The document discusses the history and development of hybrid seed production in vegetables. It notes that the first hybrid eggplant was developed in 1924 in Japan, followed by hybrids of other crops in subsequent decades. Methods for large-scale hybrid seed production were established using mechanisms like cytoplasmic male sterility, self-incompatibility, and gynoecious lines. These methods are now commercially used for many vegetable crops and have increased yields, uniformity, and stress resistance compared to open-pollinated varieties. The global hybrid vegetable seed market continues to grow due to rising world population and seed demand.

1. Exploitation of hybrid seed
production in Vegetables
Department of Horticulture
COA, SKRAU
Bikaner

2.  The successful demonstration of maize hybrids in 1920s promoted studies to
examine possible exploitation of heterosis in the form of F-1 varieties in several
crop species.
 Among the vegetables, first F-1 hybrid of eggplant was released during 1924 in
Japan (Nishi, 1967). Subsequently, hybrids of water melon (1930), cucumber
(1933), radish (1935), tomato (1940) and cabbage (1942) were developed
(Liedle and Anderson, 1993).
 Pearson (1933) used self incompatibility mechanism in cole crops such as
cabbage and cauliflowers.
 In onion Jones and Clarke (1943) utilized cytoplasmic male sterility
mechanism and proposed methods of large scale pure hybrid seed
production in onion.
 At present F-1 hybrid breeding method is commercially utilized to exploit
heterosis in many vegetable crops like tomato, eggplant, hot and sweet peppers,
onion, cabbage, cauliflower, other cole crops, radish, carrot, melons etc.

3. Cont…..
 Dr. Khaihra (1951)
 IAHSC (1970)
 IARI, Pusa, New Dehli (1973)
 Flavr Sevr / CGN-89564-2 (1994)
 Bt- Brinjal (2009)
 GM Potato (2014)

4. The global commercial seed market is worth $
53 bn.
India is fifth largest and fastest growing seed
market in the world.
Vegetables seed market in India is about Rs 6
bn.
Seed cost as a percentage of revenue per acre
for a farmer in India is less than 5% as against
15% in other countries.
Onion seed Chilli seed
Tomato seed

5. 5
Estimated share of vegetable hybrids in total cropped area
in India (2014-15)
Crops Total area
(ha)
Area under F1
hybrids
(ha)
Share of hybrid’s
area
(%)
Egg plant 4,79,095 85,300 17.80
Cabbage 2,42,140 76,000 31.39
Cauliflower 3,04,156 10,000 3.29
Chilli 5,73,529 14,000 2.24
Gourds 4,09,270 10,000 2.44
Melons 1,69,350 6,800 4.02
Okra 3,71,665 20,000 5.38
Tomato 4,85,520 1,53,000 33.51
Total 30,34,725 3,75,100 12.36
Source : Indian Horticultural Database (2014)

6. Uniform
Greater productivity
High field holding capacity
Longer harvest duration
Better adaptability to variable environments
Better tolerance to Biotic and Abiotic disease
Better market acceptability
Better nutritional quality

7. • Lack of Knowledge
• Limitations of Emasculation and Pollination
• Time consuming
• Labour intensive
• Seed produced in low amount
• Rate of replacement is 100%
• Increased cost of production
PROBLEMS OF HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION

8. Problem overcome by
• Production of large scale of F1 seeds.
• Reduced cost of hybrid seed production.
• Speedup the hybridization programme.
• Commercial exploitation of hybrid vigour.

9. Method of hybrid seed production
 Hybridization
 Male sterility
 Self incompatibility
 Gynoecia's line

10. P-1 P-2
F-1
Types of Hybrids
On the basis of inbred line On the basis of Parents
a. Single cross (A x B) a. Inter varietal or Intra Specific
b. Double cross (A x B) x (C x D) b. Inter specific or Intra generic
c. Three way cross (A x B) x C c. Inter generic

11. Mechanism Commercially exploited in:
Hand emasculation + HP Tomato, eggplant, sweet pepper, okra, hot pepper
Remove staminate flowers + HP Cucurbits (bitter gourd, bottle gourd, etc.)
Male sterility + HP Tomato, hot pepper, sweet pepper
Male sterility + NP Onion, cabbage, cauliflower, carrot, radish, muskmelon,
hot pepper.
Self incompability + NP Most of cole vegetables like broccolis, cabbage etc.
Gynoecism + NP Cucumber, muskmelon.
Remove staminate flowers + NP Cucurbits including bitter gourd, summer squash,
winter squash, etc.
Pinching Bottle gourd and Pumkin
HP = Hand pollination NP = Natural pollination

12. MALE STERILITY

13.  In flowering plants, the first report of male sterility by Koelreuter in
1763.
 First report of male sterility in onion is reported by Jones and Clarke
in1943.
 Male sterility in carrot was first reported by Welch and Grimball in
1947.
 Male sterility in pepper was first documented by Martin and
Grawford in1951.
 Genic male sterility has been reported in cabbage and cauliflower by
Nieuwhof in 1961.

