This document provides information on breeding methods for French beans. It discusses the center of origin, distribution, breeding objectives, and different breeding procedures used, including pedigree selection, bulk breeding, backcrossing, and marker-assisted selection. The document also covers breeding for disease resistance, insect resistance, environmental stress tolerance, canning quality, and yield improvement. It reviews molecular tools used in bean breeding, such as markers, genomics, and QTL mapping. Finally, it discusses current developments and issues regarding genetically modified beans.

1. RANI LAKSHMI BAI CENTRAL AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
ASSIGNMENT ON:
RAJMA
CENTRE OF ORIGIN, DISTRIBUTION AND DIFFERENT BREEDING METHODS
COURSE NAME: CROP IMPROVEMENT- II (RABI)
COURSE CODE: AGP313 CREDIT HOURS: 2(1+1)
SUBMITTED BY:
SHALINI SHUKLA(Ag/063/17)
B.Sc. (Hons.) AGRICULTURE
3RD
YEAR 6TH
SEMESTER
SUBMITTED TO:
 Dr. DHANANJAYUPADHYAY(FACULTY,
GPB)
RLBCAU, JHNASI

2. TOPIC: FRENCH BEANS
INTRODUCTION:
 Kidney beans and other beans such as pinto beans, navy beans and black beans are known
scientifically as Phaseolus vulgaris.
 They are referred to as "common beans" probably owing to the fact that they all derived from a
common bean ancestor that originated in Peru.
 They spread throughout South and Central America as a result of migrating Indian traders who
brought kidney beans with them from Peru.
 Beans were introduced into Europe in the 15th century by Spanish explorers returning from their
voyages to the New World.
 Subsequently, Spanish and Portuguese traders introduced kidney beans into Africa and Asia.
 As beans are a very inexpensive form of good protein, they have become popular in many cultures
throughout the world.
 Today, the largest commercial producersof dried common beansare India, China, Indonesia, Brazil
and the United States.

3. BOTANICAL
NAME
• Phaseolus
vulgaris
CHROMOSOME
NUMBER
• 2n=22
FAMILY
• Fabaceae
DISTRIBUTION:
 originated from Central and South
America, where it was cultivated as
early as 6000 BC in Peru and 5000
BC in Mexico.
 Nowwidespread and cultivated as a
major food crop in many tropical,
subtropical and temperate areas of
the Americas, Europe, Africa and
Asia (Wortmann, 2006).
 According to other sources, 30% of
common bean production comes
from South America.
 Common bean is less known in Asia
where other grain legumes are
preferred(Ecoport,2013).However,
production in China is important,
where the estimated acreage in the
first decades of this century was
about 0.6 million ha (Cheng Xuzhen
et al., 2011).
 In India, it is primarily grown in
Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal
Pradesh and hills of Uttaranchal.
Production is spreading in plains in
Maharashtra, Gujarat, Bihar,
Jharkhand and Karnataka.

4. BREEDING OBJECTIVES:
 High pod yield
 Non-stringy, long pods, flat or round in shape.
 Early pod harvesting.
 Bush/pole plant type.
 High number of green pods/plant.
 High number of pod clusters/plant.
 High number of primary branches/plant.
 Free from inter-locular space.
 Abiotic stress tolerance (high and low temperature, drought, salinity, soil nutrient deficiency,
Fixation).
 Resistance to biotic stress (insect-pest, diseases etc.).
 Bacterial brown spot (Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae (Van Hall)
 Bacterial wilt (Corynebacterium flacumfaciens pv. flacumfaciens (Hedges)
 Common blight (Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli)
 Halo blight (Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola (Burk) Dows
 Alternaria leaf spot (Alternaria alternate)
 Angular leaf spot (Isariopsis griseola)
 Anthracnose (Colletotrichum lindemuthianum)
 Ascochyta leaf and pod spot (Ascochyta boltshauseri Sacc. and A. phaseolorum Sacc.)
 Rust (Uromyces phaseoli)
 White mold (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)
 Fusarium root rot (Fusarium solani f.s.p. phaseoli)
 Powdery mildew (Erisyphe polygoni)
 Rhizoctonia root rot (Rhizoctonia solani)
 Bean Common Mosaic Virus (BCMV)
 Beet Curly Top Virus (BCTV)
 Bean Golden Mosaic Virus (BGMV).

