Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions Energy profile.pptx
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The document discusses exothermic and endothermic chemical reactions. Exothermic reactions release energy to the surroundings and feel hot, while endothermic reactions absorb energy from the surroundings and feel cold. A reaction is exothermic if more energy is released during bond making than used for bond breaking, and endothermic if more energy is used for bond breaking than released during bond making. Energy diagrams show exothermic reactions releasing energy overall and endothermic reactions absorbing energy overall.
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Chemical reactions can be either exothermic or endothermic. Exothermic reactions release energy in the form of heat, causing a temperature increase. Endothermic reactions absorb energy from their surroundings in the form of heat, causing a temperature decrease. Examples of exothermic reactions given are the neutralization of an acid with a base and burning magnesium, while examples of endothermic reactions include the thermal decomposition of limestone and dissolving salts in water. The energy changes in chemical reactions can be explained by considering the energy required to break bonds in reactants versus the energy released when new bonds form in products.
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Chapter 7Energy and Metabolism© Cengage Learning 2015.docx
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SOLOMON • MARTIN • MARTIN • BERG
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Passive vs. Active transport.mp4.downloadPassive vs. Active tra.docx
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Chapter 7:
Energy and Metabolism
© Cengage Learning 2015
SOLOMON • MARTIN • MARTIN • BERG
BIOLOGY
tenth edition
1
Energy Conversion
Cells obtain energy in many forms, and have mechanisms that convert energy from one form to another
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© Cengage Learning 2015
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Expressed in units of work (kilojoules, kJ) or units of heat energy (kilocalories, kcal)
1 kcal = 4.184 kJ
© Cengage Learning 2015
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Kinetic energy: energy of motion is used, work is performed
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Figure 7-1 Potential versus kinetic energy
The potential chemical energy released by cellular respiration is converted to kinetic energy in the muscles, which do the work of drawing the bow. The potential energy stored in the drawn bow is transformed into kinetic energy as the bowstring pushes the arrow toward its target.
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Organisms Carry Out Conversions Between Potential/Kinetic Energy
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Chemical energy: potential energy stored in chemical bonds
Example: Chemical energy of food molecules is converted to mechanical energy in muscle cells
© Cengage Learning 2015
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Thermodynamics governs all activities of the universe, from cells to stars
Biological systems are open systems that exchange energy with their surroundings
Closed
system
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system
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© Cengage Learning 2015
Figure 7-2 Closed and open systems
A closed system does not exchange energy with its surroundings.
(b) An open system exchanges energy with its surroundings.
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Energy cannot be created or destroyed
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© Cengage Learning 2015
The Second Law of Thermodynamics
When energy is converted from one form to another, some usable energy (energy available to do work) is converted into heat that disperses in.
Passive vs. Active transport.mp4.downloadPassive vs. Active tra
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Passive vs. Active transport.mp4.download/Info.plist
__MACOSX/Passive vs. Active transport.mp4.download/._Info.plist
Chapter 7:
Energy and Metabolism
© Cengage Learning 2015
SOLOMON • MARTIN • MARTIN • BERG
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tenth edition
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Expressed in units of work (kilojoules, kJ) or units of heat energy (kilocalories, kcal)
1 kcal = 4.184 kJ
© Cengage Learning 2015
Potential Energy and Kinetic Energy
Potential energy: capacity to do work as a result of position or state
Kinetic energy: energy of motion is used, work is performed
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© Cengage Learning 2015
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The potential chemical energy released by cellular respiration is converted to kinetic energy in the muscles, which do the work of drawing the bow. The potential energy stored in the drawn bow is transformed into kinetic energy as the bowstring pushes the arrow toward its target.
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Organisms Carry Out Conversions Between Potential/Kinetic Energy
Most actions involve a series of energy transformations that occur as kinetic energy is converted to potential energy – or potential energy to kinetic energy
Chemical energy: potential energy stored in chemical bonds
Example: Chemical energy of food molecules is converted to mechanical energy in muscle cells
© Cengage Learning 2015
7.2 The Laws of Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics governs all activities of the universe, from cells to stars
Biological systems are open systems that exchange energy with their surroundings
Closed
system
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Figure 7-2 Closed and open systems
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Chapter 7Energy and Metabolism© Cengage Learning 2015.docx
Chapter 7:
Energy and Metabolism
© Cengage Learning 2015
SOLOMON • MARTIN • MARTIN • BERG
BIOLOGY
tenth edition
1
Energy Conversion
Cells obtain energy in many forms, and have mechanisms that convert energy from one form to another
Radiant energy is the ultimate source of energy for life
Photosynthetic organisms capture about 0.02% of the sun’s energy that reaches Earth, and convert it to chemical energy in bonds of organic molecules
© Cengage Learning 2015
7.1 Biological Work
Matter: anything that has mass and takes up space
Energy: the capacity to do work (change in state or motion of matter)
Expressed in units of work (kilojoules, kJ) or units of heat energy (kilocalories, kcal)
1 kcal = 4.184 kJ
© Cengage Learning 2015
Potential Energy and Kinetic Energy
Potential energy: capacity to do work as a result of position or state
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Energy of position
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© Cengage Learning 2015
Figure 7-1 Potential versus kinetic energy
The potential chemical energy released by cellular respiration is converted to kinetic energy in the muscles, which do the work of drawing the bow. The potential energy stored in the drawn bow is transformed into kinetic energy as the bowstring pushes the arrow toward its target.