14. Types of male sterility
 Genetic male sterility( GMS)
- Determined by the Single recessive nucleus gene (ms)
- It is most commonly used in vegetable
 Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS)
- Determined by the cytoplasm
- It is the result of mutation in the mitochondrial genome (mtDNA)
- CMS transfer easily to a given strain
 Cytoplasmic-genetic male sterility (CGMS)
- Nuclear gene restores the fertility in the male sterile line
- Also know as nucleoplasmic male sterility
- Fertility restorer gene R is required
 Chemically induced male sterility
- IAA, IBA, Ethrel, etc.

18. Types of male sterility Inheritance pattern Vegetable crops
1. Pollen sterility
Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) Not occur in nature -
Genic male sterility (GMS) Singe recessive gene (ms) Tomato, Brinjal, Pea, Muskmelon,
Watermelon, Chilli, Lima bean,
Pumpkin, Cucumber, Cole crops
Duplicate dominant gene Cauliflower
Cytoplasmic - Genic (CGMS) Single recessive gene (ms) Onion, Radish, Sweet pepper, Cole
crops and Turnip
Two recessive gene Beet
Single dominant gene Carrot
Staminal male sterility (sl) Single recessive gene Tomato
2. Structural / Functional male sterility
i. Positional sterility (ps) Single recessive gene Tomato, Brinjal, Sweet pepper
ii. Exserted stigma sterility (ex) Single recessive gene Tomato

19. Crops Gene Commercially
utilized
Variety
Tomato Single recessive
gene
Ps-2 gene -
Chilli Single recessive
gene
Ms-12 CH-1, CH-3 and
CH-27
Muskmelon Single recessive
gene
Ms-1 gene
& ms-3 gene
Punjab Hybrid-1
GMS or NMS

20. Crops Gene Commercially
utilized
Varieties
Chilli Single recessive gene Ms-2 Arka Meghana, Arka
Sweta, Arka Harita,
Kashi Surkh
Onion Single recessive gene - Arka Kirtiman and Arka
Lalima
Carrot Single recessive gene - Pusa Nayanjyoti and
Pusa Vasuda

21. Crops Types Commercially utilized
Onion S and T cytoplasm S - cytoplasm type
Carrot Peataloid (pt),
brown anther
(ba), and
gummifer (gu)
Petaloid type
Cauliflower - Ogura cytoplasm
Cabbage - Ogura cytoplasm
Brussels sprout - Ogura cytoplasm
Conti…

22. Morphological markers Vegetables
Potato leaf, green stem,
anthocyaninless stem
Tomato
Glabrous seedling Muskmelon
Non-lobed leaf, glabrous leaf,
delayed green seedling
Water melon
Glossy foliage Brussels sprouts
Purple stem pigmentation Cabbage
Brown seed coat colour Onion

25. Genotypes Reaction
S1S1 x S1S1 Fully incompatible mating
S1S2 x S1S3 and S1S2 x S2S3
Partially compatible
S1S2 x S3S4 Fully compatible mating

26. 1,2,3,4, 5 - may be
overcome by in-vitro
fertilization
7, 8, 9 - may be rescued
by embryo, ovule , ovary
culture, embryo
implantation

29. Male sterility Self incompatibility
TOMATO
Ludhiana
ms33 IPA
ms2 IPA
ps2 L 3841
ps2 NS 101
ps2 San Pedro
ps2 UC 82-B
ms 10
36
ms 45
ms 15
47
CHILLI
Anand
CCA 4261
CCA 4759
CCA 4758
Ludhiana
CCA 4261
ONION
Bangalore
Ms1
Ms2
ms3
RADISH
IARI NEW DELHI
Pusa Chetaki
Pusa Desi
Half Red
Acc. No. 30205
Acc. No. 282
Chinese Pink
BDJ-689
CAULIFLOWER
Varanashi
IIVR-1
IIVR-50
kataki Early-29
HAZIPUR-4(BP)
Pusi – 4
Agahani JBT -23/60
Late Agahani
Aghani-8
Pusi Hazipur
Agahani long leaf
Agahani small leaf
Kuwari-1
Kataki-12

30. 30

33. Stability of Gynoecious line

34. Ag2O3S

36. • Hybrid varieties are major components of vegetable production systems due to
their vigour, uniformity, horticultural quality, biotic and abiotic stress
resistances and high yields.
• The global market of vegetable seeds is expected to expand in future years, due
to the increase in world population and consumption.
• Markets are getting more refined in terms of quality and yield and there is a
clear demand for excellent hybrid vegetable cultivars
• The exploitation of hybrid seed production is one of the leading causes for that
trend.
• Increase the efficiency of hybrid seed industry will help to reduce seed price and
alleviate grower’s costs.
• Male sterility, SI and gynoeceous line provides tremendous opportunities to the
breeders for enforcing pollination control in hybrid seed production systems.