5. BEAN BREEDING PYRAMID:
Apex:
Elite by Elite
crosses.
Restrictedtosame
market class, growth habit
andmaturity.
Single Seed Descent.
Intermediate:
No restrictions on recombination
between market class, growth habit
and maturity.
Interracial crosses.
Must be adapted material.
Pedigree & Inbred Backcross
breeding.
Base:
No restrictions.
Inter gene pool & interspecific crosses.
Breeding and pre-breeding strategies to introgress traits from
unadapted, wild or interspecific germplasm.
Recurrent Selection,Gamete Selection,Congruity
Backcross,
Advanced Backcross-QTL, & Conical Crossing.
A three tiered
approach to bean
breeding where new
varieties are
released from apex
of the pyramid and
new germplasm is
continually
introduced from the
base of the pyramid
(courtesy of J.
Kelly).
BREEDING PROCEDURES:
 French beans- autogamous crop therefore, same breeding procedures as in them.
The most commonly used selection methodsare PS, SSD and the bulk method (BM).The most commonly used selection methodsare PS, SSD and the bulk method (BM).The most commonly used selection methodsare PS, SSD and the bulk method (BM). The most commonly used selection methods are PS, SSD and the bulk method (BM).
 Pedigree Selection:
 Effective for such characters as height, maturity and disease resistance.
 Single plant selection for yield in early generations has not been encouraging.
 For bacterial wilt, success has been realized in developing lines and cultivars of dry beans with high tolerance
to Xp, Xpf and Cf using pedigree method of breeding.
 Bulk breeding:
 For yield in early generations.
 Does not lead to the elimination of high yielding genotypes.
 Therefore, bulk- breeding would appear to be a better use of resources, when selecting for seed yield.
 The populations are bulk-breduntil F5 and then individual plant progenies are evaluated in replicated yield trials.
 Gamete Selection:
 suggested by Singh et al. (1998)
 It is a selection based on F1 derived families that come from crosses that are multiple-parent, heterogeneous and
heterogametic.
 Bulk Breeding
 Single Seed Descent

7.  Backcross Method:
 Breeders can make fast progress in breeding qualitative traits as the genetic ratios are
predictable making them easy to select.
 Many disease resistance traits are qualitatively inherited.
 Effective for improving qualitative traits such as disease resistance.
 Marker Assisted Selection:
 A random amplified polymorphic DNA marker directly linked with bean curly top virus
has been reported.
 Larsen and Miklas (2003) reported that SCAR would be useful as MAS for bean curly top
virus resistance in snap bean.
 In addition, a major gene for resistance to anthracnose, and QTL for resistance to common
bacterial blight, white mold, and ashy stem blight mapped in the same region of the also
chromosome B7.
BREEDING PURPOSE
DISEASE
RESISTANCE
INSECT
RESISTANCE
ENVIRONMENTAL
STRESS
TOLERANCE
CANNING
PURPOSE
YIELD
IMPROVEMENT

8. BREEDING FOR DISEASE RESISTANCE:
 For soil-borne diseases, a permanent disease nursery (sick plot) is used. Detailed screening
techniques have been described by Schuster and Coyne (1981) and Silbernagel (1986).
 Pant Anupama and Pant Bean 2 (released varieties) have been found to be moderately
resistant to bean common mosaic virus and rust.
 Screening for resistance should normally be carried out in the field preferably under ‘hot spot’
conditions, and laboratory and glasshouse procedures should be developed as a supplement to field
screening.
 Resistance to BCMV is controlled by the dominant gene I originally found in the cv Corbett
Refugee. Race specific additional genes bc 1, bc 2 or bc 3 have been identified and one of these
genes should be combined with I gene to have broad resistance to both the necrotic and mosaic
mottle reactions.
 For fungal diseases, a variety Cornell 49/242 has been reported to have the dominant gene ‘Are’
for resistance to anthracnose. This resistance has been overcome by new races and new genes Mex
2 and Mex 3 will have to be combined with ‘Are’ gene to have more stable polygenic resistance.
 Genotypes that have a score of 3 or less are considered resistant, 4-6, intermediate and a score
greater than 6 are considered susceptible.
 Root rots causedby Fusarium solani, Rhizoctonia solani and Pythium spp. cause considerable yield
losses. Generally, there is linkage between black seed coat color and resistance to Pythium.
 Miklas and Delorme (2003) reported QTL conditioning resistance to white mold in snap bean.
According to them host resistance is an important component of integrated disease management
strategies for control of Sclerotinia white mold disease in snap bean.
 These authors examined inheritance and identified quantitative trait loci (QTL) for white mold
resistance in anF5.7 recombinant inbred line (RIL)population (‘Benton’/NY6020-4). ‘Benton’snap
bean is susceptible to white mold. Snap bean germplasm line NY6020-4 has partial resistance.
BREEDING FOR INSECT RESISTANCE:
 Pawar et al. (1987) evaluated 11 strains of French bean for resistance to stem fly (Ophiomya
phaseoli) and found that cultivars Sel. 2, UPF 191 (now released as Pant Anupama), SVM 1, Sel.
9 and Sel. 4 had significantly lower agromyzid population than VL Boni 1, Sel. 5, Pusa Parvatiand
Contender.
BREEDING FOR ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS TOLERANCE:
 Important environmental stresses for French bean are drought, heat and cold.
 Drought tolerance is often associated with a well-developed root system.
 Heat tolerance is associated with the ability of pollen tubes to grow at high temperatures,allowing
pod setting under these conditions. E.g., breeding line 5BP7
 The characters contributing towards cold tolerance are large embryonic axis, rapid hypocotyl
elongation, rapid mobilization of cotyledonary reserves, leaf area, and production of surplus
photosynthate.
BREEDING FOR YIELD IMPROVEMENT:
 In French bean, the yield components are the number of pods, the number of seeds/pod and seed
weight.