4
Organisms Carry Out Conversions Between Potential/Kinetic Energy
Most actions involve a series of energy transformations that occur as kinetic energy is converted to potential energy – or potential energy to kinetic energy
Chemical energy: potential energy stored in chemical bonds
Example: Chemical energy of food molecules is converted to mechanical energy in muscle cells
© Cengage Learning 2015
7.2 The Laws of Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics governs all activities of the universe, from cells to stars
Biological systems are open systems that exchange energy with their surroundings
Closed
system
Closed
system
Surroundings
Surroundings
© Cengage Learning 2015
Figure 7-2 Closed and open systems
A closed system does not exchange energy with its surroundings.
(b) An open system exchanges energy with its surroundings.
6
The First Law of Thermodynamics
Energy cannot be created or destroyed
Energy can be transferred or converted from one form to another, including conversions between matter and energy
The energy of any system plus its surroundings is constant
Organisms must capture energy from the environment and transform it to a form that can be used for biological work
© Cengage Learning 2015
The Second Law of Thermodynamics
When energy is converted from one form to another, some usable energy (energy available to do work) is converted into heat that disperses into the surroundings
As a result, the amount of usable energy available to do work in the universe decreases over time
Heat: the kinetic energy of randomly moving particles
© Cengage Learning 2015
Entropy
The measure of the disorder or randomness of energy
Organized, usable energy ...
Chapter 8(1)
This document provides an overview of metabolism and energy transformations in living systems. It discusses:
1) Metabolism transforms matter and energy through chemical reactions in organisms, subject to the laws of thermodynamics. Metabolic pathways involve a series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions that transform starting molecules into products.
2) Catabolic pathways break down molecules and release energy, while anabolic pathways consume energy to build molecules.
3) Energy can take different forms like kinetic, heat, potential, and chemical. The laws of thermodynamics state that energy cannot be created or destroyed, and entropy increases in closed systems.
4) Metabolism creates order from disorder by building complex molecules, but increases
Chapter 8(1)
This document provides an overview of metabolism and energy transformations in living systems. It discusses:
1) Metabolism transforms matter and energy through chemical reactions in organisms, subject to the laws of thermodynamics. Metabolic pathways involve sequences of enzyme-catalyzed reactions that transform starting molecules into products.
2) Catabolic pathways break down molecules and release energy, while anabolic pathways consume energy to build molecules.
3) Energy can take different forms but is conserved according to the first law of thermodynamics. The second law states that entropy increases as energy is transferred or transformed.
4) Metabolism decreases entropy locally by building biological structures but increases the universe's entropy, with energy entering
Passive vs. Active transport.mp4.downloadPassive vs. Active tra.docx
Passive vs. Active transport.mp4.download/Passive vs. Active transport.mp4
__MACOSX/Passive vs. Active transport.mp4.download/._Passive vs. Active transport.mp4
Passive vs. Active transport.mp4.download/Info.plist
__MACOSX/Passive vs. Active transport.mp4.download/._Info.plist
Chapter 7:
Energy and Metabolism
© Cengage Learning 2015
SOLOMON • MARTIN • MARTIN • BERG
BIOLOGY
tenth edition
1
Energy Conversion
Cells obtain energy in many forms, and have mechanisms that convert energy from one form to another
Radiant energy is the ultimate source of energy for life
Photosynthetic organisms capture about 0.02% of the sun’s energy that reaches Earth, and convert it to chemical energy in bonds of organic molecules
© Cengage Learning 2015
7.1 Biological Work
Matter: anything that has mass and takes up space
Energy: the capacity to do work (change in state or motion of matter)
Expressed in units of work (kilojoules, kJ) or units of heat energy (kilocalories, kcal)
1 kcal = 4.184 kJ
© Cengage Learning 2015
Potential Energy and Kinetic Energy
Potential energy: capacity to do work as a result of position or state
Kinetic energy: energy of motion is used, work is performed
POTENTIAL
Energy of position
KINETIC
Energy of motion
© Cengage Learning 2015
Figure 7-1 Potential versus kinetic energy
The potential chemical energy released by cellular respiration is converted to kinetic energy in the muscles, which do the work of drawing the bow. The potential energy stored in the drawn bow is transformed into kinetic energy as the bowstring pushes the arrow toward its target.
