Vinson, et.al entitled
“Phenol Antioxidant Quantity and Quality in
Foods: Fruits”. According to BRAVO (1998),
the presence of polyphenols in plant foods is
greatly influenced by genetic factors,
environmental conditions, degree of ripeness,
variety, etc.
Flavonoid was also present and the
obtained mean value was 167.88mg/100g.
According to Torel (1986), The antioxidant
efficiency of Flavonoids depends on: a) their
concentration wherein an increase in the
concentration from 1 to 100ug/ml, increases the
antioxidant efficiency of Flavonoids, and b) the
degree of saturation of the fatty acid such that an
increase in the unsaturation results in a decrease
of the antioxidant efficiency.
The value obtained from saponins was
702.50mg/100g. Coconut oil is used in the
manufacture of soaps, detergents, and shampoos
because it has high levels of lauric acid, an
ingredient that gives soap a quick-lathering
property and also due to its hardness, ready
stability, and free leathering properties of the
sodium soaps made with it (Technonet, 1990). In
the study conducted by Tiocson (2006), it was
determined that the Haustorium contains large
amounts of Lauric acid. According to Martin
(1999) the haustorium is an active site of enzyme
secretion, allowing the ready absorption of the
flesh including its oil reserves thus; it is
manifested by the high saponins reading in the
experiments’ results.
No observations were accounted for
tannins and alkaloids which was manifested by
the absence of turbidity during the experiment.
According to Hagerman (2002), tannins have an
astringent sensation which was not reflected by
the coconut Haustorium.
B. Standard Deviation and the Correlation of
the Funtional Components to the Antioxidant
Activity.
Table 2. The mean, standard deviation and correlation
coefficient.
The standard deviation measures the
average deviation or the average distance of the
observations from the mean of the data set. It is
also a measure of dispersion and variability of
the data. A small standard deviation in the
experiment means that the results are close to the
mean of the data which can be expressed in
terms of accuracy or consistency of the results.
The standard deviation for phenols was 17.34
which means that the result of the experiment
deviates by 17.34 (102.87±17.34). The standard
deviation computed for Flavonoids was 18.43
wherein the experiments’ results also deviate
with a value of 18.43 (167.88±18.43).
The saponins exhibits the most
deviation wherein there is 702.5 average distance
from the mean (8051.86±702.5). The standard
deviation becomes larger as the observations
become more dispersed from the mean. The
MAX and MIN values for the data obtained from
the saponins analysis was 8814.39mg/100g and
7255.23mg/100g with a computed Range of
1559.16. Since all observations contribute to the
computation, the higher the value of the
observation, the higher is the standard deviation
which was exhibited by the saponins.
The total Antioxidant activity of the
haustorium obtained a standard deviation value
of 2.99 therefore the results of the experiments
4. Functional Components of the Coconut Haustorium
deviates only by 2.99 from the mean
(89.36±2.99) with a coefficient of variation (CV)
of 10%
Correlation Analysis is a statistical
technique used to determine the strength of the
relationship between two variables. X and Y. It
provides a measure of strength of the linear
relationship between two variables measured in
at least interval scale (Albacea, Reaño, Collado,
Comia, Tandang 2005). The dependent variables
are the functional components; Phenols,
Flavonoids and Saponins and the independent
variable was the total Antioxidant activity
(AOA) from the haustorium. Tannins and
alkaloids were not included in the correlation
analysis since both have negative results in the
experiment.
Computing for the correlation
coefficient (r) of phenols, the result absolute
value was 0.48 which means that there is a
moderate strength of linear relationship, basing
from the STAT 1 manual, UPLB (2005). The r2
gives the percentage of the total variation in the
values of the dependent variable that is
accounted for or explained by the independent
variable. From the table above r2 value of
phenols was 0.23 which means only 23% of the
total variation of the antioxidant activity is
explained by the amount of phenols.
For the Flavonoids, the computed
coefficient of correlation was r=0.68 which
means that there is a strong linear relationship
between the Flavonoids and AOA.
The computed coefficient of correlation
for saponins was r=0.87. The r2
value is equals
to 0.81, thus, 81% of the Antioxidant activity
was related to saponins which shows that there is
a very strong linear relationship between
Saponins and the AOA of the Haustorium.
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
The functional component of the
coconut haustorium; total phenols, Flavonoids,
saponins and the antioxidant activity were
determined except for tannins and alkaloids
which exhibited negative results due to the
absence of turbidity in the experiment.
In terms of the tests’ accuracy and
consistency the standard deviation was
computed. Phenols have a standard deviation of
17.34. Flavonoids with 18.43, and Saponins with
702.5. The saponins showed a huge dispersion or
deviation because of the high values of the data.
However, the total Antioxidant activity of the
Haustorium showed a small value of deviation
(2.99) and a coefficient of variation of 10%.
The functional component and the
antioxidant activity were correlated using the
coefficient of correlation (r). Phenols have a
moderate strength of linear relationship to
antioxidants (0.48). Flavonoids has a strong
linear relationship (0.68) and saponins has the
strongest linear relationship with the antioxidant
activity (0.87).
In conclusion, the antioxidant activity
(AOA) showed a low value of dispersion (Std
dev of 89.36±2.99) which can be attributed to the
accuracy of the experiment and saponins are
most likely related to it with the strongest linear
relationship.
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