9.  Number of pods/plants and seed weight are negatively correlated, i.e. there is yield component
compensation effect between yield components, creating difficulty for yield improvement.
 Adams (1982) proposed and developed an erect bean ideotype suitable for mechanized farming in
the humid Midwest (USA). The ideotype was described as an architype because it emphasized
specific architectural features of the plant.
CANNING QUALITY BREEDING:
 Selection for dry seed and processing quality traits.
 In addition to selection for dry seed traits such as size, shape, and color, all new germplasm
must also be evaluated for processing characteristics.
 Characteristics include: hydration ratio, washed drained weight ratio, processed color, and
shear press texture.
 The complex inheritance of these traits coupled with the delay due to inbreeding prior to
evaluation suggests the possibility of developing linked markersto assist in the early generation
selection for improved processing quality.
REVIEW OF MOLECULAR TOOLS AND APPROACHES IN BEAN BREEDING:
 These tools include accesstomolecular markersand the science of genomics which is largely based
on the ability to sequence the DNA of crop genomes to determine the gene order and genetic basis
of the crop.
 The DNA of all crops is organized in linear structures known as chromosomes.
 In beans there are 11 pairs of chromosomes and 588 million base pairs.
 When two genes are adjacent on a chromosome they are linked.
 Most active genes (those expressed) are clustered toward the extremities of the chromosome arms.
 Regions of the DNAthatcanbe identified are known asmarkersasthey canbe visualized following
amplification (using polymerase chain reaction-PCR) and separated using gel electrophoresis.
 DNA fragments can be separated based on charge and size.
 When a marker is near to a gene of interest it is linked to that gene so breeders can follow that gene
in a segregating population based on the presence or absence of the marker.
 As a result, the use of marker-assisted selection (MAS) has been developed as a plant breeding tool
to allow breeders to indirectly select for a trait of interest by simply selecting for the DNA marker.
 The more closely linked a gene is to a marker, the more useful the marker.
 The ideal marker system is one where the marker is part of the actual gene.
 This type of marker is known as a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and the difference is
based on nucleotide change that can be detected which changes the function of the gene.
 Breeders can more easily combine multiple genes conditioning resistance using MAS as the
phenotype remains constant.
 The area where MAS will ultimately have the most impact is working with quantitative traits.
 Breeders have a method to map the location of all the genes that constitute a quantitative trait.
 The terminology for this process is known as QTL mapping.
 QTLs are quantitative trait loci and these are regions on the chromosome where a gene resides that
is partially responsible for controlling that quantitative trait.
 QTL is a statistical term as the location (loci) is based on statistical probability that a portion of a
quantitative trait resides at that location.
 The statistical parameter is known as a LOD score and scores of 3 or greater indicate the
presence of a QTL.

10.  In addition to location (loci) the size and effect of each QTL is known as each is different.
 Chromosomes of bean are so small they are indistinguishable.
 Since gene order is based on linkage geneticists refer to that gene order as linkage groups which
coincide with the actual number of chromosomes.
 In bean there are 11 linkage groups.
CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS AND ISSUES OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISM:
 Genetic modification (GM) or genetic engineering involves the transfer of genes from another
organism or species into a crop plant genome, and then regenerating a whole plant from the
transformed tissue or cell.
 Currently, one of the most widely used method for transferring genes into plants is Agrobacterium-
mediated plant transformation.
 Agrobacterium is a naturally occurring pathogenic bacterium in the soil that has the ability to
transfer its DNA into a plant's genome.
 Agrobacterium serves as a vector that is capable of carrying desired genes into the plant.
 The engineered genes are inserted into the Agrobacterium vector and enter the plant by the bacteria
own internal transfer mechanisms.
 Transformation is typically done on a small excised portion of a plant known as an explant.
 This small piece of transformed plant tissue is then regenerated into a mature plant through tissue
culture techniques.
 Success with bean transformation has been very limited.
 The few successfulGM or transgenic bean varieties have been developed by physical methods that
circumvent problems with plant regeneration.
 In Brazil, researchers used particle bombardment protocol to insert herbicide (bar gene) and virus
resistance (RNAi) into the pinto bean variety, Olathe.
 This work was recently reported as ‘First transgenic Gemini virus resistant plant in the field’
in Nature Biotechnology in 2009.
 A research group in Japan successfully inserted and expressed the lea (late embryogenesis
abundant) gene for drought tolerance in kidney beans using sonication and vacuum infiltration.
 The major issues and hurdles preventing the development of this technology in beans fall under
five major areas discussed below.
 In the U.S. there have been no reports on the development of GM beans in the scientific literature.

12. REFERENCES:
 www.whfoods.com
 Michigan state university> the story ofbean breeding in the US- James D. Kelly
 www.researchgate.net
 www.link.springer.com
 www.uses.plantnet-project.org
 www.feedipedia.org
 www.biologydiscussion.com