4
Organisms Carry Out Conversions Between Potential/Kinetic Energy
Most actions involve a series of energy transformations that occur as kinetic energy is converted to potential energy – or potential energy to kinetic energy
Chemical energy: potential energy stored in chemical bonds
Example: Chemical energy of food molecules is converted to mechanical energy in muscle cells
© Cengage Learning 2015
7.2 The Laws of Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics governs all activities of the universe, from cells to stars
Biological systems are open systems that exchange energy with their surroundings
Closed
system
Closed
system
Surroundings
Surroundings
© Cengage Learning 2015
Figure 7-2 Closed and open systems
A closed system does not exchange energy with its surroundings.
(b) An open system exchanges energy with its surroundings.
6
The First Law of Thermodynamics
Energy cannot be created or destroyed
Energy can be transferred or converted from one form to another, including conversions between matter and energy
The energy of any system plus its surroundings is constant
Organisms must capture energy from the environment and transform it to a form that can be used for biological work
© Cengage Learning 2015
The Second Law of Thermodynamics
When energy is converted from one form to another, some usable energy (energy available to do work) is converted into heat that disperses in.
Passive vs. Active transport.mp4.downloadPassive vs. Active tra
Passive vs. Active transport.mp4.download/Passive vs. Active transport.mp4
__MACOSX/Passive vs. Active transport.mp4.download/._Passive vs. Active transport.mp4
Passive vs. Active transport.mp4.download/Info.plist
__MACOSX/Passive vs. Active transport.mp4.download/._Info.plist
Chapter 7:
Energy and Metabolism
© Cengage Learning 2015
SOLOMON • MARTIN • MARTIN • BERG
BIOLOGY
tenth edition
1
Energy Conversion
Cells obtain energy in many forms, and have mechanisms that convert energy from one form to another
Radiant energy is the ultimate source of energy for life
Photosynthetic organisms capture about 0.02% of the sun’s energy that reaches Earth, and convert it to chemical energy in bonds of organic molecules
© Cengage Learning 2015
7.1 Biological Work
Matter: anything that has mass and takes up space
Energy: the capacity to do work (change in state or motion of matter)
Expressed in units of work (kilojoules, kJ) or units of heat energy (kilocalories, kcal)
1 kcal = 4.184 kJ
© Cengage Learning 2015
Potential Energy and Kinetic Energy
Potential energy: capacity to do work as a result of position or state
Kinetic energy: energy of motion is used, work is performed
POTENTIAL
Energy of position
KINETIC
Energy of motion
© Cengage Learning 2015
Figure 7-1 Potential versus kinetic energy
The potential chemical energy released by cellular respiration is converted to kinetic energy in the muscles, which do the work of drawing the bow. The potential energy stored in the drawn bow is transformed into kinetic energy as the bowstring pushes the arrow toward its target.
4
Organisms Carry Out Conversions Between Potential/Kinetic Energy
Most actions involve a series of energy transformations that occur as kinetic energy is converted to potential energy – or potential energy to kinetic energy
Chemical energy: potential energy stored in chemical bonds
Example: Chemical energy of food molecules is converted to mechanical energy in muscle cells
© Cengage Learning 2015
7.2 The Laws of Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics governs all activities of the universe, from cells to stars
Biological systems are open systems that exchange energy with their surroundings
Closed
system
Closed
system
Surroundings
Surroundings
© Cengage Learning 2015
Figure 7-2 Closed and open systems
A closed system does not exchange energy with its surroundings.
(b) An open system exchanges energy with its surroundings.
6
The First Law of Thermodynamics
Energy cannot be created or destroyed
Energy can be transferred or converted from one form to another, including conversions between matter and energy
The energy of any system plus its surroundings is constant
Organisms must capture energy from the environment and transform it to a form that can be used for biological work
© Cengage Learning 2015
The Second Law of Thermodynamics
When energy is converted from one form to another, some usable energy (energy available to do work) is converted into heat that disperses in ...
