This document discusses exogenic processes that shape the Earth's surface. It describes weathering as mechanical and chemical processes that break down rock. Physical weathering breaks rock into smaller pieces through temperature changes, wind, waves, or frost wedging. Chemical weathering alters the composition of rocks through hydration, carbonation, and oxidation reactions with water and gases. Erosion then transports weathered materials by water, wind, or gravity. Mass movement involves large-scale slope movements such as landslides and talus cones due to gravity. These exogenic processes continuously reshape the landscape through weathering, erosion, and mass wasting.
Core Subject: Earth and Life Science
II. Earth Materials and Processes
A. Minerals and Rocks
The learners
demonstrate an
understanding of:
1. the three main categories of rocks
2. the origin and environment of formation of common minerals and rocks
The learners:
1. identify common rock-forming minerals using their physical and chemical properties
2. classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic
Core Subject: Earth and Life Science
II. Earth Materials and Processes
A. Minerals and Rocks
The learners
demonstrate an
understanding of:
1. the three main categories of rocks
2. the origin and environment of formation of common minerals and rocks
The learners:
1. identify common rock-forming minerals using their physical and chemical properties
2. classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic
This is a powerpoint presentation that is about one of the Senior High School Core Subject: Earth and Life Science. It is composed of the theories that explains the Earth and its Subsystems (The Four Spheres).
this presentation is all about weathering, erosion, & mass wasting. this may be simple, but it is good for the eyes, and the information is short but complete. :))
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This is a powerpoint presentation that is about one of the Senior High School Core Subject: Earth and Life Science. It is composed of the theories that explains the Earth and its Subsystems (The Four Spheres).
this presentation is all about weathering, erosion, & mass wasting. this may be simple, but it is good for the eyes, and the information is short but complete. :))
8th Grade Integrated Science chapter 14 lesson 3 on the theory of plate tectonics. This lesson covers plate boundaries and the effects of the movement. It includes pictures and definitions of divergent, convergent, transform, collision, and subduction boundaries. There is an explanation of the lithosphere and the asthenosphere including convection currents. This also introduces forces causing plate motion such as basal drag, ridge push, and slab pull.
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Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
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http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
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Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
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7. • mechanical weathering
• the breakdown of rocks
without a change in its
composition.
• Breakdown would mean that the rock is
fractured, cracked or fragmented into
smaller pieces.
Physical Weathering
12. • decomposition of rocks due
to chemical reactions
occurring between the
minerals in rocks and the
environment.
• transforms rocks and minerals exposed to
water and gases in the atmosphere into new
chemical compounds thus, forming different
rocks and minerals.
Chemical Weathering
15. a key factor in the creation
of caves and caverns. It
can also hollow out caves
and damage cliffs.
Chemical
weathering
16. 1.THERMAL AND PRESSURE CHANGE
• Rocks crumble and break into fragments
because they are subjected to alternating
hot and cold temperatures many times.
• When a rock gets hot, it expands an
increase in volume), while at night, the rock
gets cold causing contraction (a decrease
in volume).
Processes that can Cause
Physical Weathering
17. • Temperature weaken the rock and in the process, mineral grains
are loosened from the rocks and eventually the rocks break down
into pieces. Best examples are the stone in the arid desert that
slowly turn to sand.
• The rates of expansion and contraction of the outer and inner
parts of the rock differ. The outer part expands and contracts
much more than the inner part because it is directly exposed to
the heat of the sun.
18.
19.
20. 2. WIND AND WAVES
• Wind and waves can all cause physical
weathering. Tiny grains of sand are
picked up and carried off by the wind,
which are then blasted on the surface of
rocks, smoothening them.
• On the seashore, the action of waves
chips away and cracks the rocks.
Processes that can Cause
Physical Weathering
21.
22.
23. 3. FREEZE AND THAW
• You know that if you put a glass in the
freezer it will soon break. This is because
water expands when it freezes. Similarly,
when water collects in the rock pores
and slits, it expands when it freezes.
