Chemical reactions can be classified as either exothermic or endothermic based on whether energy is released or absorbed during the reaction. In an exothermic reaction, more energy is released from bond formation in the products than is required to break bonds in the reactants, resulting in a net release of energy. In an endothermic reaction, more energy is required to break bonds in the reactants than is released in bond formation in the products, resulting in a net absorption of energy. Common examples of exothermic reactions include combustion and yeast reactions, while photosynthesis and dissolving acid in water are typically endothermic.
chemistry GCSE chapter 6 Chemical Energetics.pptxAnumToqueer
Chemical Energetics, Energy changes in reaction ,Exothermic and Endothermic reaction
Reaction profile ,Activation energy Bond and energy change
bond energy calculation
a presentation about types of chemical reaction for class 10th u s s s s sssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssss gggggggggggggggggggggggggggg g gg v vv c cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc
Chemical reactants are substances that undergo a chemical reaction to form new substances. There are several types of chemical reactants based on their roles and participation in reactions. Here are some common types of chemical reactants:
Reactants
These are the primary substances that undergo a chemical change during a reaction.
Reactants are consumed during the reaction and are transformed into products.
Example: In the combustion of methane (
�
�
4
CH
4
+
�
2
O
2
→
�
�
2
CO
2
+
�
2
�
H
2
O), methane (
�
�
4
CH
4
) and oxygen (
�
2
O
2
) are the reactants.
Precipitates
Precipitates are solid substances that form during a chemical reaction in a solution.
They are often formed when two aqueous solutions react and a solid product (precipitate) is insoluble and separates from the solution.
Example: Mixing solutions of silver nitrate (
�
�
�
�
3
AgNO
3
) and sodium chloride (
�
�
�
�
NaCl) results in the formation of a white precipitate of silver chloride (
�
�
�
�
AgCl).
Acids and Bases
Acids and bases are types of reactants that participate in acid-base reactions.
Acids donate protons (
�
+
H
+
) while bases accept protons.
Example: In the reaction between hydrochloric acid (
�
�
�
HCl) and sodium hydroxide (
�
�
�
�
NaOH),
�
�
�
HCl (acid) reacts with
�
�
�
�
NaOH (base) to produce water (
�
2
�
H
2
O) and sodium chloride (
�
�
�
�
NaCl).
Oxidizing and Reducing Agents
Oxidizing agents gain electrons and are reduced during a reaction.
Reducing agents lose electrons and are oxidized during a reaction.
Example: In the reaction of iron (
�
�
Fe) with oxygen (
�
2
O
2
), oxygen acts as the oxidizing agent, while iron acts as the reducing agent to form iron oxide (
�
�
2
�
3
Fe
2
O
3
).
Catalysts
Catalysts are substances that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy, but they themselves are not consumed or permanently changed.
They provide an alternative pathway for the reaction to occur more rapidly.
Example: Enzymes in biological systems act as catalysts for various metabolic reactions.
Solvents
Solvents are substances in which reactions take place or in which reactants are dissolved.
They do not undergo a chemical change themselves during the reaction.
Example: Water (
�
2
�
H
2
O) is a common solvent used in many chemical reactions, particularly in aqueous solutions.
These are some fundamental types of chemical reactants based on their roles and behaviors in chemical reactions. Depending on the nature of the reaction and the substances involved, various combinations of these reactant types can participate to produce new products.
Topic Contains:
What is Thermo Chemistry ?
Define Origin of Heat of Reaction..
Exothermic Reaction..
Endothermic Reaction..
Graphical representation of Exothermic
and Endothermic reactions..
Different type of heat reactions..
Hess’s law..
CHEMICAL REACTION
CHEMICAL EQUATION
CHEMICAL FORMULA
BALANCING
TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTION
COLLISION THEORY
FACTORS AFFECTING THE RATE OF CHEMICAL REACTION
chemistry GCSE chapter 6 Chemical Energetics.pptxAnumToqueer
Chemical Energetics, Energy changes in reaction ,Exothermic and Endothermic reaction
Reaction profile ,Activation energy Bond and energy change
bond energy calculation
a presentation about types of chemical reaction for class 10th u s s s s sssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssss gggggggggggggggggggggggggggg g gg v vv c cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc
Chemical reactants are substances that undergo a chemical reaction to form new substances. There are several types of chemical reactants based on their roles and participation in reactions. Here are some common types of chemical reactants:
Reactants
These are the primary substances that undergo a chemical change during a reaction.