Chemical energetics part 2
Thermochemistry deals with determining quantities of heat through measurement and calculation, allowing indirect quantification of heat that may be difficult to measure directly. Systems can be open, closed, or isolated depending on whether energy and matter can be transferred between the system and surroundings. Exothermic reactions release energy to the surroundings while endothermic reactions absorb energy from the surroundings, and these properties are illustrated through enthalpy diagrams.
Keeping Track of Energy in Chemical Reactions
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Energy and metabolism conduction,convection,radiation by Muhammad Fahad Ansar...
Insulation is not a method of heat transfer. It works by preventing heat transfer.
The particles in a solid are closest together.
Heat from the Sun reaches Earth through radiation, as there is no matter between the two for conduction or convection to occur.
A shiny surface, whether white or black, is best for reflecting heat radiation. Dull black is best for absorbing heat radiation.
Bioenergetics
This presentation is about bioenergetics. It talks about energy changes and equilibrium during different biological reactions, how exergonic and endergonic reactions are combined as sequential reactions in body, how the body system is following the law of thermodynamics etc. Role of enzymes in thermodynamics is also explained
Energy change during chemical rcts
1. Exothermic reactions release heat energy to their surroundings, causing an increase in temperature. Reactions like burning fuels and explosions are exothermic.
2. Endothermic reactions absorb heat energy from their surroundings, causing a decrease in temperature. Dissolving salts in water is an example of an endothermic process.
3. Whether a reaction is exothermic or endothermic depends on whether more energy is released or absorbed during bond breaking and forming. Exothermic reactions release more energy than they absorb.
null.pptx
This document discusses bioenergetics, which describes how living organisms capture, transform, store, and utilize energy. It defines endergonic and exergonic reactions, and explains that ATP is used to transport energy in cells. When ATP is hydrolyzed, energy is released to power cellular work in an exergonic reaction. This hydrolysis is coupled to endergonic reactions through common intermediates like ATP to drive biochemical pathways.
AP Biology Energy, atp, and enzymes
This document discusses energy, ATP, and enzymes. It begins by defining different types of energy like chemical and solar energy. It then explains how ATP provides energy for cellular reactions by being broken down to release energy to drive endergonic reactions. Finally, it describes how enzymes speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy required, allowing reactions to proceed more quickly.
05c reversible reactions
This document discusses reversible chemical reactions and chemical equilibrium. It defines key terms like activation energy, exothermic and endothermic reactions, and how factors like temperature, concentration, and catalysts affect the rate and direction of reversible reactions. Specifically, it explains that at chemical equilibrium, the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal and application of Le Chatelier's principle describes how the system responds to changes to relieve stress.
Energy and chemical change
The document discusses energy changes that occur during chemical reactions. It explains that energy is absorbed when bonds in reactants break and released when new bonds in products form. If the energy released is greater than the energy absorbed, the reaction is exothermic and releases heat. If energy absorbed is greater, the reaction is endothermic and absorbs heat. The heat of reaction, ΔH, is calculated as the energy of products minus reactants and is negative for exothermic reactions and positive for endothermic reactions. Activation energy is also defined as the minimum energy needed to start a chemical reaction.
5. chemical energetics
This document provides an overview of key concepts in chemical energetics, including:
1. Enthalpy change (ΔH) describes the energy stored in or released by a chemical reaction. Exothermic reactions (negative ΔH) release energy while endothermic reactions (positive ΔH) absorb energy.
2. Standard enthalpy changes (ΔH°) are used to calculate the enthalpy change of a reaction using Hess's law and reaction pathways.
3. Entropy (ΔS) describes the disorder of a system, which increases in state changes from solid to liquid to gas. Reactions favoring more gaseous products have a positive ΔS.
4. Gibbs
AP Biology Energy, atp, and enzymes
This document discusses energy, ATP, and enzymes. It explains that ATP provides energy for cellular work by transferring energy from exergonic reactions to drive endergonic reactions. ATP is composed of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups. When ATP donates a phosphate group through hydrolysis, it is an exergonic reaction that releases energy that can be used to power cellular processes.