Processes that can Cause
Physical Weathering
27. 4. ORGANIC ACIVITY
• Animals and plants also take a heavy
toll on rocks and cause them to wear
away.
• For example, there are animals that
dig holes on the ground and exposed
rocks.
Processes that can Cause
Physical Weathering
28.
29. 1.HYDRATION/ HYDROLYSIS
•Process where molecules
of some substance in rocks
chemically combine with
water molecules
Processes that can Cause
Chemical weathering
30.
31. 2. CARBONATION
• Process where Carbon Dioxide may
bond with other substances.
• A mixture of water and carbon
dioxide is called carbonic acid.
• Two examples of carbonation weathering are The
Limestone Pavement and The Stalactites.
Processes that can Cause
Chemical weathering
32. This land form is made entirely of limestone and formed
by rainwater carbonation and the freezing and thawing
process.
33. This land form is also made of limestone. Itwas created by
large amount of calcium being dissolved in them.
34. 3. OXIDATION
• Iron, aluminum, copper, and sodium
are examples of minerals that readily
react with oxygen which then form
mineral oxides.
• I
n nature, physical and chemical weathering typically
occur together, affecting the rocks. When the latter is
destroyed, valuable products are created.
Processes that can Cause
Chemical Weathering
36. • Involves the movement of the
weathered rock (snow, soil,
sand and pebbles) from their
site of weathering by the
agents of erosion such as wind,
moving water, ice and gravity.
Erosion
37. • Weathering dos not always occur
before erosion. Erosion always follows
after the weathering.
• Transport makes erosion complete. It
complete the movement of the
eroded materials and sediments.
Weathering can continue during
transport.
Erosion
38. • Rainwater is the most important force or agent of
erosion. When there is heavy rain, rock pieces
are carried downstream to a suited depositional
environment with the action of gravity.
• Gravity is the driving force and it gives water the
energy to erode and carry away rock materials.
• Physical weathering dominates at higher
elevation while Chemical weathering takes on a
more active role at lower elevation.
Transport by the
Transp
w
ort
a
b
t
y
e
th
re water
39. • Water can carry almost any size of rocks. The
greater the volume of water and the steeper the
slope, the bigger and more rocks can be
transported.
• Serious problems in the Philippines are soil erosion
and mudslide
• Rock materials are loosened by heavy rains and
strong winds and they can come speeding down
slopes, sweeping everything in its path.
Transport by the
water
40.
41. • Wind continuously blows away loose particles of
rocks and soil from place to place.
• This is common in dry areas such as deserts.
• Wind transport can result in stunning landscapes
as sand is blown away and creates sand dunes.
• Wind can create sandstorms that contain
dust particles and deposit them in wide areas.
Transport by the
wind
43. • slope movement
• bulk movements of soil, sand, and rock
debris downslopes in response to the
force of gravity or the rapid or gradual
sinking of the Earth’s ground surface in
a vertical direction.
• The term “mass wasting” was limited only to the variety of
processes by which large masses of crustal materials are
moved by the action of gravity form one place to another.
Mass movement
(mass wasting)
44. • Recently, the term “mass wasting”
has been substituted to include mass
wasting processes and the sinking of
the Earth’s ground.
• Mass wasting i
s a type of erosion that
i
s capable of making big chances to
a mountain.
Mass movement
(mass wasting)
45. • Sinking mass movement that occurs
in a relatively rapid fashion is known
as subsidence; and a gradual
movement is called settlement.
• Subsidence involves the roof collapse or breakdown of a
subsurface cavity forming a cave.
• There is also subsidence in the form of sinkholes caused by
underground drainage.
Mass movement
(mass wasting)
54. REFERENCE:
• Moncada, M. et. al (2016). Earth and Life Science for Senior High School.
Disclaimer:
The pictures used in this slideshow presentation were obtained from various internet
websites and will be only used for educational purposes only.