Reactants are consumed during the reaction and are transformed into products.
Example: In the combustion of methane (
�
�
4
CH
4
+
�
2
O
2
→
�
�
2
CO
2
+
�
2
�
H
2
O), methane (
�
�
4
CH
4
) and oxygen (
�
2
O
2
) are the reactants.
Precipitates
Precipitates are solid substances that form during a chemical reaction in a solution.
They are often formed when two aqueous solutions react and a solid product (precipitate) is insoluble and separates from the solution.
Example: Mixing solutions of silver nitrate (
�
�
�
�
3
AgNO
3
) and sodium chloride (
�
�
�
�
NaCl) results in the formation of a white precipitate of silver chloride (
�
�
�
�
AgCl).
Acids and Bases
Acids and bases are types of reactants that participate in acid-base reactions.
Acids donate protons (
�
+
H
+
) while bases accept protons.
Example: In the reaction between hydrochloric acid (
�
�
�
HCl) and sodium hydroxide (
�
�
�
�
NaOH),
�
�
�
HCl (acid) reacts with
�
�
�
�
NaOH (base) to produce water (
�
2
�
H
2
O) and sodium chloride (
�
�
�
�
NaCl).
Oxidizing and Reducing Agents
Oxidizing agents gain electrons and are reduced during a reaction.
Reducing agents lose electrons and are oxidized during a reaction.
Example: In the reaction of iron (
�
�
Fe) with oxygen (
�
2
O
2
), oxygen acts as the oxidizing agent, while iron acts as the reducing agent to form iron oxide (
�
�
2
�
3
Fe
2
O
3
).
Catalysts
Catalysts are substances that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy, but they themselves are not consumed or permanently changed.
They provide an alternative pathway for the reaction to occur more rapidly.
Example: Enzymes in biological systems act as catalysts for various metabolic reactions.
Solvents
Solvents are substances in which reactions take place or in which reactants are dissolved.
They do not undergo a chemical change themselves during the reaction.
Example: Water (
�
2
�
H
2
O) is a common solvent used in many chemical reactions, particularly in aqueous solutions.
These are some fundamental types of chemical reactants based on their roles and behaviors in chemical reactions. Depending on the nature of the reaction and the substances involved, various combinations of these reactant types can participate to produce new products.
Topic Contains:
What is Thermo Chemistry ?
Define Origin of Heat of Reaction..
Exothermic Reaction..
Endothermic Reaction..
Graphical representation of Exothermic
and Endothermic reactions..
Different type of heat reactions..
Hess’s law..
CHEMICAL REACTION
CHEMICAL EQUATION
CHEMICAL FORMULA
BALANCING
TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTION
COLLISION THEORY
FACTORS AFFECTING THE RATE OF CHEMICAL REACTION
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
2. Energy and Chemical Reactions
• Chemical Energy – Energy stored in the
chemical bonds of a substance.
• Chemical reactions always involve energy
changes.
• Making bonds and breaking bonds
involve energy changes
3. Activation Energy
• The energy required to break the bonds
in the reactants for a chemical reaction
to occur.
5. Energy of Chemical Reactions
• Based on the type of energy (heat) change
involved, chemical reactions are classified
as either exothermic or endothermic.
–Exothermic: energy is released
• Exo- = “exit”
• Burning of gasoline
–Endothermic: energy is absorbed
• Endo- = “into”
• Cooking of pancakes
8. Endothermic Reactions
• You may see an endothermic reaction written
like this…
REACTANTS + ENERGY PRODUCTS
OR
REACTANTS + HEAT PRODUCTS
9. Exothermic Diagram
Energy
released
in bond
making
Activation Energy
Energy used in bond
breaking
Exothermic – More energy is released when the products
where formed than energy was used to break bonds in the
reactants. Therefore, a net release of energy.