Ch06 lecture
This document discusses energy flow in cells. It explains that energy is required to drive chemical reactions in cells, and is provided by exergonic reactions and carried by molecules like ATP and NADH to power endergonic reactions. Enzymes control metabolic reactions by reducing their activation energy. Cells regulate metabolism by controlling enzyme activity through allosteric regulation and competitive inhibition, allowing enzymes to be turned on and off.
chemistry GCSE chapter 6 Chemical Energetics.pptx
Chemical Energetics, Energy changes in reaction ,Exothermic and Endothermic reaction
Reaction profile ,Activation energy Bond and energy change
bond energy calculation
G-10 IG-CHEMICAL ENERGETICS 1 ..pptx
This document discusses chemical energetics and exothermic and endothermic reactions. It defines key terms like exothermic, endothermic, potential energy, and activation energy. Examples of exothermic reactions given are combustion reactions and neutralization which release heat. Burning fuels like methane and hydrogen are also exothermic. Endothermic reactions absorb heat from their surroundings. The document explains that bond breaking requires energy and is endothermic, while bond formation releases energy and is exothermic. Whether a reaction is exothermic or endothermic depends on the strength of bonds broken versus those formed. It concludes with questions for exercises.
Chemistry- exothermic reactions and properties
This document discusses exothermic and endothermic reactions. Exothermic reactions give off energy in the form of heat, causing an increase in temperature. They have a negative ∆H value. Endothermic reactions absorb energy in the form of heat from their surroundings, causing a decrease in temperature. They have a positive ∆H value. Energy diagrams are presented to illustrate how bond breaking requires energy input while bond forming releases energy, and whether bond breaking or forming is dominant determines if a reaction is exothermic or endothermic. Examples of each type of reaction are provided.
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The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
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equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
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二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
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Pests of Storage_Identification_Dr.UPR.pdf
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Graininfestation
Directdamage
Indirectly
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留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
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The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
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‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
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because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
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on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
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the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
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were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
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photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE .
Austrian-Slovenian HPC Meeting 2024 – ASHPC24, Seeblickhotel Grundlsee in Austria, 10–13 June 2024
https://ashpc.eu/
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Direct Seeded Rice - Climate Smart AgricultureInternational Food Policy Research Institute- South Asia Office
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Themajorcausesofdeteriorationinstorage
•Physical
•Biological
•Mechanical
•Chemical
Storageonlypreservesquality.Itneverimprovesquality.
Itisadvisabletostartstoragewithqualityfoodproduct.Productwithinitialpoorqualityquicklydepreciates
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Wellprovedthatnogranariescanbefilledwithgrainswithoutinsectsastheharvestedproducecontainegg(or)larvae(or)pupae(or)adultinsectinthembecauseoffieldcarryoverinfestationwhichcannotbeavoidedindevelopingcountrieslikeIndia
Simpletechnologiesfortimelydetectionofinsectsinthestoredproduceandtherebyplantimelycontrolmeasures
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The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
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Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions Energy profile.pptx
- 1. Key Points ● When a chemical reaction happens, energy is transferred to or from the surroundings. ● When energy is transferred to the surroundings, this is called an exothermic reaction and usually feels hot. ● When energy is taken in from the surroundings, this is called an endothermic reaction and usually feel cold. 1
- 2. Exothermic or endothermic? ● If a reaction is exothermic overall, then more energy has been released during bond making than has been used for bond breaking. ● If a reaction is endothermic overall, then more energy has been used during bond breaking than has been released during bond making. 2
- 3. Energy level diagram – Exothermic reaction 3 Energy (kJ) Reactants Products Reaction time Ea Overall energy change = −ve
- 4. 4 Energy (kJ) Reactants Products Reaction time Ea Overall energy change = −ve Energy is being used to break the bonds in the reactants Energy level diagram – Exothermic reaction
- 5. 5 Energy (kJ) Reactants Products Reaction time Ea Overall energy change = −ve New bonds are formed here and energy is released Energy level diagram – Exothermic reaction
- 6. Energy level diagram – Exothermic reaction 6 Energy (kJ) Reactants Products Reaction time Ea More energy is released in bond making than is required for bond breaking, so this reaction is exothermic overall
- 7. What is the minimum amount of energy needed for a reaction called? Activation energy
- 8. Is bond breaking exothermic or endothermic? Endothermic
- 9. Is bond making exothermic or endothermic? Exothermic
- 10. Energy level diagram – Endothermic reaction 10 Energy (kJ) Reactants Products Reaction time Ea Overall energy change = +ve
- 11. Energy level diagram – Endothermic reaction 11 Energy (kJ) Reactants Products Reaction time Ea Overall energy change = +ve Energy is being used to break the bonds in the reactants
- 12. Energy level diagram – Endothermic reaction 12 Energy (kJ) Reactants Products Reaction time Ea Overall energy change = +ve New bonds are formed here and energy is released
- 13. Energy level diagram – Endothermic reaction 13 Energy (kJ) Reactants Products Reaction time Ea Overall energy change = +ve More energy is taken in during bond breaking than is released from bond making, so this reaction is endothermic overall